Effect of physical training on body composition in children with asthma

Öz

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of physical training programs on body composition in children diagnosed with mild and moderate persistent asthma.

Methods: Forty four children having a diagnosis of persistent mild and moderate asthma (mean age was 8.8±1.9 years) were included in this study. Skinfold thickness was measured by using a caliper from subscapular and triceps zones. Body fat percentages, lean body weight and body fat weight were calculated. After the completion of the assessments, the children were divided into three groups by using simple randomization technique: lower limb training group (N=15), upper limb training group (N=15), and control group (N=14). Moderate-intensity aerobic and strength training including mostly lower extremity activities were applied to lower limb training group. Moderate-intensity aerobic and strength training with a focus of upper extremity activities were applied to the upper limb training group. Home program was recommended to the control group. Training program was conducted three times a week for eight weeks. Each session lasted around 45-60 minutes. 

Results: Analysis of the pre and post test assessments showed that there were significant differences in body fat percentage and lean body weight in the lower limb training group, and in body weight in the upper limb training group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in control group (p>0.05).

Conclusion: This study indicated that regular physical training was important to develop an optimal body composition in children with asthma. Regular physical training programs are effective in reducing respiratory problems and increasing the quality of life in the children with asthma.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Asthma,Body composition,Physical activity,Exercise

Astımlı çocuklarda egzersiz eğitiminin vücut kompozisyonu üzerine etkisi

Öz

Amaç:Bu çalışma, persistan hafif ve orta şiddette astım tanısı almış çocuklarda fiziksel eğitim programlarının vücut kompozisyonu üzerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla planlandı.

Yöntem: Çalışmaya persistan hafif ve orta şiddette astım tanısı alan 44 çocuk (yaş ortalaması 8.8±1.9 yıl) dahil edildi. Kaliper kullanılarak subskapula ve triseps bölgelerinden deri kıvrım kalınlığı ölçüldü. Vücut yağ yüzdeleri, yağsız vücut ağırlığı ve vücut yağı ağırlığı hesaplandı. Değerlendirmelerin tamamlanmasından sonra, çocuklar basit rastgele tekniği ile alt ekstremite eğitim grubu (N=15), üst ekstremite eğitim grubu (N=15) ve kontrol grubu (N=14) olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrıldı. Alt ekstremite eğitim grubuna, orta şiddette ve daha çok alt ekstremite aktivitelerini içeren aerobik ve kuvvetlendirme eğitimi uygulandı. Üst ekstremite eğitim grubuna, orta şiddette, daha çok üst ekstremite aktivitelerini içeren aerobik ve kuvvetlendirme eğitimi uygulandı. Kontrol grubuna ev programı önerildi. Eğitim programı, her seans 45-60 dakika olmak üzere haftada 3 kez, toplam 8 hafta boyunca uygulandı.

Bulgular: Ön test ve son test analizleri sonucunda, alt ekstremite eğitim grubunun vücut yağ yüzdesi ve yağsız vücut ağırlığında, üst ekstremite eğitim grubunun ise vücut yağ ağırlığında fark olduğu gözlendi (p<0.05). Kontrol grubunda ise herhangi bir fark görülmedi (p>0.05).

Sonuç: Bu çalışma, astımlı çocuklarda düzenli fiziksel eğitimin optimal vücut kompozisyonunu geliştirmede önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Astımlı çocuklarda düzenli fiziksel eğitim programları solunum problemlerinin azaltılması ve yaşam kalitelerinin arttırılmasında etkilidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Asthma,Body composition,Physical activity,Exercise

Kaynakça

1. 1. Çevik Güner Ü, Çelebioğlu A. Impact of symptom management training among asthmatic children and adolescents on selfefficacy and disease course. J Asthma. 2015;52:858-865.
2. 2. Türk Toraks Derneği. Astım Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi. 2009;10:6-9.
3. 3. Mohammadbeigi A, Hassanzadeh J, Mousavizadeh A. Prevalence of asthma in elementary school age children in Iran a systematic review and meta analysis study. Pak J Biol Sci. 2011;14(19):887-893.
4. 4. Hsu J, Qin X, Beavers S, et al. Asthma-related school absenteeism, morbidity, and modifiable factors. Am J Prev Med. 2016;51:23-32. 5. Bateman ED, Hurd SS, Barnes PJ, et al. Globalstrategy for asthma management and prevention: GINA executive summary. Eur Respir J. 2008;31:143-178.
5. 6. Vahlkvist S, Pedersen S. Fitness, Daily activity and body composition in children with newly diagnosed, untreated asthma. Allergy 2009;64:1649-1655.
6. 7. Willeboordse M, van de Kant K, de Laat M, et al. Multifactorial intervention for children with asthma and overweight (Mikado): study design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:494.
7. 8. Groth SW, Rhee H, Kitzman H. Relationships among obesity, physical activity and sedentary behavior in young adolescents with and without life time asthma. J Asthma. 2016;53:19-24.
8. 9. Eijkemans M, Mommers M, de Vries SI, et al. Asthmatic symptoms, physical activity, and overweight in young children: a cohort study. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e666-e672.

