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KURAKLIK ANALİZİNE DAYALI ENDÜSTRİYEL SU TASARRUFU POTANSİYELİNİN HESAPLANMASI: ANTALYA HAVZASI ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 745 - 761, 30.09.2025

Öz

Bu çalışma, Antalya Havzası'nda iklim değişikliği nedeniyle meydana gelebilecek kuraklık şiddetini hesaplamaktadır. Ayrıca, havzada faaliyet gösteren endüstrilerin kuraklıktan en az şekilde etkilenebilmesi için alması gereken önlemleri belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada ilk olarak, Kaliforniya Üniversitesi, Santa Barbara (UCSB) - İklim Tehlikesi Grubu (CHG) / İklim Tehlikeleri Grubu İstasyon verileriyle Kızılötesi Yağış (CHIRPS) / 5 Günlük Süre (PENTAD) uydu verisi kullanılarak Standart Yağış İndeksi (SPI) ile 1, 3, 6, 9 ve 12 aylık dönemler için kuraklık analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu analizler, 1981-2023 tarihlerinde bölgede oluşmuş olan kuraklık dönemlerini ve şiddetlerini belirlemektedir. Çalışmanın diğer aşamalarında ise Antalya Havzası'ndaki üç farklı sektörde faaliyet gösteren tesislerde, kuraklığın oluşturduğu olumsuz etkileri azaltmak amacıyla her bir tesise üçer adet mevcut en iyi teknik (MET) uygulandığı varsayılmıştır. Bu MET'lerin tesisler tarafından uygulanması durumunda elde edilebilecek tasarruf oranları hesaplanmıştır. Tesis 1’de 3 farklı MET uygulandığında ortalama %20,97 su kazanımı, Tesis 2’de farklı 3 MET uygulandığında ortalama %0,64 su kazanımı ve Tesis 3’te farklı 3 MET uygulandığında ortalama %10,86 su kazanımı sağlanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, tesislerden toplamda 9 farklı MET’ten elde edilebilecek ortalama potansiyel su tasarrufu yaklaşık %10,82 olarak belirlenmiştir. Böylelikle, su tüketiminin azaltılması, hem çevresel sürdürülebilirliğe hem de ekonomik verimliliğe önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Abbassi, B ve Al Baz, İ. 2008. Integrated Wastewater Management: A Review. Efficient Management of Wastewater, 29-40
  • Abramowitz, M. ve Stegun, A., 1965. Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover, New York.
  • Akgül, D. 2016. Türkiye'de Ters Osmoz Ve Nanofiltrasyon Sistemleri ile İçme ve Kullanma Suyu Üretiminin Maliyet Analizi. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Aktürk, G., Zeybekoğlu, U., Yıldız, O. 2022. SPI ve SPEI Yöntemleri ile Kuraklık Araştırması: Kırıkkale örneği. Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi, 14(2), 762-776.
  • Angelidis, P., Maris, F., Kotsovinos, N., Hrissanthou, V. 2012. Computation of Drought Index SPI with Alternative Distribution Functions. Water Resources Management, 26(9), 2453-2473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0026-0
  • Awchi, T.A. ve Kalyana, M.M. 2017. Meteorological Drought Analysis In Northern Iraq Using SPI And GIS. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 3(4), 451–463.
  • Bacanli, U.G. ve Kargi, P.G. 2019. Drought Analysis in Long and Short Term Periods: Bursa case. Journal of Natural Hazards and Environment, 5(1), 166-174.
  • Bates, B., Kundzewicz, W.Z., Wu, S., Palutikof, J. 2008. Climate Change and Water. IPCC Technical Paper VI, 214p.
  • Benny, B., Vinod, D., Mahesha, A. 2024. Fortnightly Standardized Precipitation Index Trend Analysis for Drought Characterization in India. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 155, 4891–4908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-024-04905-x
  • Blain, G.C. 2012. Monthly values of the standardized precipitation index in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: trends and spectral features under the normality assumption. Agrometeorology, Bragantia 71(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/S0006-87052012005000004
