THE EFFECTS OF WASHING PROCESSES OF SYNTHETIC BASED TEXTILE PRODUCTS ON MICROPLASTIC POLLUTION

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 1097 - 1106, 30.09.2022

Fatma Gündüz Balpetek , Aslı Demir , Esen Özdoğan

https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.939996

Öz

Microplastics dangers are encountered when conscious action is not taken about the accumulation of waste and during use of plastic products. Microplastics are generally expressed as particles between 1 nm and 5 mm in size. It is stated in the various literature that micro and nano-sized fibers released as a result of washing textile products constitute a significant amount of the total microplastics. Researches on microplastic pollution released to the environment by washing textile products produced from synthetic fibers have gained more importance. A detailed literature search on the effect of washed materials and washing parameters on the microplastic fibers shed during washing are reviewed in this study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Microplastic, Synthetic Fibers, Washing

MİKROPLASTİK KİRLİLİĞİNE SENTETİK ESASLI TEKSTİL ÜRÜNLERİNİN YIKAMA İŞLEMLERİNİN ETKİSİ

Öz

Plastik ürünlerin kullanımı sırasında ve atıklarının birikimi konusunda bilinçli hareket edilmediğinde, mikroplastik tehlikesiyle karşılaşılması söz konusudur. Mikroplastikler genel olarak boyutu 1 nm ile 5 mm arasındaki partiküller olarak ifade edilmektedir. Tekstil ürünlerinin yıkanması sonucu salınan mikro ve nano boyutlu liflerin, toplam mikroplastiklerin önemli bir kısmını oluşturduğu çeşitli kaynaklarda gösterilmektedir. Sentetik liflerden üretilen tekstil ürünlerinin yıkanmasıyla çevreye salınan, mikroplastik kirliliğine ilişkin araştırmalar daha da önem kazanmıştır. Bu derlemede, yıkama sırasında salınan mikroplastik lif miktarına, yıkama parametrelerinin etkilerinin değerlendirildiği çalışmalar kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mikroplastik, Sentetik Lifler, Yıkama

