Reviewing the Multi-Sectoral Application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for Environmental Impact Evaluation and Integration with Socio-Economic Analysis for Sustainable Practices

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 25 - 45, 01.07.2024

Anas Jaradat

Öz

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) provides a thorough assessment of the environmental consequences across the entire lifespan of a product, starting from the extraction phase and concluding with its disposal. This study aims to examine the importance of LCA in assessing the impact of products, processes, and services on the environment and discusses the benefits and drawbacks of LCA. The study utilized academic databases to conduct a literature search on environmental impact assessment, specifically LCA, across various sectors and countries, aiming to identify improvements and advances in LCA methodology between 2005 and 2024. Various industries have applied LCA; these studies evaluate the environmental impacts of construction, agriculture, wastewater treatment, waste management, manufacturing, energy systems, packaging, and transportation. They aimed to reduce environmental impact at every stage, identify areas for improvement, and optimize processes. LCA also aids in evaluating manufacturing processes, facilitating informed decision-making. It's essential for a more environmentally friendly transportation industry to assess emissions, energy consumption, and sustainable alternatives. To achieve more comprehensive and accurate results, the study suggests that it is essential to incorporate LCA studies with social and economic aspects, as well as using Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Sustainability, LCA applications, LCA limitations, LCA development, Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Çok Sektörlü Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirmesi (LCA) Uygulamalarının Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Analiz ile Entegrasyonu Üzerine Bir İnceleme: Sürdürülebilir Uygulamaların Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirmesi (YDD), bir ürünün hammadde temininden bertaraf edilmesine kadar tüm yaşam döngüsü boyunca çevresel etkilerini kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendiren bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışma, LCA'nın ürün, süreç ve hizmetlerin çevre üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmedeki önemini incelemeyi, avantaj ve dezavantajlarını tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, 2005-2024 yılları arasında farklı sektörler ve ülkelerde çevresel etki değerlendirmesi, özellikle YDD üzerine literatür taraması yapmak üzere akademik veri tabanları kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, inşaat, tarım, atık su arıtma, atık yönetimi, üretim, enerji sistemleri, ambalajlama ve ulaştırma gibi çeşitli sektörlerde YDD uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışmalarla her aşamada çevresel etkilerin azaltılması, iyileştirilebilecek alanların tespiti ve süreçlerin optimize edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. YDD ayrıca üretim süreçlerinin değerlendirilmesine yardımcı olarak bilinçli karar vermeyi kolaylaştırır. Daha çevre dostu bir ulaşım sektörü için emisyonların, enerji tüketiminin ve sürdürülebilir alternatiflerin değerlendirilmesi ise YDD ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. Çalışmada, daha kapsamlı ve doğru sonuçlara ulaşabilmek için YDD çalışmalarının sosyal ve ekonomik boyutlarla entegre edilmesi, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri'nin (CBS) kullanımı gibi unsurların önemine değinilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirmesi (YDD), Sürdürülebilirlik, YDD uygulamaları, YDD kısıtlamaları, YDD gelişimi, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS)

Kaynakça

• Acero, Rodríguez, & Ciroth. (2015, March 16). LCIA methods. OpenLCA. Retrieved March 15, 2024, from https://www.openlca.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/LCIA-METHODS-v.1.5.4.pdf
• Ali, M., Wang, W., & Chaudhry, N. (2016, June 7). Application of life cycle assessment for hospital solid waste management: A case study. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 66(10), 1012–1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2016.1196263
• Amato, A., Mastrovito, M., Becci, A., & Beolchini, F. (2021, April 2). Environmental Sustainability Analysis of Case Studies of Agriculture Residue Exploitation. Sustainability, 13(7), 3990. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073990