  • Edwards, D. C. ve McKee, T. B. 1997. Characteristics of 20th Century Drought in the United States at Multiple Time Scales. Climatology Report Number 97-2, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
  • Flörke, M., Schneider, C., McDonald, R.I. 2018. Water Competition Between Cities and Agriculture Driven by Climate Change and Urban Growth. Nature Sustainability, 1(1), 51-58.
  • Funk, C., Peterson, P., Landsfeld, M., Pedreros, D., Verdin, J., Shukla, S., Husak, G., Rowland, J., Harrison, L., Hoel, A., Michaelsen, J. 2015. The Climate Hazards Infrared Precipitation with Stations: A New Environmental Record for Monitoring Extremes. Scientific Data, 2, 150066.
  • Guttman, N. B. 1998. Comparing the Palmer Drought Index and the Standardized Precipitation Index. Journal of the American Resources Association. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05964.x
  • Guttman, N. B. 1999. Accepting the Standardized Precipitation Index: A Calculation Algorithm. Journal of the American Resources Association. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03592.x
  • Hisam, E., Mehr, A. D., Alganci, U., Seker, D. Z. 2023. Comprehensive Evaluation of Satellite-Based and Reanalysis Precipitation Products Over The Mediterranean Region in Turkey. Advances in Space Research, 71(7), 3005-3021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.03.004
  • IPCC. 2013. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp
  • Karapinar, B. 2023. As the Climate Bakes, Turkey Faces a Future Without Water. Yale Environment 360. Retrieved from https://e360.yale.edu/features/as-the-climate-bakes-turkey-faces-a-future-without-water
  • Kassaye, A.Y., Shao, G., Wang, X., Wu, S. 2021. Quantification of Drought Severity Change in Ethiopia During 1952–2017. Environmental Development and Sustainability, 23(4), 5096–5121.
  • Kılıc, M., Gunal, H., Gundgan, R. 2022. Drought Monitoring on Google Earth Engine with Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Şanlıurfa. Levantine Journal of Applied Sciences, 2(2), 35-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56917/ljoas.13
  • Kummu, M., Guillaume, J.H., de Moel, H., Eisner, S., Flörke, M., Porkka, M., Siebert, S., Veldkamp, T.I.E., Ward, P.J., 2016. The World's Road to Water Scarcity: Shortage and Stress in the 20th Century and Pathways Towards Sustainability. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1-16.
  • Kuprasertwong, N., Padungwatanaroj, O., Robin, A., Udomwong, K., Tula, A., Zhu, L., Zhou, L., Wang, B., Wang, S., Gani, R. 2021. Computer-Aided Refrigerant Design: New Developments. Computer-Aided Chemical Engineering, 50, 19-24.
  • Lindström, G., Johansson, B., Persson, M., Gardelin, M., Bergström, S. 1997. Development And Test of the Distributed HBV-96 Hydrological Model. Journal of Hydrology, 201(1-4), 272-288.
  • Lloyd-Hughes B. ve Saunders, M.A. 2002. A drought climatology for Europe
  • Mahnamfar, F. ve Nigussie, T. A. 2023. Assessment Of Drought Characteristics and Trend Analysis in Antalya Basin, Turkey. Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, Scienceline Publication.
  • McKee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., Kleist, J. 1993. The Relationship of Drought Frequency and Duration to Time Scales. Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology.
  • Mekonnen, M.M. ve Hoekstra, A.Y. 2016. Four Billion People Facing Severe Water Scarcity. Science Advances, 2(2), e1500323.
  • Naghedi R., Moghaddam, M.R.A., Piadeh, F. 2020. Creating functional group alternatives in integrated industrial wastewater recycling system: A case study of Toos Industrial Park (Iran). Journal of Cleaner Production, 257, 120464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120464
