Öz
Günümüzde geniş bir kullanım alanına sahip olan WC takviyeli metal matrisli kompozitler (MMK) önemli mühendislik malzemelerindendir. Bu kompozit malzemeler kesici takım malzemesi endüstrisinin çok önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Co, sinterlenmiş karbürler için en çok kullanılan bağlayıcı matris fazıdır. Dünya üzerinde kısıtlı tedariği nedenli fiyat dalgalanması ve özellikle karjiyonik etkileri nedeniyle Co'ın alternatifler ile değiştirilmesi bilimsel literatürde yoğun bir ilgi konusudur. Bu durum alternatif bağlayıcı matris arayışlarını daha da arttırmaktadır. Mevcut çalışmaların farklı bileşikler ve alaşımlara odaklandığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ucuz ve zararlı etkileri azaltışmış MMK malzeme üretimi amaçlanmıştır. WC, Fe, Ni ve C tozları kullanılarak toz metalurjisi yöntemi ile farklı kimyasal bileşime sahip MMK malzemeler üretilmiştir. Deneysel çalışmalarda tozlar homojen karıştırma işlemi yapıldıktan sonra, eksenel ve soğuk izostatik olarak preslenmiş ve basınçsız argon ortamında sinterlenmişlerdir. Üretilen numunelerin mikroyapı (yoğunluk, faz) ve mekanik (sertlik, elastisite modülü, kırılma tokluğu) özellikleri deneysel ve ampirik olarak incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada bağlayıcı faz olarak farklı oranlarda Fe, Ni ve C katkısının mikroyapı ve mekanik özelliklere olan etkisi araştırılmıştır. Fe ve Ni katkıları için kritik bir oranın olduğu ve tespit edilen miktarın üstünde katılmasının kırılma tokluğunu azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. En uygun kimyasal bileşim, mikroyapı ve mekanik özelliklere göre belirlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Toz Metalurjisi Metal Matrisli Kompozitler Mekanik Özellikler.
Destekleyen Kurum
Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri
Proje Numarası
201915036
Teşekkür
Bu çalışma Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından 201915036 nolu proje kapsamında desteklenmiştir
Kaynakça
- Almond, E. A.,Roebuck, B., 1988, Identification of optimum binder phase compositions for improved WC hard metals, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Part 1, 237-248
- Bauccio, M., 1994, ASM Engineered Materials Reference Book, ASM International
- Buchegger, C., Lengauer, W., Bernardi, J., Gruber, J., Ntaflos, T. vd., 2015, Diffusion parameters of grain-growth inhibitors in WC based hardmetals with Co, Fe/Ni and Fe/Co/Ni binder alloys, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 67-74
- Chang, S.-H.,Chen, S.-L., 2014, Characterization and properties of sintered WC–Co and WC–Ni–Fe hard metal alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 407-413
- Davis, J. R., 2001, Alloying: Understanding the Basics, ASM International
- Fischer, T.,Rystedt, I., 1983, Cobalt allergy in hard metal workers, Contact Dermatitis, 2, 115-121
- Gonzalez, R., Echeberria, J., Sanchez, J. M.,Castro, F., 1995, WC-(Fe,Ni,C) hardmetals with improved toughness through isothermal heat treatments, Journal of Materials Science, 13, 3435-3439
- Guillermet, A. F., 1987, Assessment Of The Fe-Ni-W-C Phase Diagram, Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde/Materials Research and Advanced Techniques, 3, 165-171
- Hashin, Z.,Shtrikman, S., 1963, A variational approach to the theory of the elastic behaviour of multiphase materials, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2, 127-140
- Ibrahim, I. A., Mohamed, F. A.,Lavernia, E. J., 1991, Particulate reinforced metal matrix composites in a review, Journal of Materials Science, 5, 1137-1156
- Kakeshita, T.,Wayman, C. M., 1991, Martensitic transformations in cermets with a metastable austenitic binder I: WC (Fe Ni C), Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2, 209-219
- Ledbetter, H. M.,Reed, R. P., 1973, Elastic Properties of Metals and Alloys, I. Iron, Nickel, and Iron‐Nickel Alloys, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 3, 531-618
- Liu, C., 2015, Alternative Binder Phases For Wc Cemented Carbides, Master of Science Dissertation, KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Liu, X.-m., Wang, H.-b., Song, X.-y.,Moscatelli, R., 2018, Elastic modulus of nanocrystalline cemented carbide, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 5, 966-973