• Ashby, M. F. (2024). Social Life Cycle Assessment, S-LCA. Materials and Sustainable Development, 121–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-98361-7.00006-3
• Avarand, N., Tavakoli, B., & Mahdiany Bora, K. (2023, March 24). Life Cycle Assessment of Urban Waste Management in Rasht, Iran. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 19(5), 1385–1393. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4751
• Ayagapin, L., & Praene, J. P. (2020, October 27). Environmental Overcost of Single Family Houses in Insular Context: A Comparative LCA Study of Reunion Island and France. Sustainability, 12(21), 8937. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218937
• Baumgärtner, N., Deutz, S., Reinert, C., Nolzen, N., Kuepper, L. E., Hennen, M., Hollermann, D. E., & Bardow, A. (2021, April 8). Life-Cycle Assessment of Sector-Coupled National Energy Systems: Environmental Impacts of Electricity, Heat, and Transportation in Germany Till 2050. Frontiers in Energy Research, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.621502
• Bevilacqua, M., Braglia, M., Carmignani, G., & Zammori, F. A. (2007, December). Life Cycle Assessment of Pasta Production In Italy. Journal of Food Quality, 30(6), 932–952. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.2007.00170.x
• Bisinella, V., Schmidt, S., Varling, A., Laner, D., & Christensen, T. (2024, February). Waste LCA and the Future. Waste Management, 174, 53–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2023.11.021
• Bovea, M. D., Serrano, J., Bruscas, G. M., & Gallardo, A. (2005, December). Application Of Life Cycle Assessment to Improve the Environmental Performance of a Ceramic Tile Packaging System. Packaging Technology and Science, 19(2), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.711
• Bunnak, P., Allmendinger, R., Ramasamy, S. V., Lettieri, P., & Titchener‐Hooker, N. J. (2016, July 28). Life‐Cycle and Cost of Goods Assessment of Fed‐batch and Perfusion‐based Manufacturing Processes for mAbs. Biotechnology Progress, 32(5), 1324–1335. https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.2323
• Cappiello, G., Aversa, C., Genovesi, A., & Barletta, M. (2021, October 25). Life cycle assessment (LCA) of Bio-based Packaging Solutions for Extended Shelf-life (ESL) Milk. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(13), 18617–18628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17094-1
• Cellura, M., De Luca, A. I., Iofrida, N., & Mistretta, M. (2024). Social Life Cycle Assessment of Batteries. The Materials Research Society Series, 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48359-2_17
• Chandra, V. V., Hemstock, S. L., Mwabonje, O. N., De Ramon N’Yeurt, A., & Woods, J. (2018, March 12). Life Cycle Assessment of Sugarcane Growing Process in Fiji. Sugar Tech, 20(6), 692–699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-018-0607-1
• Cheah, L., Ciceri, N. D., Olivetti, E., Matsumura, S., Forterre, D., Roth, R., & Kirchain, R. (2013, April). Manufacturing-focused Emissions Reductions in Footwear Production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 44, 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.037
• Chianese, L., Meloni, E., Vaiano, V., Iervolino, G., & Palma, V. (2024). Environmental Challenges and Economical Assessment of Methanol’s Production Feedstock. Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-15740-0.00015-x
• Corrado, S., Ardente, F., Sala, S., & Saouter, E. (2017, January). Modelling of Food Loss within Life Cycle Assessment: From Current Practice towards a Systematisation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, 847–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.050
• Curran, M. A. (2013, August). Life Cycle Assessment: A review of the Methodology and its Application to Sustainability. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 2(3), 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2013.02.002
• Del Pero, F., Dattilo, C. A., Giraldi, A., & Delogu, M. (2023, May 9). LCA Approach for Environmental Impact assessment within the Maritime Industry: Re-design Case Study of Yacht’s Superstructure. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 238(1), 153–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/14750902231173470
• Di Noia, A. E., Nicoletti, G. M., Cappelletti, G. M., & Russo, C. (2024). S-LCA Applied in a Research Project and Social Conditionality of the New Common Agriculture Policy 2023–2027. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28292-8_9
