OLEA EUROPAEA L. YAPRAK EKSTRAKTLARINA DAYALI BAKTERİYEL SELÜLOZUN FİZİKOKİMYASAL ÖZELLİKLERİ VE ANTİOKSİDAN AKTİVİTESİ

Öz

Bu çalışma, Olea europaea L. yaprak özütleri ile modifiye edilmiş bakteriyel selüloz (BC) biyokompozitlerinin ex situ yaklaşımıyla geliştirilmesini açıklamaktadır. Fenolik bileşikler açısından zengin bir tarımsal yan ürün olan zeytin yaprakları, ultrason destekli bir yöntem kullanılarak ekstrakte edilmiş ve farklı konsantrasyonlarda BC membranlarına dahil edilmiştir. Yapısal analizler (FT-IR, SEM), hidrojen bağı ve BC nanoliflerin morfolojik değişiklikleri ile kanıtlandığı üzere, özütlerin başarılı bir şekilde entegre edildiğini doğrulamıştır. Fonksiyonel analizler, düşük ila orta özüt konsantrasyonlarında su tutma kapasitesinde ve şişme oranında iyileşme gösterirken, daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarda doygunluk etkileri meydana gelmiştir. Antioksidan özelliklerin önemli ölçüde iyileştiği, DPPH inhibisyonu saf BC'de %6,8'den güçlendirilmiş numunelerde %65,5'e yükseldiği ve toplam fenolik içerik 20.000 μg GAE/g'nin üzerine çıktığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın özgünlüğü, daha önce bildirilmemiş olan zeytin yaprağı özütleri ile BC'nin ex situ modifikasyonunda yatmaktadır ve bulgular, tekstil, biyomedikal uygulamalar ve aktif ambalajlar için sürdürülebilir ve biyoaktif malzemelerin geliştirilmesine rehberlik etmek için değerli bir referans sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bakteriyel Selüloz
• Olea europaea L.
• Antioksidan Aktivite
• Biyokompozit

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE BASED ON OLEA EUROPAEA L. LEAF EXTRACTS

Öz

This study describes the development of biocomposites of bacterial cellulose (BC) modified with leaf extracts of Olea europaea L. by an ex situ approach. Olive leaves, an agricultural by-product rich in phenolic compounds, were extracted using an ultrasound-assisted method and incorporated into BC membranes at different concentrations. Structural analyses (FT-IR, SEM) confirmed the successful integration of the extracts as evidenced by hydrogen bonding and morphological changes of the BC nanofibres. Functional analyses showed an improved water holding capacity and swelling ratio at low to medium extract concentrations, while saturation effects occurred at higher concentrations. Antioxidant properties were significantly improved, with DPPH inhibition increasing from 6.8% in pure BC to 65.5% in the fortified samples and total phenolic content reaching over 20,000 µg GAE/g. The originality of this study lies in the ex situ modification of BC with olive leaf extracts, which has not been previously reported, and the findings provide a valuable reference for guiding the development of sustainable and bioactive materials for textiles, biomedical applications, and active packaging.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bacterial Cellulose
• Olea europaea L.
• Antioxidant Activity
• Bio-composite.

Kaynakça

1. Adan, N. O., Tanadchangsaeng, N., Laohaprapanon, S., 2025. Bioactive wound dressing of bacterial cellulose/collagen hydrolysate loaded with plant extract: Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial properties. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 33(1), 374–384.
2. Alifakı, Y. Ö., Şakıyan, Ö., İşçi, A., 2018. Gilaburu (Vibirnum opulus L.) meyvesinden fenolik bileşiklerin ultrason destekli ekstraksiyonu. GIDA/The Journal of Food, 43(5).
3. Amorim, J. D., Nascimento, H. A., Silva Junior, C. J. G., Medeiros, A. D., Silva, I. D. L., Costa, A. F. S., Sarubbo, L. A., 2022. Obtainment of bacterial cellulose with added propolis extract for cosmetic applications. Polymer Engineering & Science, 62(2), 565–575.
4. Azeredo, H. M. C., Barud, H., Farinas, C. S., Vasconcellos, V. M., Claro, A. M., 2019. Bacterial cellulose as a raw material for food and food packaging applications. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 3, 00007.
5. Beldjilali, M., Mekhissi, K., Khane, Y., Chaibi, W., Belarbi, L., Bousalem, S., 2020. Antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using leaf extract of Situ algeriensis. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 30(6), 2126–2133.
6. Cabañas-Romero, L. V., Valls, C., Valenzuela, S. V., Roncero, M. B., Pastor, F. J., Diaz, P., Martínez, J., 2020. Bacterial cellulose–chitosan paper with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Biomacromolecules, 21(4), 1568–1577.
7. Cahyaningtyas, H. A. A., Renaldi, G., Fibriana, F., Mulyani, W. E., 2025. Cost-effective production of kombucha bacterial cellulose by evaluating nutrient sources, quality assessment, and dyeing methods. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 32, 2713–2725.
8. Cazón, P., Vázquez, M., 2021. Improving bacterial cellulose films by ex-situ and in-situ modifications: A review. Food Hydrocolloids, 113, 106514.