- Liu, Y. B., Lim, S. C., Lu, L.,Lai, M. O., 1994, Recent development in the fabrication of metal matrix-particulate composites using powder metallurgy techniques, Journal of Materials Science, 8, 1999-2007
- Ojo-Kupoluyi, O. J., Tahir, S. M., Baharudin, B. T. H. T., Azmah Hanim, M. A.,Anuar, M. S., 2016, Mechanical properties of WC-based hardmetals bonded with iron alloys – a review, Materials Science and Technology, 5, 507-517
- Patricia, A. P.,Thomas, S. J., 1999, Metal Prices in the United States Through 1998, United States Government Printing Office
- Penrice, T. W., 1987, Alternative binders for hard metals, Journal of Materials Shaping Technology, 1, 35-39
- Pittari, J. J., Murdoch, H. A., Kilczewski, S. M., Hornbuckle, B. C., Swab, J. J. vd., 2018, Sintering of tungsten carbide cermets with an iron-based ternary alloy binder: Processing and thermodynamic considerations, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 1-11
- Ravichandran, K. S., 1994, Fracture toughness of two phase WC-Co cermets, Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 1, 143-150 Roebuck, B., 1998, Palmqvist toughness for hard and brittle materials, National Physical Laboratory
- Siemiaszko, D., Rosinski, M.,Michalski, A., 2010, Nanocrystalline WC with non-toxic Fe-Mn binder, physica status solidi (c), 5, 1376-1379
- Speich, G. R., Schwoeble, A. J.,Leslie, W. C., 1972, Elastic constants of binary iron-base alloys, Metallurgical Transactions, 8, 2031-2037
- Walbrühl, M., Linder, D., Ågren, J.,Borgenstam, A., 2018, Alternative Ni-based cemented carbide binder – Hardness characterization by nano-indentation and focused ion beam, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 204-209
- Xie, Y.-F., Xie, X.-C., Li, Z.-W., Cao, R.-J., Lin, Z.-K. vd., 2019, Microstructure and properties of coarse-grained WC–10Co cemented carbides with different carbon contents during heat treatments, Rare Metals,
Öz
WC-content metal matrix composites (MMC), which have a wide usage area today, are essential engineering materials. These composite materials constitute a vital part of the cutting tool material industry. Co is the most commonly used binder matrix phase material for sintered carbides. Replacing Co with alternatives is a subject of intense interest in the scientific literature due to the price fluctuation caused by limited supply globally and especially its carcinogenic effects. This situation further increases the search for alternative binding matrices. Current studies seem to focus on different compounds and alloys. In this study, it is aimed to produce cheap MMC materials with reduced detrimental effects. MMC materials with different chemical compositions were produced by powder metallurgy method using WC, Fe, Ni, and C powders. In the experimental studies, the powders were pressed axially and cold isostatically and sintered in an unpressurized argon environment after homogeneous mixing. The produced samples' microstructure (density, phase) and mechanical (hardness, modulus of elasticity, fracture toughness) properties were investigated experimentally and empirically. The study investigated the effect of Fe, Ni and C additives in different ratios as the binding phase on the microstructure and mechanical properties. It has been determined that there is a critical ratio for Fe and Ni additives, and the addition of above the determined amount reduces the ampirical fracture toughness. The chemical composition with the most suitable content in the samples was determined according to the microstructure and mechanical properties.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Powder Metallurgy Metal Matrix Composites Mechanical Properties
Proje Numarası
201915036
Kaynakça
- Almond, E. A.,Roebuck, B., 1988, Identification of optimum binder phase compositions for improved WC hard metals, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Part 1, 237-248
- Bauccio, M., 1994, ASM Engineered Materials Reference Book, ASM International
- Buchegger, C., Lengauer, W., Bernardi, J., Gruber, J., Ntaflos, T. vd., 2015, Diffusion parameters of grain-growth inhibitors in WC based hardmetals with Co, Fe/Ni and Fe/Co/Ni binder alloys, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 67-74
