Investigation of the relationship between physical fitness and gestational age among pre-school children

Öz

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and gestational age among preschool children.
Methods: The study was carried out in 212 healthy children (107 girls and 105 boys) aged 4-6 years in schools of Muş Province
depending Ministry of National Education. The sociodemographic and birth characteristics of children were recorded. To
evaluate the physical fitness of children, Preschool Physical Fitness (PREFIT) test battery developed specifically for this age
range was used. The Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) II was used to evaluate the developmental parameters of
children. A parent-based questionnaire form was used to determine the cognitive level of children.
Results: There was a positive correlation between gestational age and physical fitness (one-leg balance test) in pre-school
children (p<0.025). There were positive correlation between cognitive level and development in preschool children (p<0.001),
and between children's cognitive level and physical fitness (grip strength (p<0.019). ). There were positive correlation between
cognitive level and one-leg balance test (p<0.008).
Conclusion: There is a relationship between gestational age and physical fitness in pre-school children. The fact that there is
relationship between cognitive level and physical fitness, between cognitive level and development indicates that children
should be evaluated as a whole.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Child,Physical fitness,Gestational age,Development,Cognitive level

Okul öncesi çocuklarda fiziksel uygunluk ve gestasyonel yaş arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmadaki amacımız okul öncesi çocuklarda fiziksel uygunluk ve gestasyonel yaş arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır.
Yöntem: Çalışma Muş İl Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı’na bağlı okulların ana sınıflarında bulunan, 4-6 yaş aralığındaki 212 sağlıklı (107
kız ve 105 erkek) çocuklarta yapıldı. Çocuklara ait sosyodemografik ve doğum özellikler kaydedildi. Çocukların fiziksel
uygunluklarını değerlendirmek için bu yaş aralığına özel geliştirilen Preschool Physical Fitness (PREFIT) test bataryası kullanıldı.
Çocukların gelişim parametrelerini değerlendirmek için Denver Gelişimsel Tarama Testi (DGTT) II kullanıldı. Çocukların kognitif
seviyelerini belirlemek için ailelere sorulan anket şeklindeki bir form kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Çocukların gestasyonel yaşıyla fiziksel uygunlukları (tek bacak denge) arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulundu
(p<0,025). Çocukların kognitif seviyeleriyle gelişimleri arasında (p<0,001) ve çocukların kognitif seviyeleriyle fiziksel
uygunlukları arasında (kavrama kuvveti (p<0,019).Çocukların kognitif seviyeleriyle tek bacak üzerinde denge (p<0,008))
arasında pozitif yönde ilişki bulundu.
Sonuç: Okul öncesi çocukların gestasyonel yaşlarıyla fiziksel uygunlukları arasında ilişki bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca okul öncesi
çocukların kognitif seviyesi ile fiziksel uygunluk ve gelişimleri arasında ilişki bulunması; bu çocukların bir bütün olarak
değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

• çocuk,Fiziksel uygunluk,Gestasyonel yaş,gelişim,Kognitif seviye

Kaynakça

1. 1. Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ, et al. Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. Int J Obes. 2008;32:1-11.
2. 2. Thompson PD, Arena R, Riebe D, et al. ACSM's New Preparticipation Health Screening Recommendations from ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, Ninth Edition. Curr Sport Med Rep. 2013;12:215-217.
3. 3. Smith JJ, Eather N, Morgan PJ, et al. The health benefits of muscular fitness for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sport Med. 2014;44:1209-1223.
4. 4. Kelly LE. Patterns of physical activity in 9–10-year-old American children as measured by heart rate monitoring. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2000;12:101-110.
5. 5. Tanaka C, Hikihara Y, Ohkawara K, et al. Locomotive and non-locomotive activity as determined by triaxial accelerometry and physical fitness in Japanese preschool children. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2012;24:420-434.
6. 6. Moriarty V. Eager to learn: Educating our preschoolers. Infant Child Dev. 2003;11:283-284.
7. 7. Hadders-Algra M. The neuronal group selection theory: promising principles for understanding and treating developmental motor disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42:707-715.
8. 8. Kliegman RM, RE Behrman, HB Jenson, et al. Nelson textbook of pediatrics e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2007.