Kaynakça

• Acharya, S., Rumi, S. S., Hu, Y., Abidi, N., 2021, Microfibers From Synthetic Textiles As A Major Source Of Microplastics In The Environment: A Review, Textile Research Journal, Vol. 91(17–18) 2136–2156, https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517521991244
• Adner, J., 2018, Management Of Microplastics In Apparel Value Chain – Design- And Production Process, M.S. Thesis, University of Boras, Sweeden.
• Almroth B. M. C., Åström, L., Roslund, S., Petersson, H., Johansson, M., Persson, N. K., 2018, Quantifying Shedding Of Synthetic Fibers From Textiles; A Source Of Microplastics Released Into The Environment, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(2), 1191–1199.
• Arı, M., Öğüt, S., 2021, Mikroplastikler ve Çevresel Etkiler, Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 864-877.
• Arslan, R., 2018, Mikroplastikler: Hayatı Kuşatan Yeni Tehlike, Ayrıntı Dergisi, 6(66), 61-67.
• Belzagui, F., Crespi, M., Álvarez, A., Gutiérrez-Bouzán, C., Vilaseca, M., 2019, Microplastics' Emissions: Microfibers’ Detachment From Textile Garments, Environmental Pollution, 248, 1028-1035.
• Boucher, J. and Friot D., 2017, Primary Microplastics in the Oceans: A Global Evaluation of Sources, ch.4, 20-24, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
• Browne, M. A., Crump, P., Niven, S. J., Teuten, E., Tonkin, A., Galloway, T., Thompson, R., 2011, Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Woldwide: Sources and Sinks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 9175–9179.
• Cai, Y., Mitrano, D. M., Heuberger, M., Hufenus, R., Nowack, B., 2020, The Origin Of Microplastic Fiber In Polyester Textiles: The Textile Production Process Matters, Journal of Cleaner Production, 267, 121970.
• Cesa, F. S., Turra, A., Baruque-Ramos, J., 2017, Synthetic Fibers As Microplastics In The Marine Environment: A Review From Textile Perspective With A Focus On Domestic Washings, Science of The Total Environment, 598, 1116-1129.
• Cesa, F. S., Turra, A., Checon, H. H., Leonardi, B., Baruque-Ramos, J., 2019, Laundering And Textile Parameters Influence Fibers Release In Household Washings, Environmental Pollution, 257, 113553.
• Cocca M., De Falco F., Gullo M. P. , Gentile G., Di Pace E., Gelabert L., Brouta-Agnésa M., Rovira A. , Escudero R. , Villalba R., Mossotti R., Montarsolo A. , Gavignano S., Tonin C. And Avella M., 2017, Microplastics From Synthetic Clothes: Environmental Impact And Mitigation Strategies, 15th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Rhodes, Greece
• Correia, J., Costa, PJP, Lopes, I., Duarte, A., Rocha-Santos, T., 2020, Environmental Exposure To Microplastics: An Overview On Possible Human Health Effects, Science of The Total Environment, 702, 2020, Article number: 134455
• Dalla Fontana, G., Mossotti, R., Montarsolo, A., 2020, Assessment Of Microplastics Release From Polyester Fabrics: The Impact Of Different Washing Conditions, Environmental Pollution, 264, 113960.
• De Falco, F., Pia Gullo, M., Gentile, G., Di Pace, E., Cocca, M., Gelabert, L., Brouta-Agnésa, M., Rovira, A., Escudero, R., Villalba, R., Mossotti, R., Montarsolo, A., Gavignano, S., Tonin, C., Avella, M.,2018a, Evaluation Of Microplastic Release Caused By Textile Washing Processes Of Synthetic Fabrics, Environmental Pollution, 236, 916-925.
• De Falco, F. , Gentile, G., Di Pace, E., Avella, M., Cocca, M., 2018b, Quantification Of Microfibres Released During Washing Of Synthetic Clothes In Real Conditions And At Lab Scale, The European Physical Journal Plus, 133, Article number: 257.
• De Falco, F., Di Pace, E., Cocca, M., Avella, M., 2019, The Contribution Of Washing Processes Of Synthetic Clothes To Microplastic Pollution, Scientific Reports, 9, Article number: 6633.
• Ergen, O. G., 2017, Plastik Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahisi İçin Başvuran Hasta Profilinin İncelenmesi: Özel ve Kamu Hastanelerinin Karşılaştırması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, T.C. Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Türkiye.
• Eyles, J.E., Bramwell, V.W., Williamson, E.D., Alpar. H.O., 2001, Microsphere Translocation And Immunopotentiation In Systemic Tissues Following Intranasal Administration. Vaccine 19, 4732–4742
• Fahrenfeld, N.L., Arbuckle-Keil, G., Naderi Beni, N., L.Bartelt-Hunt, S., 2019, Source Tracking Microplastics In The Freshwater Environment, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 112, 248-254.
• GESAMP Working Group 40, 2016, Sources, Fate And Effects Of Microplastics In The Marine Environment: Part Two Of A Global Assessment, (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/ UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), London, England: International Maritime Organization, GESAMP No. 93.