9. 10. Nystad W. The physical activity level in children with asthma based on a survey among 7–16 year old school children. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997;7:331-335.
10. 11. van Gent R, van der Ent CK, Essen-Zandvliet LE, et al. No differences in physical activity in (un) diagnosed asthma and healthy controls. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42:1018-1023.
11. 12. Chandratilleke MG, Carson KV, Picot J, et al. Physical training for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;16:5.
12. 13. Latorre-Roman PA, Navarro-Martinez AV, Garcia-Pinillos F. The effectiveness of an indoor intermittent training program for improving lung function, physical capacity, body composition and quality of life in children with asthma. J Asthma. 2014;51:544-551.
13. 14. Villa F, Castro AP, Pastorino AC, et al. Aerobic capacity and skeletal muscle function in children with asthma. Acta Med Per. 2011;96:554-559.
14. 15. Avallone K, McLeish C. Asthma and aerobic exercise: a review of the empirical literature. J Asthma. 2013;50:109-116.
15. 16. Doull IJM. The effect of asthma and its treatment on growth. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89:60-63.
16. 17. Umlawska W, Gaszczyk G, Sands D. Physical development in children and adolescents with bronchial asthma. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2013;187:108-113.
17. 18. Moreira A, Delgado L, Haahtela T, et al. Physical training does not increase allergic inflammation in asthmatic children. Eur Respir J. 2008;32:1570-1575.
18. 19. Slaughter MH, Lohman TG, Boileau RA, et al. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Human Biology. 1988;60:709-723.
19. 20. Egan KB, Ettinger AS, Bracken MB. Childhood body mass index and subsequent physiciandiagnosed asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:121.
20. 21. Granell R, Henderson AJ, Evans DM, et al. Effects of BMI, fat mass, and lean mass on asthma in childhood: a Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med. 2014;11(7):e1001669.
21. 22. Papoutsakis C, Chondronikola M, Antonogeorgos G, et al. Associations between central obesity and asthma in children and adolescents: a case-control study. J Asthma. 2015;52:128-134.
22. 23. Benedetti FJ, Bosa VL, Giesta JM, et al. Anthropometric indicators of general and central obesity in the prediction of asthma in adolescents; central obesity in asthma. Nutr Hosp. 2015;32:2540-2548.
23. 24. Sutherland TJ, Goulding A, Grant AM, et al. The effect of adiposity measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry on lung function. Eur Respir J. 2008;32:85-91.
24. 25. Scott HA, Gibson PG, Garg ML, et al. Relationship between body composition, inflammation and lung function in overweight and obese asthma. Respir Res. 2012;13:10.
25. 26. Veldhuis JD, Roemmich JN, Richmond EJ, et al. Endocrine control of body composition in infancy, childhood, and puberty. Endocr Rev. 2005;26:114-146.
26. 27. Loomba-Albrecht LA, Styne DM. Effect of puberty on body composition. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2009;16:10-15.
27. 28. Umlawska W. Adipose tissue content and distribution in children and adolescents with bronchial asthma. Respir Med. 2015;109:200-207.
28. 29. Verlaet A, Moreira A, Sa-Sousa A, et al. Physical activity in adults with controlled and uncontrolled asthma as compared to healthy adults: a cross-sectional study. Clin Transl Allergy. 2013;3:1.
29. 30. Eijkemans M, Mommers M, Draaisma JM, et al. Physical activity and asthma: a systematic review and meta analysis. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:12.
30. 31. Fernandez J, Roldan E, Lopera M. Effects of the physical training in a warm-waterpool on the aerobic power of a group of asthmatic children. Int J Sport Sci. 2009;16:90-105.
31. 32. Boyd A, Yang C, Estell K, et al. Feasibility of exercising adults with asthma: a randomized pilot study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;8:13.
32. 33. Fanelli A, Cabral A, Neder J, et al. Exercise training on disease control and quality of life in asthmatic children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:1474-1480.
33. 34. Beauchamp MK, Nonoyama M, Goldstein RS, et al. Interval versus continuous training in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - a systematic review. Thorax. 2010;65:157-164.
34. 35. Kortianou EA, Nasis IG, Spetsioti ST, et al. Effectiveness of interval exercise training in patients with COPD. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J. 2010;21:12-19.