ÇELİK GUSE (BİRLEŞİM) PLAKLARI ÜZERİNE ANALİTİK BİR ÇALIŞMA

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 330 - 336, 26.06.2019

Arcan Yanık Christopher Hıggıns Michael H. Scott

https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.460014

Cited By: 1

Öz

1
Ağustos 2007 tarihinde, Minnesota Amerika’da, Mississipi Nehri üzerinde
bulunan, Eyaletlerarası 35W (I-35W) adlı köprü çökmüştür. Bu trajik vaka, 13
ölüm, 145 de yaralı ile sonuçlanmıştır. Bu üzücü kazaya çelik guse plakasındaki
tasarım kusuru nedeni ile oluşan zayıf birleşimin yol açtığı tespit edilmiştir.
Bu trajik kaza, çelik guse plaklarının köprülerde tasarımının ve tatbikinin can
alıcı öneme sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. 
Tasarım mühendislerinin çelik guse plaklarının dizaynına kayda değer
ehemniyet vermesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada çelik guse plakların burkulma
davranışları incelenmiştir. Çelik guse plaklarının sonlu elemanlar yöntemine
göre basınç yükü altındaki analizinde, (Higgins et al., 2016 ; Scott
et al., 2008) tarafindan hazırlanmış bir program kullanılmıştır. Analizlerde
tek eksenli gerilme şekil değiştirme plastisite modeli göz önüne alınmıştır.
Çelik guse plaklarının üç boyutlu gerilme şekil değiştirme durumu tanımlanmış
ve doğrusal olmayan statik analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler esnasında,
çelik guse plaklarına, farklı düzlem dışı kusurların, farklı narinlik
katsayılarının ve farklı eleman boyutlarının etkisi incelenmiştir. Çelik guse plakalarında
bulunan civataların plak içerisinde konumlarının değişiminin davranışa etkisi de
araştırılmıştır. Bu parametrelerdeki değişimin,  maksimum göçme yükünün kritik Euler burkulma
yükü oranına etkisi de incelenmiştir. Analizler sonucunda düzlem dışı
kusurların çelik guse plaklarının basınç yükleri etkisi altındaki
deplasmanlarına önemli derecede etki ettiği görülmüştür. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Köprüler, Çelik yapılar, Çelik guse plakları, İnşaat mühendisliği, Köprü birleşim elemanları

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON STEEL GUSSET PLATES

Öz

On August 1, 2007, the Interstate 35W (I-35W) bridge over the
Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota USA, collapsed, resulting in 13
deaths and 145 injuries. The cause of the collapse was a design flaw resulted
in week gusset plate connection. This very tragic example showed us again that,
gusset plate design and implementation on bridges have crucial importance.  Designers should give significant
consideration during the design of steel gusset plate connections. In this study, the
buckling behavior of steel gusset plates was investigated. An automated
finite-element analysis program (Higgins et al.,2016 ; Scott et al., 2008), was
used to analyze the steel gusset plates behavior under compression load. An
uniaxial stress strain plasticity model was considered in the analysis. The
stress-strain relationship of the steel gusset plates was defined in three
dimensions. Nonlinear static analysis of the gusset plates were performed. Different
out of plane imperfection, different slenderness ratios, different element sizes
were considered during the analysis. The effect of
change in the fastener(bolt) location on the steel gusset plates were also
examined. Normalization of the ultimate failure loads of the given gusset plate
with the critical Euler’s buckling load was defined. The variation of this
normalization with respect to the change in the steel gusset plate parameters was
analyzed. It was obtained that, imperfections have significant effect on the
displacement capacity of the steel gusset plates under compression loads.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bridges, Bridge connections, Civil engineering, Steel structures, Steel gusset plates