• Diyarma, I., Bantacut, T., & Suprihatin. (2019, June 1). Assessment of Environmental Impact of the Gayo Arabica Coffee Production by Wet Process using Life Cycle Assessment. Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology, 23(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.2478/aucft-2019-0004
• Egilmez, G., Bhutta, K., Erenay, B., Park, Y. S., & Gedik, R. (2017, June 12). Carbon Footprint Stock Analysis of US Manufacturing: A Time Series Input-output LCA. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(5), 853–872. https://doi.org/10.1108/imds-06-2016-0253
• Finnveden, G., Hauschild, M. Z., Ekvall, T., Guinée, J., Heijungs, R., Hellweg, S., Koehler, A., Pennington, D., & Suh, S. (2009, October). Recent Developments in Life Cycle Assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.06.018
• Flipse, S. (2014, November 24). Environmental Life Cycle Assessments as Decision Support Systems within Research and Development Processes: Solutions or Confusions for Responsible Innovation? International Journal of Business and Management, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v9n12p210
• Folęga, P., & Burchart-Korol, D. (2017). Environmental Assessment of Road Transport in A Passenger Car Using The Life Cycle Approach. Transport Problems, 12(2), 147–153. https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/375487.pdf
• Fuc, P., Kurczewski, P., Lewandowska, A., Nowak, E., Selech, J., & Ziolkowski, A. (2016, April 11). An Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Forklift Operation: A Well-to-wheel Analysis. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 21(10), 1438–1451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1104-y
• Garbounis, G., Karasali, H., & Komilis, D. (2022, July 8). A Life Cycle Analysis to Optimally Manage Wasted Plastic Pesticide Containers. Sustainability, 14(14), 8405. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148405
• Gaterell, M., Griffin, P., & Lester, J. (2005, March). Evaluation of Environmental Burdens Associated with Sewage Treatment Processes Using Life Cycle Assessment Techniques. Environmental Technology, 26(3), 231–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593332608618565
• Goglio, P., Brankatschk, G., Knudsen, M. T., Williams, A. G., & Nemecek, T. (2017, September 8). Addressing Crop Interactions within Cropping Systems in LCA. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 23(9), 1735–1743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-017-1393-9
• Gomes, K. C., Carvalho, M., Diniz, D. D. P., Abrantes, R. D. C. C., Branco, M. A., & Carvalho Junior, P. R. O. D. (2019). Carbon Emissions Associated with Two Types of Foundations: CP-II Portland Cement-based Composite VS. Geopolymer Concrete. Matéria (Rio De Janeiro), 24(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-707620190004.0850
• Grzesik, K. (2017). Comparative Environmental Impact Assessment Of The Landfilling and Incineration of Residual Waste in Krakow. Environment Protection Engineering, 43(4). https://doi.org/10.37190/epe170411
• Guinée, J. B., Heijungs, R., Huppes, G., Zamagni, A., Masoni, P., Buonamici, R., Ekvall, T., & Rydberg, T. (2010, September 2). Life Cycle Assessment: Past, Present, and Future. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(1), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1021/es101316v
• Häfliger, I. F., John, V., Passer, A., Lasvaux, S., Hoxha, E., Saade, M. R. M., & Habert, G. (2017, July). Buildings Environmental Impacts’ Sensitivity Related to LCA Modelling Choices of Construction Materials. Journal of Cleaner Production, 156, 805–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.052
• Harder, R., Heimersson, S., Svanström, M., & Peters, G. M. (2014, August 5). Including Pathogen Risk in Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Management. 1. Estimating the Burden of Disease Associated with Pathogens. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(16), 9438–9445. https://doi.org/10.1021/es501480q
• Haupt, M., Kägi, T., & Hellweg, S. (2018, September). Modular Life Cycle Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management. Waste Management, 79, 815–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.03.035
• Hertwich, E. G. (2005, June 3). Life Cycle Approaches to Sustainable Consumption: A Critical Review. Environmental Science & Technology, 39(13), 4673–4684. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0497375