  • Pinarlik, M. 2023. The Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources in Turkey. Proceedings of the 2022 International Symposium on Energy Management and Sustainability. Springer.
  • Salvacion, A.R. 2021. Mapping Meteorological Drought Hazard in The Philippines Using SPI and SPEI. Spatial Information Research, 29(6), 949–960.
  • Santonja, G.G., Karlis, P., Stubdrup, K.R., Brinkmann, T., Roudier, S. 2019. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Food, Drink and Milk Industries; EUR 29978 EN.
  • Sırdaş, S. 2002. Meteorolojik Kuraklık Modellemesi ve Türkiye Uygulaması. Doktora Tezi-127212, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • SYGM. 2018. Antalya Havzası Kuraklık Yönetim Planı, Nihai Rapor. T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Su Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü, 1095s, Ankara.
  • SYGM. 2023. Endüstriyel Su Verimliliği Rehber Dokümanları Serisi. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Su Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Svoboda, M., Hayes, M., Wood, D. 2012. Standardized Precipitation Index User Guide. World Meteorological Organization, WMO-No.1090.
  • Şen, Z. 2015. Applied Drought Modeling, Prediction, And Mitigation. Elsevier. ISBN: 9780128024225
  • Şen, Ö.L., Bozkurt, D., Göktürk, O.M., Dündar, B., Altürk, B. 2017. Türkiye’de İklim Değişikliği ve Olası Etkileri. Conference Paper, İstanbul.
  • StackExchange, 2020. Standardized Precipitation Index with gamma function in GEE. Erişim Adresi: https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/363547
  • Yang, T.H. ve Liu, W.C. 2020. A General Overview of The Risk-Reduction Strategies for Floods and Droughts. Sustainability, 12, 2687.
  • Thilagaraj, P., Masilamani, P., Venkatesh, R., Killivalavan, J. 2021. Google Earth Engine Based Agricultural Drought Monitoring In Kodavanar Watershed, Part Of Amaravathi Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIII-B5-2021 XXIV ISPRS Congress
  • Thom, H.C.S. 1958. A Note on the Gamma Distribution. Monthly Weather Review, 86, 117-122.
  • Tigkas, D., Vangelis, H., Tsakiris, G. 2015. DrinC: a software for drought analysis based on drought indices. Earth Science Informatics, 8(3), 697–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-014-0178-y
  • TOB. 2021. 3 Pilot Havzada Nehir Havza Yönetim Planları Kapsamında Ekonomik Analizler ve Su Verimliliği Çalışmaları için Teknik Yardım Projesi. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı.
  • Turgu, E., Eskioğlu, O., Öz, Ö., Uğurlu, A. 2015. Farklı Zaman Ölçeklerindeki Standart Yağış Indekslerinin Havza Bazında Değerlendirilmesi. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • TÜBİTAK MAM, 2016. Sanayide Temiz Üretim Olanaklarının ve Uygulanabilirliğinin Belirlenmesi (SANVER) Projesi, Final Rapor. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, Marmara Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Türkeş, M. 2008. Küresel Iklim Değişikliği Nedir? Temel Kavramlar, Nedenleri, Gözlenen ve Öngörülen Değişiklikler. İklim Değişikliği ve Çevre, 1, 26-37.
  • UN-SPIDER, 2022. Recommended Practice for Drought Monitoring: SPI. Erişim Adresi: https://www.un-spider.org/advisory-support/recommended-practices/recommended-practice-drought-monitoring-spi/step-by-step. Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2025
  • Wilks, D. S. 1995. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University. ISBN
  • Yacoub, E. ve Tayfur, G. 2020. Spatial and Temporal Variation of Meteorological Drought and Precipitation Trend Analysis over Whole Mauritania. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 163(1), 1-12.
  • Yuan, Y. ve Zhou, W. 2008. Influences of The Indian Ocean Dipole on The Asian Summer Monsoon in the Following Year. International Journal of Climatology, 28(14), 1849–1859.