9. Cazón, P., Puertas, G., Vázquez, M., 2024. Characterization of multilayer bacterial cellulose–chitosan films loaded with grape bagasse antioxidant extract: Insights into spectral and water properties, microstructure, and antioxidant activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 268, 131774.
10. Chen, Z., Aziz, T., Sun, H., Ullah, A., Ali, A., Cheng, L., Khan, F. U., 2023. Advances and applications of cellulose bio-composites in biodegradable materials. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 31(6), 2273–2284.
11. Ciolacu, D., Ciolacu, F., Popa, V. I., 2011. Amorphous cellulose—structure and characterization. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 45(1), 13–21.
12. Crugeira, P. J., Khelifa, H., Barreira, L. M. D. S., Halla, N., Peres, A. M., Schreiner, T. B., Rodrigues, P. 2025. Bacterial cellulose biosynthesis in the presence of raw moist olive pomace: A green sustainable approach that enhances biopolymer production and properties. Biomass and Bioenergy, 197, 107789.
13. Costa, A. F. S., Almeida, F. C. G., Vinhas, G. M., Sarubbo, L. A., 2017. Production of bacterial cellulose by Gluconacetobacter hansenii using corn steep liquor as nutrient source. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 2027.
14. Cuce, M., Kılınç, M., Kılınç, N., 2019. Investigation of color and antimicrobial properties of wool fabrics dyed with Polygonum cognatum natural dye extracts. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 19, 1211–1224.
15. Demirbaş, M., Şat, İ. G., 2023. Effects of storage on antioxidant composition of kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) jam. Gıda Bilimi ve Mühendisliği Araştırmaları, 2(2), 44–49.
16. El-Wakil, N. A., Hassan, E. A., Hassan, M. L., Abd El-Salam, S. S., 2019. Bacterial cellulose/phytochemical extracts biocomposites for potential active wound dressings. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(26), 26529–26541.
17. Fatima, A., Yasir, S., Ul-Islam, M., Kamal, T., Ahmad, M. W., Abbas, Y., Yang, G., 2022. Ex situ development and characterization of green antibacterial bacterial cellulose-based composites for potential biomedical applications. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, 5, 307–321.
18. Fernandes, I. D. A. A., Maciel, G. M., Oliveira, A. L. M. S., Miorim, A. J. F., Fontana, J. D., Ribeiro, V. R., Haminiuk, C. W. I., 2020. Hybrid bacterial cellulose–collagen membranes production in culture media enriched with antioxidant compounds from plant extracts. Polymer Engineering & Science, 60(11), 2814–2826.
19. Gao, G., Niu, S., Li, T., Zhang, Y., Zha, X., Shi, Z., Ma, T., 2023. Fabrication of bacterial cellulose composites with antimicrobial properties by in-situ modification utilizing magnolol. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 239, 124329.
20. Gorgieva, S., Trček, J., 2019. Bacterial cellulose: Production, modification and perspectives in biomedical applications. Nanomaterials, 9(10), 1352.
21. Gülçin, W., Şat, İ. G., Beydemir, Ş., Elmastaş, M., Küfrevioğlu, Ö. İ., 2004. Comparison of antioxidant activity of clove (Eugenia caryophylata Thunb) buds and lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.). Food Chemistry, 87(3), 393–400.
22. Huang, Y., Zhu, C., Yang, J., Nie, Y., Chen, C., Sun, D., 2014. Recent advances in bacterial cellulose. Cellulose, 21(1), 1–30.
23. Indrianingsih, A. W., Rosyida, V. T., Apriyana, W., Hayati, S. N., Darsih, C., Nisa, K., Ratih, D., 2020. Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of bacterial cellulose–Indonesian plant extract composites for mask sheet. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 10(7), 037–042.