• Hossaini, N., Reza, B., Akhtar, S., Sadiq, R., & Hewage, K. (2014, June 11). AHP Based Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) Framework: A Case Study of Six Storey Wood Frame and Concrete Frame Buildings in Vancouver. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58(7), 1217–1241. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.920704
• Inharwararak, P., & Stravoravdis, S. (2023, December 1). Building Information Modelling-based Life Cycle Assessment (BIM-LCA) for Housing Estates in Thailand. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1261(1), 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1261/1/012002
• International Organization for Standardization. (2006). Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Principles and Framework (ISO 14040:2006). https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html
• Kaita, M. S., & Harun, S. N. (2023, May 1). Application of Integrated LCA-GIS Model in the Agricultural Ssector: A Brief Overview. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1167(1), 012015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1167/1/012015
• Kawai, K., Sugiyama, T., Kobayashi, K., & Sano, S. (2005). Inventory Data and Case Studies for Environmental Performance Evaluation of Concrete Structure Construction. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 3(3), 435–456. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.3.435
• Kim, T., Tae, S., & Chae, C. (2016, April 20). Analysis of Environmental Impact for Concrete Using LCA by Varying the Recycling Components, the Compressive Strength and the Admixture Material Mixing. Sustainability, 8(4), 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040389
• Klos, Z. (2002, September). Ecobalancial Assessment of Chosen Packaging Processes in Food Industry. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 7(5), 309–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02978894
• Lam, K. L., Solon, K., Jia, M., Volcke, E. I. P., & van der Hoek, J. P. (2022, July 7). Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Wastewater-Derived Phosphorus Products: An Agricultural End-User Perspective. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(14), 10289–10298. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c00353
• Laso, J., Margallo, M., Fullana, P., Bala, A., Gazulla, C., Irabien, A., & Aldaco, R. (2017, July). Introducing Life Cycle Thinking to Define Best Available Techniques for Products: Application to the Anchovy Canning Industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 155, 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.040
• Liao, W., van der Werf, H. M. G., & Salmon-Monviola, J. (2015, September 1). Improved Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Crop Production at the Catchment Scale via a Process-Based Nitrogen Simulation Model. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(18), 10790–10796. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01347
• Lotteau, M., Loubet, P., Pousse, M., Dufrasnes, E., & Sonnemann, G. (2015, November). Critical Review of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for the Built Environment at the Neighborhood Scale. Building and Environment, 93, 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.06.029
• Lulovicova, A., & Bouissou, S. (2024, June). Life Cycle Assessment as a Prospective Tool for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Planning at a Local Level. Geography and Sustainability, 5(2), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2024.01.008
• Lundie, S., & Peters, G. M. (2005, February). Life Cycle Assessment of Food Waste Management Options. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(3), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.020
• Machado, A., Urbano, L., Brito, A., Janknecht, P., Salas, J., & Nogueira, R. (2007, August 1). Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment Options for Small and Decentralized Communities. Water Science and Technology, 56(3), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.497
• Mahmood, S., Fahrul Hassan, M., Rahman Hemdi, A., & Zameri Mat Saman, M. (2018, July 4). Sustainability in the Product Design: A Review of Recent Development Based on LCA. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(3.7), 54. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.7.16208