ESTIMATION OF INDUSTRIAL WATER CONSERVATION POTENTIAL BASED ON DROUGHT ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF THE ANTALYA BASIN

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 745 - 761, 30.09.2025

Öz

This study calculates the severity of droughts that may occur in the Antalya Basin due to climate change. It also aims to determine the measures that industries operating in the basin should take to minimize the impacts of drought. First, drought analyses were conducted using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 month periods based on Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS/PENTAD), provided by the Climate Hazards Group (CHG) at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). These analyses identify the drought periods and their severities in the region from 1981 to 2023. In the subsequent stages of the study, three Best Available Techniques (BAT) were assumed to be applied to facilities operating in three different sectors within the Antalya Basin to mitigate the adverse effects of drought. The potential savings from the implementation of these BATs were calculated. When three different BATs were applied in Facility 1, an average water savings of 20.97% was achieved; in Facility 2, the application of three different BATs resulted in an average savings of 0.64%; and in Facility 3, three different BATs provided an average savings of 10.86%. The overall potential average water savings from the nine BATs applied across all facilities was approximately 10.82%. These findings indicate that reducing water consumption will contribute significantly to both environmental sustainability and economic efficiency.

Kaynakça

  • Abbassi, B ve Al Baz, İ. 2008. Integrated Wastewater Management: A Review. Efficient Management of Wastewater, 29-40
  • Abramowitz, M. ve Stegun, A., 1965. Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover, New York.
  • Akgül, D. 2016. Türkiye'de Ters Osmoz Ve Nanofiltrasyon Sistemleri ile İçme ve Kullanma Suyu Üretiminin Maliyet Analizi. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Aktürk, G., Zeybekoğlu, U., Yıldız, O. 2022. SPI ve SPEI Yöntemleri ile Kuraklık Araştırması: Kırıkkale örneği. Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dergisi, 14(2), 762-776.
  • Angelidis, P., Maris, F., Kotsovinos, N., Hrissanthou, V. 2012. Computation of Drought Index SPI with Alternative Distribution Functions. Water Resources Management, 26(9), 2453-2473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0026-0
  • Awchi, T.A. ve Kalyana, M.M. 2017. Meteorological Drought Analysis In Northern Iraq Using SPI And GIS. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 3(4), 451–463.
  • Bacanli, U.G. ve Kargi, P.G. 2019. Drought Analysis in Long and Short Term Periods: Bursa case. Journal of Natural Hazards and Environment, 5(1), 166-174.
  • Bates, B., Kundzewicz, W.Z., Wu, S., Palutikof, J. 2008. Climate Change and Water. IPCC Technical Paper VI, 214p.
  • Benny, B., Vinod, D., Mahesha, A. 2024. Fortnightly Standardized Precipitation Index Trend Analysis for Drought Characterization in India. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 155, 4891–4908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-024-04905-x
  • Blain, G.C. 2012. Monthly values of the standardized precipitation index in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: trends and spectral features under the normality assumption. Agrometeorology, Bragantia 71(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/S0006-87052012005000004
  • Edwards, D. C. ve McKee, T. B. 1997. Characteristics of 20th Century Drought in the United States at Multiple Time Scales. Climatology Report Number 97-2, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
  • Flörke, M., Schneider, C., McDonald, R.I. 2018. Water Competition Between Cities and Agriculture Driven by Climate Change and Urban Growth. Nature Sustainability, 1(1), 51-58.
  • Funk, C., Peterson, P., Landsfeld, M., Pedreros, D., Verdin, J., Shukla, S., Husak, G., Rowland, J., Harrison, L., Hoel, A., Michaelsen, J. 2015. The Climate Hazards Infrared Precipitation with Stations: A New Environmental Record for Monitoring Extremes. Scientific Data, 2, 150066.
  • Guttman, N. B. 1998. Comparing the Palmer Drought Index and the Standardized Precipitation Index. Journal of the American Resources Association. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05964.x
  • Guttman, N. B. 1999. Accepting the Standardized Precipitation Index: A Calculation Algorithm. Journal of the American Resources Association. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03592.x
  • Hisam, E., Mehr, A. D., Alganci, U., Seker, D. Z. 2023. Comprehensive Evaluation of Satellite-Based and Reanalysis Precipitation Products Over The Mediterranean Region in Turkey. Advances in Space Research, 71(7), 3005-3021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.03.004
  • IPCC. 2013. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp
  • Karapinar, B. 2023. As the Climate Bakes, Turkey Faces a Future Without Water. Yale Environment 360. Retrieved from https://e360.yale.edu/features/as-the-climate-bakes-turkey-faces-a-future-without-water
  • Kassaye, A.Y., Shao, G., Wang, X., Wu, S. 2021. Quantification of Drought Severity Change in Ethiopia During 1952–2017. Environmental Development and Sustainability, 23(4), 5096–5121.
  • Kılıc, M., Gunal, H., Gundgan, R. 2022. Drought Monitoring on Google Earth Engine with Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Şanlıurfa. Levantine Journal of Applied Sciences, 2(2), 35-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56917/ljoas.13
  • Kummu, M., Guillaume, J.H., de Moel, H., Eisner, S., Flörke, M., Porkka, M., Siebert, S., Veldkamp, T.I.E., Ward, P.J., 2016. The World's Road to Water Scarcity: Shortage and Stress in the 20th Century and Pathways Towards Sustainability. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1-16.
