ALTERNATİF YAKIT ARAYIŞINDA ATIK TRAFO YAĞI/BİYODİZEL/DİZEL ÜÇLÜ YAKIT KARIŞIMININ İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 78 - 89, 20.03.2025

Tuba Karaca , Tuba Hatice Doğan

https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1556003

Öz

Bu çalışmada, atık kızartma yağlarından (WFO) üretilen, temiz ve sürdürülebilir bir yakıt olan biyodizel, elektrik transformatörlerinin önemli bir atığı olan ve dizel yakıta benzer özelliklere sahip olan atık transformatör yağı (WTO) ve ticari olarak satın alınan dizel yakıt kullanılarak üçlü yakıt karışımları oluşturulmuş, karışımdaki her bileşenin ayrıntılı karakterizasyonu da yapılmıştır. Üçlü karışımlar oluşturulurken dizel yakıt oranı minimumda tutulmuş (hacimce %10) ve atık trafo yağı oranı hacimce %20 ile %100 arasında değişen oranlarda karıştırılmıştır. Atıkların değerlendirilerek alternatif yakıt üretildiği bu çalışmada, hazırlanan altı farklı yakıt karışımının bazı önemli yakıt özellikleri EN/ASTM standartlarıyla karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu standartlara uygun olan optimum üçlü yakıt karışımları belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alternatif Yakıt, Atık Trafo Yağı, Biyodizel, Dizel, Üçlü Karışım

INVESTIGATION OF WASTE TRANSFORMER OIL/BIODIESEL/DIESEL TRIPLE FUEL MIXTURE IN SEARCH OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL

Öz

In this study, triple fuel mixtures were formed by using biodiesel, which is a clean and sustainable fuel produced from waste frying oils (WFO), waste transformer oil (WTO), which is an important waste of electrical transformers and has similar properties to diesel fuel and commercially purchased diesel fuel. Detailed characterization of each component in the mixture was also made. The diesel fuel ratio was kept to a minimum (10% by volume) and the waste transformer oil ratio was mixed at rates ranging from 20% to 100% by volume while creating the triple mixtures. In this study, in which wastes are evaluated and alternative fuel is produced in this way, some important fuel properties of six different fuel mixtures prepared were compared with EN/ASTM standards. Optimum triple fuel mixtures complying with these standards have been determined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alternative Fuel, Waste Transformer Oil, Biodiesel, Diesel, Triple Mixture