• Maier, S., Beck, T., Francisco Vallejo, J., Horn, R., Söhlemann, J. H., & Nguyen, T. (2016, October 10). Methodological Approach for the Sustainability Assessment of Development Cooperation Projects for Built Innovations Based on the SDGs and Life Cycle Thinking. Sustainability, 8(10), 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8101006
• Malmodin, J., & Lundén, D. (2018, August 25). The Energy and Carbon Footprint of the Global ICT and E&M Sectors 2010–2015. Sustainability, 10(9), 3027. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093027
• Malmodin, J., Moberg, S., Lundén, D., Finnveden, G., & Lövehagen, N. (2010, October). Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Operational Electricity Use in the ICT and Entertainment & Media Sectors. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 14(5), 770–790. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00278.x
• Martínez-Orgániz, N., Herrera-Navarrete, R., Pineda-Mora, D., Del Carmen-Niño, V., & Iris Balbuena-Hernández, R. (2024, January 24). Reuse of Treated Water from Municipal Treatment Plants in Mexico. Water Quality - New Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107204
• Miliūte, J., & Kazimieras Staniškis, J. (2009, August 26). Application of Life-cycle Assessment in Optimisation of Municipal Waste Management Systems: the Case of Lithuania. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 28(4), 298–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x09342149
• Mohammadi, J., & South, W. (2017, January 27). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Benchmark Concrete Products in Australia. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22(10), 1588–1608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-017-1266-2
• Mohd Azman, M. A. H., Ahmad Sobri, S., Norizan, M. N., Ahmad, M. N., Wan Ismail, W. O. A. S., Hambali, K. A., Hairi, M. H., Hermawan, A., Mohamed, M., Teo, P. T., Taharin, M. R., & Mat Noor, N. A. (2021, June 22). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Particleboard: Investigation of the Environmental Parameters. Polymers, 13(13), 2043. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132043
• Molina-Besch, K., & Pålsson, H. (2015, November 26). A Supply Chain Perspective on Green Packaging Development-Theory Versus Practice. Packaging Technology and Science, 29(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2186
• Molina‐Besch, K., & Pålsson, H. (2020, January 21). A Simplified Environmental Evaluation Tool for Food Packaging to Support Decision‐Making in Packaging Development. Packaging Technology and Science, 33(4–5), 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2484
• Muthu. (2022, September 23). Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA): Vol. II–IV (1st ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4562-4
• Nikolić, D., Jovanović, S., Skerlić, J., Šušteršič, J., & Radulović, J. (2019, June 1). Methodology of Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment. Proceedings on Engineering Sciences, 1(2), 793–800. https://doi.org/10.24874/pes01.02.084
• Omid, S., Derakhshan, Z., & Mokhtari, M. (2017, March 25). Using Life Cycle Assessment for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Tehran Municipality Region 20. Environmental Health Engineering and Management, 4(2), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.15171/ehem.2017.17
• Ongel, A. (2015, July 16). Inclusion of Noise in Environmental Assessment of Road Transportation. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 21(2), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-015-9477-z
• Padilla-Rivera, A., Morgan-Sagastume, J. M., & Güereca-Hernández, L. P. (2019). Sustainability Assessment of Wastewater Systems: An Environmental and Economic Approach. Journal of Environmental Protection, 10(02), 241–259. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2019.102014
• Palousis, N., Luong, L., & Abhary, K. (2008, April 22). An Integrated LCA/LCC Framework for Assessing Product Sustainability Risk. Risk Analysis VI. https://doi.org/10.2495/risk080131
• Parisi, M. L., Douziech, M., Tosti, L., Pérez-López, P., Mendecka, B., Ulgiati, S., Fiaschi, D., Manfrida, G., & Blanc, I. (2020, July 9). Definition of LCA Guidelines in the Geothermal Sector to Enhance Result Comparability. Energies, 13(14), 3534. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143534
• Pons, J. J., Penadés-Plà, V., Yepes, V., & Martí, J. V. (2018, August). Life Cycle Assessment of Earth-Retaining Walls: An Environmental Comparison. Journal of Cleaner Production, 192, 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.268