Kaynakça

• Berman, J., Wang, B., Olson, A., Roeder, C., and Lehman, D., 2012. Rapid Assessment of Gusset Plate Safety in Steel Truss Bridges. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000246, 221-231.
• Bucmys, Z., Daniunas, A., 2015. Analytical and experimental investigation of cold-formed steel beam-to-column bolted gusset-plate joints. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management Vol. 21(8), 2015.
• Chou, CC, Liou, GS., Yu, JC., 2012. Compressive behavior of dual-gusset-plate connections for buckling-restrained braced frames. The Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 76, 54–67.
• Crosti, C, Duthinh, D., 2014. Instability of steel gusset plates in compression. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, Maint Manage Life-Cycle Des Perform, 10(8),1038–1048.
• Crosti C., Duthinh D., 2010. Buckling of gusset plates. IABMAS 2010, The Fifth International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management. Philadelphia, July 11-15.2010.
• Dowswell, B., 2014. Gusset Plate Stability Using Variable Stress Trajectories. Structures Congress, 2629-2639, doi 10.1061/9780784413357.230.
• Dvorkin, E.N., Bathe., K.J.,1984. A Continuum Mechanics Based Four Node Shell Element for General Nonlinear Analysis. Engineering Computations, 1(1),77–88.
• Fang C, Yam MCH, Cheng JJR, Zhang YY., 2015a. Compressive strength and behaviour of gusset plate connections with single-sided splice members The Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 106, 166–183.
• Fang, C., Yam, M.C.H., Zhou, X., Zhang, Y., 2015b. Post-buckling resistance of gusset plate connections: Behaviour, strength, and design considerations. Engineering Structures, 99, 9-27.
• FHWA. 2009. Load Rating Guidance and Examples for Bolted and Riveted Gusset Plates in Truss Bridges. FHWA-IF-09-014. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
• Hafner, A.G. 2012. Experimental Research on the Behavior and Strength of Large-Scale Steel Gusset Plates in Sway-buckling Response Including Effects of Corrosion and Retrofit Options. Masters Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
• Higgins, C., Gillins, D., Scott, M., Todorovic, S. Javadnejad, F. & Varakantham, S., 2016. Image processing, analysis, and management tools for gusset plate connections in steel truss bridges., Final Report submitted to Oregon Department of Transportation Research Section.
• Higgins, C., Hafner, A., Turan, O., Schumacher, T., 2013. Experimental Tests of Truss Bridge Gusset Plate Connections with Sway-Buckling Response. Journal of Bridge Engineering., 18(10), 980-991.
• Higgins, C., Senturk, A., Turan, O., 2010. Comparison of Block-Shear and Whitmore Section Methods for Load Rating Existing Steel Truss Gusset Plate Connections. Journal of Bridge Engineering., 15(2), 160-171.
• Higgins, C., Turan, O. T., Connor, R. J., 2009. Rapid ranking procedures for gusset plate connections in existing steel truss bridges. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 15(5), 581-596.
• Hu, J. W.,2012. Design and Strength Evaluation of Critical Gusset Plates in the Steel Bridge Using New Load and Resistance Factor Design Methods and Advanced FE Analyses. International Journal of Steel Structures, 12(3), 381-389.
• Kasano, H, Yosa, T, Nogami, K, Murakoshi, J, Toyama, N, Sawada M, Arimura K, Guo L. 2012. Study on failure modes of steel truss bridge gusset related to tension and shear block failure. International Journal of Steel Structures, 12(3), 381–389.
• Lehman, D.E., Roeder, C.W., Herman, D., Johnson, S, Kotulka B., 2008. Improved seismic performance of gusset plate connections. Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE, 134 (6), 890–901.
• Li, J, Hao, H., 2015. Damage detection of gusset plate condition in truss bridges based on wavelet packet energy percentage. Second International Conference on Performance-based and Lifecycle Structural Engineering (PLSE 2015), Brisbane, Australia, 249-255.
• Liao, M.M., Okazaki, T, Ballarini, R, Schultz, A.E., Galambos TV. 2011. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of critical gusset plates in the I-35W bridge in Minnesota. Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE, 137(1), 59–68.
• Lin, P.C., Tsai, K.C., Wu, A.C., Chuang, M.C., 2014. Seismic design and test of gusset connections for buckling-restrained braced frames. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 43, 565–587.
• Mazzoni, S., McKenna, F., Scott, M.H., Fenves, G. L. 2006. OpenSees command language manual. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center.
• National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). 2008. Collapse of I-35W Highway Bridge, Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 1, 2007. Highway Accident Report NTSB/HAR-08/03. Washington, DC.
• Ocel, J. M., Hartmann, J. L., Zobel, R., White, D., Leon, R., 2010. Inspection and rating of gusset plates—A response to the I-35 W Bridge collapse. Proc., 26th U.S.-Japan Bridge Engineering Workshop, Public Works Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan, 11–23.
• Salih, EL, Gardner, L, Nethercot, D.A., 2013. Numerical study of stainless steel gusset plate connections. Engineering Structures, 49, 448–464.
• Scott, M., Adrian, K., Higgins, C., 2008. Development of Bridge Rating Application Using OpenSees and Tcl. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 264-271.
• Simo, J.C., Hughes T.J.R., 1998. Computational Inelasticity. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY,
• Whitmore, R. E., 1952. Experimental investigation of stresses in gusset plates. Bulletin No. 16, Engineering Experiment Station, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.
• Walker, A. J., 2014. Finite element modeling of gusset plate failure using OpenSees. Masters Thesis, Submitted to Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.