- Chang, S.-H.,Chen, S.-L., 2014, Characterization and properties of sintered WC–Co and WC–Ni–Fe hard metal alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 407-413
- Davis, J. R., 2001, Alloying: Understanding the Basics, ASM International
- Fischer, T.,Rystedt, I., 1983, Cobalt allergy in hard metal workers, Contact Dermatitis, 2, 115-121
- Gonzalez, R., Echeberria, J., Sanchez, J. M.,Castro, F., 1995, WC-(Fe,Ni,C) hardmetals with improved toughness through isothermal heat treatments, Journal of Materials Science, 13, 3435-3439
- Guillermet, A. F., 1987, Assessment Of The Fe-Ni-W-C Phase Diagram, Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde/Materials Research and Advanced Techniques, 3, 165-171
- Hashin, Z.,Shtrikman, S., 1963, A variational approach to the theory of the elastic behaviour of multiphase materials, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2, 127-140
- Ibrahim, I. A., Mohamed, F. A.,Lavernia, E. J., 1991, Particulate reinforced metal matrix composites in a review, Journal of Materials Science, 5, 1137-1156
- Kakeshita, T.,Wayman, C. M., 1991, Martensitic transformations in cermets with a metastable austenitic binder I: WC (Fe Ni C), Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2, 209-219
- Ledbetter, H. M.,Reed, R. P., 1973, Elastic Properties of Metals and Alloys, I. Iron, Nickel, and Iron‐Nickel Alloys, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 3, 531-618
- Liu, C., 2015, Alternative Binder Phases For Wc Cemented Carbides, Master of Science Dissertation, KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Liu, X.-m., Wang, H.-b., Song, X.-y.,Moscatelli, R., 2018, Elastic modulus of nanocrystalline cemented carbide, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 5, 966-973
- Liu, Y. B., Lim, S. C., Lu, L.,Lai, M. O., 1994, Recent development in the fabrication of metal matrix-particulate composites using powder metallurgy techniques, Journal of Materials Science, 8, 1999-2007
- Ojo-Kupoluyi, O. J., Tahir, S. M., Baharudin, B. T. H. T., Azmah Hanim, M. A.,Anuar, M. S., 2016, Mechanical properties of WC-based hardmetals bonded with iron alloys – a review, Materials Science and Technology, 5, 507-517
- Patricia, A. P.,Thomas, S. J., 1999, Metal Prices in the United States Through 1998, United States Government Printing Office
- Penrice, T. W., 1987, Alternative binders for hard metals, Journal of Materials Shaping Technology, 1, 35-39
- Pittari, J. J., Murdoch, H. A., Kilczewski, S. M., Hornbuckle, B. C., Swab, J. J. vd., 2018, Sintering of tungsten carbide cermets with an iron-based ternary alloy binder: Processing and thermodynamic considerations, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 1-11
- Ravichandran, K. S., 1994, Fracture toughness of two phase WC-Co cermets, Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 1, 143-150 Roebuck, B., 1998, Palmqvist toughness for hard and brittle materials, National Physical Laboratory
- Siemiaszko, D., Rosinski, M.,Michalski, A., 2010, Nanocrystalline WC with non-toxic Fe-Mn binder, physica status solidi (c), 5, 1376-1379
- Speich, G. R., Schwoeble, A. J.,Leslie, W. C., 1972, Elastic constants of binary iron-base alloys, Metallurgical Transactions, 8, 2031-2037
- Walbrühl, M., Linder, D., Ågren, J.,Borgenstam, A., 2018, Alternative Ni-based cemented carbide binder – Hardness characterization by nano-indentation and focused ion beam, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 204-209
- Xie, Y.-F., Xie, X.-C., Li, Z.-W., Cao, R.-J., Lin, Z.-K. vd., 2019, Microstructure and properties of coarse-grained WC–10Co cemented carbides with different carbon contents during heat treatments, Rare Metals,
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Mühendislik, Makine Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri \ Research Articles |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | 201915036 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 27 Mart 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 4 Şubat 2022 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 2 Aralık 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 |