• Pretel, R., Robles, A., Ruano, M., Seco, A., & Ferrer, J. (2016, January). Economic and Environmental Sustainability of Submerged Anaerobic MBR-Based (Anmbr-Based) Technology as Compared to Aerobic-Based Technologies for Moderate-/High-Loaded Urban Wastewater Treatment. Journal of Environmental Management, 166, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.004
• Quang, P. K., Dong, D. T., & Hai, P. T. T. (2021, January 26). Evaluating Environmental Impacts of an Oil Tanker Using Life Cycle Assessment Method. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 235(3), 705–717. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475090221989195
• Rajpurohit, B. S., Srivastava, A. K., & Singh, S. N. (2024). Economic Assessment of Wind Energy Compared to Fossil Fuels. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-93940-9.00189-4
• Rawindran, H., Khoo, K. S., Ethiraj, B., Lim, J. W., Liew, C. S., Goh, P. S., Raksasat, R., Leong, W. H., Rajarathinam, R., Ng, H. S., Tong, W. Y., & Alam, M. M. (2024, June). Environmental Impact Assessment via Life Cycle Analysis on Ultrafiltration Membrane Fabricated from Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste to Treat Microalgal Cultivation Wastewater for Reusability. Environmental Research, 251, 118687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118687
• Reinert, C., Schellhas, L., Mannhardt, J., Shu, D. Y., Kämper, A., Baumgärtner, N., Deutz, S., & Bardow, A. (2022, June 6). SecMOD: An Open-Source Modular Framework Combining Multi-Sector System Optimization and Life-Cycle Assessment. Frontiers in Energy Research, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.884525
• Risch, E., Gutierrez, O., Roux, P., Boutin, C., & Corominas, L. (2015, June). Life Cycle Assessment of Urban Wastewater Systems: Quantifying the Relative Contribution of Sewer Systems. Water Research, 77, 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.006
• Russo, G., & Scarascia Mugnozza, G. (2005, October). LCA Methodology Applied to Various Typology of Greenhouses. Acta Horticulturae, 691, 837–844. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.691.103
• Samaras, C., & Meisterling, K. (2008, April 5). Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles: Implications for Policy. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(9), 3170–3176. https://doi.org/10.1021/es702178s
• Schoeneberger, C., Dunn, J. B., & Masanet, E. (2024, March 6). Technical, Environmental, and Economic Analysis Comparing Low-Carbon Industrial Process Heat Options in U.S. Poly(vinyl chloride) and Ethylene Manufacturing Facilities. Environmental Science & Technology, 58(11), 4957–4967. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c05880
• Sopha, B. M., Setiowati, S., & Ma’mun, S. (2016, December 30). Environmental Assessment of Motorcycle using a Life-Cycle Perspective. Indonesian Journal of Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.52394/ijolcas.v1i1.3
• Suryawan, I. W. K., Rahman, A., Septiariva, I. Y., Suhardono, S., & Wijaya, I. M. W. (2020, January 31). Life Cycle Assessment of Solid Waste Generation During and Before Pandemic of Covid-19 in Bali Province. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 16(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2021.01.002
• Turolla, E., Castaldelli, G., Fano, E. A., & Tamburini, E. (2020, June 29). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Proves that Manila Clam Farming (Ruditapes Philippinarum) is a Fully Sustainable Aquaculture Practice and a Carbon Sink. Sustainability, 12(13), 5252. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135252
• Wang, D., He, J., Tang, Y. T., Higgitt, D., & Robinson, D. (2020, April). Life Cycle Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Nottingham, England: Past and Future Perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 251, 119636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119636
• Wang, Y., Ni, T., He, B., & Xu, J. (2024, February 8). Life Cycle Environmental Impact Assessment of Natural Gas Distributed Energy System. Scientific Reports, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53495-1
• Yang, Y., & Suh, S. (2015, September 1). Changes in Environmental Impacts of Major Crops in the US. Environmental Research Letters, 10(9), 094016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094016
• Young, B., Srocka, M., Ingwersen, W., Morelli, B., Cashman, S., & Henderson, A. (2021, October 10). LCIA Formatter. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(66), 3392. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03392