• Gündoğdu, S., Çevik, C., 2019, Plastikten Kurtul, Oltaya Gelme, Greenpeace Akdeniz, Türkiye, Rapor. Türkiye’deki Deniz Canlılarında Mikroplastik Kirliliği.
• Hartline, N. L., Bruce, N. J., Karba, S. N., Ruff, E. O., Sonar, S. U., Holden, P. A., 2016, Microfiber Masses Recovered from Conventional Machine Washing of New or Aged Garments, Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 11532−11538.
• Hernandez, E., Nowack, B., Mitrano, D. M., 2017, Polyester Textiles as a Source of Microplastics from Households: A Mechanistic Study to Understand Microfiber Release During Washing, Environmental Science&Technology, 51, 7036−7046.
• Hoang, H. N., 2019, Washing Machine Microplastics, Bachelor’s Thesis, Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Finland.
• Kelly, M. R., Lant, N. J., Kurr, M., Burgess, J. G., 2019, Importance of Water-Volume on the Release of Microplastic Fibers from Laundry, Environ. Sci. Technol. 53 (20), 11735-11744.
• Lant, N. J., Hayward, A. S., Peththawadu, M. M. D., Sheridan, K. J., Dean, J. R., 2020, Microfiber Release From Real Soiled Consumer Laundry And The Impact Of Fabric Care Products And Washing Conditions, PLoS ONE 15(6): e0233332. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233332.
• Mermaids Consortium, Plastic Soup Foundation, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Polysistec, Leitat Technological Center, Ocean Clean Wash, 2017, Microfiber Release From Clothes After Washing: Hard Facts, Figures And Promising Solutions, Mermaids Consortium, European Comunity, Rep. Position Paper.
• Mishra, S., Rath, C. C., Das, A. P., 2019, Marine Microfiber Pollution: A Review On Present Status And Future Challenges, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 140, 188-197.
• Napper, I. E., Thompson, R. C., 2016, Release Of Synthetic Microplastic Plastic Fibres From Domestic Washing Machines: Effects Of Fabric Type And Washing Conditions, Marine Pollution Bulletin 112 (1–2), 39-45.
• Pagev, 2019, Türkiye Plastik Sektör İzleme Raporu, Türk Plastik Sanayicileri Araştırma Geliştirme ve Eğitim Vakfı, Rapor: 2019, Türkiye.
• Paula, F.C., Nora, B., Ruth, G. C., Lorenzo, B., 2019, Textile Microplastics: A Critical Overview, AUTEX 2019 –19th World Textile Conference on Textiles at the Crossroads, Ghent, Belgium.
• Piñol, L., Rodriguez, L., Brouta, M., Escamilla, M., Escudero, R., 2015, Mitigation of microplastics impact caused by textile washing processes, Mermaids Ocean Clean Wash, Plastic Soup Foundation, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Polysistec, Leitat Technological Center, Ocean Clean Wash, European Comunity, Rep. LIFE13 ENV IT 1069.
• Pirc, U., Vidmar, M., Mozer, A. , Kržan , A., 2016, Emissions Of Microplastic Fibers From Microfiber Fleece During Domestic Washing, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 22206–22211.
• Prata, J. C, 2018, Microplastics In Wastewater: State Of The Knowledge On Sources, Fate And Solutions, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 129, 262-265.
• Rathinamoorthy, R., BalasaraswathI, S. R., 2021a, Investigations On The Impact Of Handwash And Laundry Softener On Microfiber Shedding From Polyester Textiles, The Journal of The Textile Institute, https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2021.1929709
• Rathinamoorthy, R., Balasaraswathi, 2021b, S. R., A Review Of The Current Status Of Microfiber Pollution Research In Textiles, International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, Vol. 33 No. 3.
• Rhodes, C. J., 2019, Solving The Plastic Problem: From Cradle To Grave, To Reincarnation, Science Progress, 102 (3), 218–248.
• Roos S., Arturin O. L., Hanning A.-C., 2017, Microplastics shedding from polyester fabrics, ISBN: 978-91-88695-00-0, Mistra Future Fashion report number: 2017:1
• Schöpel, B., Stamminger, R., 2019, A Comprehensive Literature Study on Microfibres from Washing Machines, Tenside Surfactants Detergents, 56 (2), 94-104.
• Sillanpää, M., Sainio, P., 2017, Release Of Polyester And Cotton Fibers From Textiles In Machine Washings, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24 (23), 19313–19321.
• Tiseo, I., [2021, Jan 27]. Global Plastic Production 1950-2019 [Online]. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20global%20production,quarter%20of%20the%20global%20production
• Yang, L., Qiao, F., Lei, K., Li, H., Kang, Y., Cui, S., An, L. ,2019, Microfiber Release From Different Fabrics During Washing, Environmental Pollution, 249, 136-143.
• Zambrano, M.C., Pawlak, J.J., Daystar, J., Ankeny, M., Cheng, J. J., Venditti, R. A., 2019, Microfibers Generated From The Laundering Of Cotton, Rayon And Polyester Based Fabrics And Their Aquatic Biodegradation, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 142, 394-407.