9. 9. de Kieviet JF, JP Piek, CS Aarnoudse-Moens, et al. Motor development in very preterm and very low-birth-weight children from birth to adolescence: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2009;302:2235-2242.
10. 10. Kok JH, A Lya den Ouden, SP Verloove‐Vanhorick, et al. Outcome of very preterm small for gestational age infants: the first nine years of life. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 1998;105:162-168.
11. 11. Hayran M, Hayran M. Sağlık Araştırmaları İçin Temel İstatistik (1. Basım). Art Ofset Matbaacılık Yayıncılık Organizasyon Ankara Sayfa 2011;95.
12. 12. Smith LJ, van Asperen PP, McKay KO, et al. Reduced exercise capacity in children born very preterm. Pediatrics. 2008;122:287-293.
13. 13. Rogers M, Fay TB, Whitfield MF, et al. Aerobic Capacity, Strength, Flexibility, and Activity Level in Unimpaired Extremely Low Birth Weight (< 800 g) Survivors at 17 Years of Age Compared With Term-Born Control Subjects. Pediatrics. 2005;116:58-65.
14. 14. Campos JJ, Anderson DI, Barbu-Roth MA, et al. Travel broadens the mind. Infancy. 2000;1:149-219.
15. 15. Piek JP, Dyck MJ, Nieman A, et al. The relationship between motor coordination, executive functioning and attention in school aged children. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;19:1063-1076.
16. 16. Srinivasan SM, Pescatello LS, Bhat AN. Current perspectives on physical activity and exercise recommendations for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Phys Ther. 2014;94:875-889.
17. 17. Epir S, Yalaz K. Urban turkish children's performance on the Denver developmental screening test. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1984;26:632-643.
18. 18. Svien LR. Health-related fitness of seven-to 10-year-old children with histories of preterm birth. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2003;15:74-83.
19. 19. Yalaz K, Anlar B, Bayoğlu B. Denver II Gelişimsel Tarama Testi El Kitabı. 3. ed. Ankara: Karaçar Matbaacılık; 2017.
20. 20. Colver A. SPARCLE–a multi-centre European study of the relationship of environment to participation and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:105.
21. 21. Soleimani F, Vameghi R, Rassafiani M, et al. Cerebral palsy: Motor types, gross motor function and associated disorders. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2011;9:21-31.
22. 22. Gunel MK, A Mutlu, T Tarsuslu, et al. Relationship among the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), and the functional status (WeeFIM) in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168:477-485.
23. 23. Cadenas-Sanchez C, Martinez-Tellez B, Sanchez-Delgado G, et al. Assessing physical fitness in preschool children: Feasibility, reliability and practical recommendations for the PREFIT battery. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19:910-915.
24. 24. Laboratories ACoPSfCPF. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:111-117.
25. 25. Lammers AE, Hislop AA, Flynn Y, et al. The six-minute walk test: Normal values for children of 4-11 years of age. Arch Dis Child. 2007;93:464-468.
26. 26. Geiger R, Strasak A, Treml B, et al. Six-minute walk test in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2007;150:395-399.
27. 27. Martinez-Tellez B, Sanchez-Delgado G, Cadenas-Sanchez C, et al. Health-related physical fitness is associated with total and central body fat in preschool children aged 3 to 5 years. Pediatr Obes. 2016;11:468-474.
28. 28. Anderson PJ, De Luca CR, Hutchinson E, et al. Underestimation of developmental delay by the new Bayley-III Scale. Arch Pediat Adol Med. 2010;164:352-356.
29. 29. Esteban FJ, N Padilla, M Sanz-Cortés, et al. Fractal-dimension analysis detects cerebral changes in preterm infants with and without intrauterine growth restriction. Neuroimage 2010;53:1225-1232.
30. 30. Kurt DD. Samsun Kadın Doğum ve Çocuk Hastalıkları Hastanesine Başvurmuş Çocukların Denver II Gelişimsel Tarama Testi Sonuçlarının Değerlendirilmesi Samsun: Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi; 2018.
31. 31. Karasalihoğlu S, Kırımi E, Biner B, et al. Süt Çocuklarında Denver ve Gelişimsel Tarama Testi (DGTT) Sonuçları ve Gelişimsel Gecikmelerin Değerlendirilmesinde Önemi. Van Tıp Dergisi 1997;4:147-150.
32. 32. Kul Karaali H. Preterm ve term doğan okul çağı çocuklarında fonksiyonel kapasite pulmoner fonksiyonlar ve yaşam kalitesinin karşılaştırılması. İzmir: DEÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2012.
33. 33. Kikkert HK, de Jong C, Hadders-Algra M. Minor neurological dysfunction and cognition in 9-year-olds born at term. Early Hum Dev. 2013;89:263-270.
34. 34. Saccuzzo DP, Michael B. Speed of information-processing and structural limitations by mentally retarded and dual-diagnosed retarded-schizophrenic persons. Am J Ment Defic. 1984;89:187-194.
35. 35. İlhan EL, Esentürk OK. Zihinsel yetersizliği olan çocuklarla normal gelişim gösteren akranlarının bazı fiziksel uygunluk parametrelerinin incelenmesi. Gazi BESB Derg. 2015;20:11-17.
36. 36. Bruininks RH. Physical and motor development of retarded persons. Int Rev Res Ment Ret. 1974;7:209-261.
37. 37. Özdemir N, Güreş A, Güneş Ş. A development of motor skills in mental disability interfere? Zihinsel engel motor becerilerin gelişimine de engel mi? J Hum Sci. 2016;13:1997-2006.
38. 38. Ahnert J, Schneider W, Bös K. Developmental Changes and Individual Stability of Motor Abilities from the Preschool Period to Young Adulthood. Edited by Schneider W, Bullock M; 2009.
39. 39. Justus TC, Ivry RB. The cognitive neuropsychology of the cerebellum. Int Rev Psychiatr. 2001;13:276-282.