24. Isopencu, G., Deleanu, I., Busuioc, C., Oprea, O., Surdu, V. A., Bacalum, M., Stoica-Guzun, A., 2023. Bacterial cellulose–carboxymethylcellulose composite loaded with turmeric extract for antimicrobial wound dressing applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(2), 1719.
25. Jafarizad, A., Safaee, K., Gharibian, S., Omidi, Y., Ekinci, D., 2015. Biosynthesis and in-vitro study of gold nanoparticles using Mentha and Pelargonium extracts. Procedia Materials Science, 11, 224–230.
26. Kamal, T., Ul-Islam, M., Khan, S. B., Bakhsh, E. M., Chani, M. T. S., 2022. Development of plant extract impregnated bacterial cellulose as a green antimicrobial composite for potential biomedical applications. Industrial Crops and Products, 187, 115337.
27. Kılınç, M., Cüce, M., Kılınç, N., Tiritoğlu, M., Kut, D., 2025a. Comparison of biomordant and chemical mordant on the color, fastness, and antimicrobial properties of wool fabrics dyed with Juglans regia waste product. Fibers and Polymers, 1–17.
28. Kılınç, N., Küçükçapraz, D. Ö., 2023. Production of bacterial cellulose based bio-nonwoven/nonwoven composites for medical textile applications. Textile and Apparel, 33(4), 357–365.
29. Kılınç, N., Küçükçapraz, D. Ö., Cüce, M., 2025b. Production and characterization of bacterial cellulose biocomposites based on Thymus sipyleus Boiss. extract. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 13(1), 165–176.
30. Kilinc, M., Ay, E., Kut, D., 2022. Thermal, chemical and mechanical properties of regenerated bacterial cellulose coated cotton fabric. Journal of Natural Fibers, 19(14), 7834–7851.
31. Kilinc, M., Korkmaz, G., Kilinc, N., Kut, D., 2024. The use of wool fiber in technical textiles and recent developments. The Wool Handbook, 441–465.
32. Kim, J., Adhikari, K., 2020. Current trends in Kombucha: Marketing perspectives and the need for improved sensory research. Beverages, 6(1), 15.
33. Kotcharat, P., Chuysinuan, P., Thanyacharoen, T., Techasakul, S., & Ummartyotin, S. 2022. Enhanced performance of aloe vera-incorporated bacterial cellulose/polycaprolactone composite film for wound dressing applications. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 30(3), 1151-1161.
34. Korkmaz, G., Kılınç, M., Kılınç, N., Kut, Y. D., 2023. The role of surface modification methods for sustainable textiles. In: Roadmap to Sustainable Textiles. IntechOpen.
35. Kumar, M., Kumar, V., Saran, S., 2023. Efficient production of bacterial cellulose based composites using zein protein extracted from corn gluten meal. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 60(3), 1026–1035.
36. Laavanya, D., Shirkole, S., Balasubramanian, P., 2021. Current challenges, applications and future perspectives of SCOBY cellulose of Kombucha fermentation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 126454.
37. Lee, O. H., Lee, B. Y., 2010. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of individual and combined phenolics in Olea europaea leaf extract. Bioresource Technology, 101(10), 3751–3754.
38. Li, Z., Hu, W., Dong, J., Azi, F., Xu, X., Tu, C., Dong, M., 2023. The use of bacterial cellulose from Kombucha to produce curcumin loaded Pickering emulsion with improved stability and antioxidant properties. Food Science and Human Wellness, 12(2), 669–679.
39. Mocanu, A., Isopencu, G., Busuioc, C., Popa, O. M., Dietrich, P., Socaciu-Siebert, L., 2019. Bacterial cellulose films with ZnO nanoparticles and propolis extracts: Synergistic antimicrobial effect. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 17687.