Kaynakça

• Ajay, J., Viswanath, G., 2020. A study on waste transformer oil blended with BD IC engine application. Materials today: Proceedings, 22, 865-868.
• Ali, C.H., Asif, A.H., Iqbal, T., Qureshi, A.S., Kazmi, M.A., Yasin, S., Danish, M., 2018. Improved transesterification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel using calcined goat bone as a catalyst. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 40 (9), 1076-1083.
• Al-Samaraae, R.R., Atabani, A.E., Uguz, G., Kumar, G., Arpa, O., Ayanoğlu, A., Mohammed, M.N., Farouk, H., 2020. Perspective of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) as a potential biodiesel feedstock in Turkey: characterization, engine performance and emissions analyses of butanol–biodiesel–diesel blends. Biofuels, 11(6), 715-731.
• Arthanarisamy, M., Alagumalai, A., Arumugam, K., 2020. An experimental insight into optimized biodiesel production and external re-breathing of burned gases on biodiesel combustion. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 139, 2109-2118.
• Behera, P., Murugan, S., 2013. Combustion, performance and emission parameters of used transformer oil and its diesel blends in a DI diesel engine. Fuel, 104, 147-154.
• Corro, G., Flores, A., Pacheco-Aguirre, F., Pal, U., Banuelos, F., Ramirez, A., Zehe, A., 2019. Biodiesel and fossil-fuel diesel soot oxidation activities of Ag/CeO2 catalyst. Fuel, 250, 17-26.
• Çelik-Okumuş, Z., Doğan, T.H., Temur, H., 2019. Removal of water by using cationic resin during biodiesel purification. Renewable Energy, 143, 47-51.
• Dharma, S., Silitonga, A.S., Shamsuddin, A.H., Sebayang, A.H., Milano, J., Sebayang, R., Sarjianto., Ibrahim, H., Bahri, N., Ginting, B., Damanik, N., 2023. Properties and corrosion behaviors of mild steel in biodiesel-diesel blends. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 45(2), 3887-3899.
• Dmitriev, A., Zinurov, V., Vinh, D., Dmitrieva, O., 2019. Removal of moisture from contaminated transformer oil in rectangular separators. E3S Web of Conferences 110, 01026.
• Doğan, T.H., 2016. The testing of the effects of cooking conditions on the quality of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oils. Renewable Energy, 94, 466-473.
• Dordic, D., Milotic, M., Curguz, Z., Duric, S., Duric, T., 2021. Experimental testing of combustion parameters and emissions of waste motor oil and its diesel mixtures. Energies, 14, 5950.
• Gupta, J.G., Agarwal, A.K., 2021. Engine durability and lubricating oil tribology study of a biodiesel fuelled common rail direct injection medium-duty transportation diesel engine. Wear, 486-487, 204104.
• Karaca, T., Doğan, T.H., 2024. Removal of water in waste transformer oil considered as an alternative fuel by a factory tea waste-based adsorption process. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14, 8917-8930.
• Kasumba, J., Fukagawa, N.K., Holmen, B.A., 2019. Fuel Composition Effects on Carbonyls and Quinones in Particulate Matter from a Light-Duty Diesel Engine Running Biodiesel Blends from Two Feedstocks. Energy and Fuels, 33, 1133-1145.
• Kumar, N., Koul, R., Singh, R.C., 2022. Comparative analysis of ternary blends of renewable Diesel, diesel and ethanol with diesel. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 50, 101828.
• Kumbhar, V.S., Pandey, A., Varghese, A., Patil, V., 2021. Comparative assessment of performance, combustion, and emission of compression ignition engine fuelled with different generations of biodiesel. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 14 (6), 2082-2096.
• Margui, E., Resano, M., Queralt, I., 2019. A sustainable and simple energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence method for sulfur determination at trace levels in biodiesel samples via formation of biodiesel spots on a suitable solid support. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 156, 7-12.
• Nabi, M.N., Akhter, M.S., Rahman, M.A., 2013. Waste transformer oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Procedia Engineering, 56, 401-406.
• Naeem, A., Zaman, S., Farooq, M., Khan, I.W., Ghazi, Z.A., Saeed, T., Hamayun, M., 2022. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil employing natural bentonite supported heterogeneous catalyst: Waste to biodiesel. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 39, 1450-1459.
• Nawaz, K., Nisar, J., Anwar, F., Mumtaz, M.W., Ali, G., Ur Rehman, N., Ullah, R., 2023. Optimised transesterification of used frying oils: production and characterisation of biodiesel. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 103 (7), 1615-1632.
• Öner, C., Altun, Ş., 2009. Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. Applied Energy, 86(10), 2114-2120.
• Preethivasani, T.R., Senthilkumar, T., Chandrasekar, M., 2021. Refuse-derived fuel for diesel engine utilizing waste transformer oil. Biofuels, 12 (7), 737-748.
• Qasim, M., Ansari, T.M., Hussain, M., 2017. Combustion, Performance, and Emission Evaluation of a Diesel Engine with Biodiesel Like Fuel Blends Derived From a Mixture of Pakistani Waste Canola and Waste Transformer Oils. Energies, 10, 1023.
• Rajan, K., Babu, A.M., Paladi, R., Nallusamy, S., Kumar, KRS., 2022. Performance assessment of DI diesel engine using waste transformer oil with different compression ratios. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 43(1), 3536-3544.
• Rosson, E., Sgarbossa, P., Pedrielli, F., Mozzon, M., Bertani, R., 2021. Bioliquids from raw waste animal fats: an alternative renewable energy source. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 11, 1475-1490.
• Sahar., Sadaf, S., Iqbal, J., Ullah, I., Bhatti, H.N., Nouren, S., Habib-ur-Rehman., Nisar, J., Iqbal, M., 2018. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: An efficient technique to convert waste into biodiesel. Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 220-226.
• Sani, J., Sokoto, A.M., Tambuwal, A.D., Garba, N.A., 2017. Effect of NiO/SiO2 on thermo-chemical conversion of waste cooking oil to hydrocarbons. Heliyon, 3 (5), e00304.
• Sathish, T., Surakasi, R., Kishore, L., Rathinasamy, S., Ağbulut, Ü., Shaik, S., Park, S.G., Afzal, A., 2023. Waste to fuel: Pyrolysis of waste transformer oil and its evaluation as alternative fuel along with different nanoparticles in CI engine with exhaust gas recirculation. Energy, 267, 126595.
• Soltani, S., Khanian, N., Rashid, U., Choong, T.S.Y., 2020. Core-shell ZnO-TiO2 hollow spheres synthesized by in-situ hydrothermal method for ester production application. Renewable Energy, 151, 1076-1081.
• Venkatesan, H., Fernandes, J.L., Sivamani, S., 2019. Effect of nano-enriched emulsified Pongamia biodiesel on combustion, performance and emission parameters of a compression ignition engine. World Journal of Engineeing, 16 (6), 737-750.
• Vershinina, K.Y., Glushkov, D.O., Strizhak, P.A., 2018. Ignition of droplets of coal–water–oil mixtures based on coke and semicoke. Coke and Chemistry, 60, 28-36.
• Wang, Z., Paulauskiene, T., Uebe, J., Bucas, M., 2020. Characterization of Biomethanol–Biodiesel–Diesel Blends as Alternative Fuel for Marine Applications. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8, 730.
• Xu, H., Li, Y., Li, Z., Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Song, H., 2022. Methane-assisted waste cooking oil conversion for renewable fuel production. Fuel, 311, 122613.
• Yadav, S.P.R., Saravanan, C.G., 2015. Engine characterization study of hydrocarbon fuel derived through recycling of waste transformer oil. Journal of the Energy Institute, 88 (4), 386-397.
• Yadav, S.P.R., Saravanan, C.G., Karthick, S., Senthilnathan, K., 2020. Fundamental droplet evaporation and engine application studies of an alternate fuel produced from waste transformer oil. Fuel, 259, 116253.
• Yunus Khan, T.M., 2021. Direct Transesterification for Biodiesel Production and Testing the Engine for Performance and Emissions Run on Biodiesel-Diesel-Nano Blends. Nanomaterials, 11 (2), 417.
• Yusuff, A.S., Thompson-Yusuff, K.A., Igbafe, A.I., 2024. Synthesis of biodiesel via methanolysis of waste frying oil by biowaste-derived catalyst: process optimization and biodiesel blends characterization. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14, 1781-1792.