  • Kuprasertwong, N., Padungwatanaroj, O., Robin, A., Udomwong, K., Tula, A., Zhu, L., Zhou, L., Wang, B., Wang, S., Gani, R. 2021. Computer-Aided Refrigerant Design: New Developments. Computer-Aided Chemical Engineering, 50, 19-24.
  • Lindström, G., Johansson, B., Persson, M., Gardelin, M., Bergström, S. 1997. Development And Test of the Distributed HBV-96 Hydrological Model. Journal of Hydrology, 201(1-4), 272-288.
  • Lloyd-Hughes B. ve Saunders, M.A. 2002. A drought climatology for Europe
  • Mahnamfar, F. ve Nigussie, T. A. 2023. Assessment Of Drought Characteristics and Trend Analysis in Antalya Basin, Turkey. Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, Scienceline Publication.
  • McKee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., Kleist, J. 1993. The Relationship of Drought Frequency and Duration to Time Scales. Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology.
  • Mekonnen, M.M. ve Hoekstra, A.Y. 2016. Four Billion People Facing Severe Water Scarcity. Science Advances, 2(2), e1500323.
  • Naghedi R., Moghaddam, M.R.A., Piadeh, F. 2020. Creating functional group alternatives in integrated industrial wastewater recycling system: A case study of Toos Industrial Park (Iran). Journal of Cleaner Production, 257, 120464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120464
  • Pinarlik, M. 2023. The Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources in Turkey. Proceedings of the 2022 International Symposium on Energy Management and Sustainability. Springer.
  • Salvacion, A.R. 2021. Mapping Meteorological Drought Hazard in The Philippines Using SPI and SPEI. Spatial Information Research, 29(6), 949–960.
  • Santonja, G.G., Karlis, P., Stubdrup, K.R., Brinkmann, T., Roudier, S. 2019. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Food, Drink and Milk Industries; EUR 29978 EN.
  • Sırdaş, S. 2002. Meteorolojik Kuraklık Modellemesi ve Türkiye Uygulaması. Doktora Tezi-127212, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • SYGM. 2018. Antalya Havzası Kuraklık Yönetim Planı, Nihai Rapor. T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Su Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü, 1095s, Ankara.
  • SYGM. 2023. Endüstriyel Su Verimliliği Rehber Dokümanları Serisi. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Su Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Svoboda, M., Hayes, M., Wood, D. 2012. Standardized Precipitation Index User Guide. World Meteorological Organization, WMO-No.1090.
  • Şen, Z. 2015. Applied Drought Modeling, Prediction, And Mitigation. Elsevier. ISBN: 9780128024225
  • Şen, Ö.L., Bozkurt, D., Göktürk, O.M., Dündar, B., Altürk, B. 2017. Türkiye’de İklim Değişikliği ve Olası Etkileri. Conference Paper, İstanbul.
  • StackExchange, 2020. Standardized Precipitation Index with gamma function in GEE. Erişim Adresi: https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/363547
  • Yang, T.H. ve Liu, W.C. 2020. A General Overview of The Risk-Reduction Strategies for Floods and Droughts. Sustainability, 12, 2687.
  • Thilagaraj, P., Masilamani, P., Venkatesh, R., Killivalavan, J. 2021. Google Earth Engine Based Agricultural Drought Monitoring In Kodavanar Watershed, Part Of Amaravathi Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIII-B5-2021 XXIV ISPRS Congress
  • Thom, H.C.S. 1958. A Note on the Gamma Distribution. Monthly Weather Review, 86, 117-122.
  • Tigkas, D., Vangelis, H., Tsakiris, G. 2015. DrinC: a software for drought analysis based on drought indices. Earth Science Informatics, 8(3), 697–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-014-0178-y
  • TOB. 2021. 3 Pilot Havzada Nehir Havza Yönetim Planları Kapsamında Ekonomik Analizler ve Su Verimliliği Çalışmaları için Teknik Yardım Projesi. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı.
  • Turgu, E., Eskioğlu, O., Öz, Ö., Uğurlu, A. 2015. Farklı Zaman Ölçeklerindeki Standart Yağış Indekslerinin Havza Bazında Değerlendirilmesi. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • TÜBİTAK MAM, 2016. Sanayide Temiz Üretim Olanaklarının ve Uygulanabilirliğinin Belirlenmesi (SANVER) Projesi, Final Rapor. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, Marmara Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Türkeş, M. 2008. Küresel Iklim Değişikliği Nedir? Temel Kavramlar, Nedenleri, Gözlenen ve Öngörülen Değişiklikler. İklim Değişikliği ve Çevre, 1, 26-37.
  • UN-SPIDER, 2022. Recommended Practice for Drought Monitoring: SPI. Erişim Adresi: https://www.un-spider.org/advisory-support/recommended-practices/recommended-practice-drought-monitoring-spi/step-by-step. Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2025
  • Wilks, D. S. 1995. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University. ISBN
  • Yacoub, E. ve Tayfur, G. 2020. Spatial and Temporal Variation of Meteorological Drought and Precipitation Trend Analysis over Whole Mauritania. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 163(1), 1-12.
  • Yuan, Y. ve Zhou, W. 2008. Influences of The Indian Ocean Dipole on The Asian Summer Monsoon in the Following Year. International Journal of Climatology, 28(14), 1849–1859.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çevresel Olarak Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik, Küresel Çevre Mühendisliği, Temiz Üretim Teknolojileri
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri \ Research Articles
Yazarlar

Alperen Kır 0000-0002-3304-0047

Mehmet Kitiş 0000-0002-6836-3129

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 25 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kır, A., & Kitiş, M. (2025). KURAKLIK ANALİZİNE DAYALI ENDÜSTRİYEL SU TASARRUFU POTANSİYELİNİN HESAPLANMASI: ANTALYA HAVZASI ÖRNEĞİ. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 13(3), 745-761.