40. Nasresfahani, M., Babaeipour, V., Imani, M., 2025. Improving the water absorption properties of bacterial cellulose by in-situ and ex-situ modifications for use in CMC-graft-sodium acrylate superabsorbent. Colloid and Polymer Science, 1–19.
41. Nowak, A., Ossowicz-Rupniewska, P., Rakoczy, R., Konopacki, M., Perużyńska, M., Droździk, M., Klimowicz, A., 2021. Bacterial cellulose membrane containing Epilobium angustifolium L. extract as a promising material for the topical delivery of antioxidants to the skin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(12), 6269.
42. Ogrizek, L., Lamovšek, J., Čuš, F., Leskovšek, M., Gorjanc, M., 2021. Properties of bacterial cellulose produced using white and red grape bagasse as a nutrient source. Processes, 9(7), 1088.
43. Oh, S. Y., Yoo, D. I., Shin, Y., Seo, G., 2005. FTIR analysis of cellulose treated with sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide. Carbohydrate Research, 340(3), 417–428.
44. Ong, G., Kasi, R., Subramaniam, R., 2021. A review on plant extracts as natural additives in coating applications. Progress in Organic Coatings, 151, 106091.
45. Raj, V. A., Sankar, K., Narayanasamy, P., Moorthy, I. G., Sivakumar, N., Rajaram, S. K., Shaik, B., 2023. Development and characterization of bio-based composite films for food packing applications using boiled rice water and Pistacia vera shells. Polymers, 15(16), 3456.
46. Salık, R. A., Bitim, E., Köprüalan, Ö., Selçuk, E., Altay, Ö., Ertekin, F., 2023. Ultrasonik destekli ekstraksiyon yöntemi ile elde edilen zeytin yaprağı ekstraktının iyonik jelasyon yöntemi ile enkapsülasyonu ve kefir içeceğinde kullanılması. Gıda, 48(1), 73–93.
47. Shah, N., Ul-Islam, M., Khattak, W. A., Park, J. K., 2013. Overview of bacterial cellulose composites: A multipurpose advanced material. Carbohydrate Polymers, 98(2), 1585–1598.
48. Shu, Y. Y., Lai, T. L., Lin, H. S., Yang, T. C., Chang, C. P., 2003. Study of factors affecting the extraction efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soils using open-vessel focused microwave-assisted extraction. Chemosphere, 52(10), 1667–1676.
49. Sozcu, S., Frajova, J., Wiener, J., Venkataraman, M., Tomkova, B., Militky, J., 2024. Effect of drying methods on the thermal and mechanical behavior of bacterial cellulose aerogel. Gels, 10(7), 474.
50. Spietelun, A., Kloskowski, A., Chrzanowski, W., Namieśnik, J., 2013. Understanding solid-phase microextraction: Key factors influencing the extraction process and trends in improving the technique. Chemical Reviews, 113(3), 1667–1685.
51. Sukhtezari, S., Almasi, H., Pirsa, S., Zandi, M., Pirouzifard, M., 2017. Development of bacterial cellulose based slow-release active films by incorporation of Scrophularia striata Boiss. extract. Carbohydrate Polymers, 156, 340–350.
52. Torres, F. G., Arroyo, J. J., Troncoso, O. P., 2019. Bacterial cellulose nanocomposites: An all-nano type of material. Materials Science and Engineering C, 98, 1277–1293.
53. Ul-Islam, M., Shah, N., Ha, J. H., Park, J. K., 2011. Effect of chitosan penetration on physico-chemical and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 28, 1736–1743.
54. Ul-Islam, M., Ahmad, F., Fatima, A., Shah, N., Yasir, S., Ahmad, M. W.,Ullah, M. W. 2021. Ex situ synthesis and characterization of high strength multipurpose bacterial cellulose-aloe vera hydrogels. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 9, 601988.
55. Zhang, H., Liu, B., 2009. A New Genetic Algorithm for Order-Picking of Irregular Warehouse. International Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology, 1, 121-124.