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Omuzda anterior ve posterior kapsül propriyoseptif nöromusküler fasilitasyon germe egzersizlerinin top fırlatma hızına akut etkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 18 - 28, 07.05.2021

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, propriyoseptif nöromusküler fasilitasyon (PNF) tut-gevşe yöntemiyle omuzda anterior ve posterior kapsül germe egzersizlerinin top fırlatma hızı, omuz eklem hareket açıklığı (EHA) ve kas kuvveti üzerine olan akut etkisi araştırıldı. 

Yöntem: Yaş ortalaması 22,39±1,49 yıl olan 28 sağlıklı erkek gönüllü olarak çalışmaya dahil edildi. Ön-son test yönteminin uygulandığı çalışmada bireyler randomize olarak anterior (na=15) ve posterior tut-gevşe PNF germe grubu (np=13) olarak iki gruba ayrıldı. Demografik bilgileri alındıktan sonra, standart gonyometre ile omuz EHA’sı, el dinamometresi ile omuz kas kuvveti ve Sports Radar Gun 3500 cihazı ile top fırlatma hızı ölçüldü. Tut-gevşe PNF anterior ve posterior kapsül germe egzersizleri [3 tekrarlı, 3 saniye (sn) tut-izometrik, 3 sn gevşe] yapıldıktan sonra tüm testler tekrar edildi.

Bulgular: Anterior kapsül germe grubunda grup içi analizlerde top fırlatma hızında ve omuz fleksiyon, abduksiyon ve dış rotasyon EHA’sında artış, omuz dış rotasyon kas kuvvetinde ise anlamlı bir azalma görüldü (p<0,05). Posterior kapsül germe grubunda ise, omuz fleksiyon, abduksiyon ve iç rotasyon EHA’sında anlamlı bir artış görüldü (p<0,05). İki grup arasında hiçbir parametrede anlamlı fark olmadığı bulundu (p>0,05).

Sonuç: Bu çalışmada, PNF tut-gevşe yöntemi ile yapılan anterior kapsül germe egzersizlerinin fırlatma hızını olumlu yönde etkilediği bulundu. Fırlatma hızının önemli olduğu spor branşlarında antrenman ya da maç öncesi PNF yöntemi ile yapılan omuz anterior kapsül germesi performansı olumlu yönde etkileyebilir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmada yer alan tüm gönüllü katılımcılara ve deseteğini hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen değerli hocam Doç. Dr. Ani Agopyan’a teşekkür ediyorum.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Behm DG. The science and physiology of flexibility and stretching: Implications and applications in sport performance and health. Oxon, UK: Routledge; 2019.
  • 2. Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, et al. Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power: An Attempt to Clarify Previous Caveats. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1468.
  • 3. Medeiros DM, Martini TF. Chronic effect of different types of stretching on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Foot. 2018;34:28-35.
  • 4. Ryan ED, Herda TJ, Costa PB, et al. Determining the minimum number of passive stretches necessary to alter musculotendinous stiffness. J Sports Sci. 2009;27:957-961.
  • 5. Opplert J, Genty JB, Babault N. Do Stretch Durations Affect Muscle Mechanical and Neurophysiological Properties? Int J Sports Med. 2016;37:673-679.
  • 6. McHugh MP, Nesse M. Effect of stretching on strength loss and pain after eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:566-573.
  • 7. Agopyan A, Tekin D, Unal M, et al. Acute effects of static stretching on isokinetic thigh strength on modern dancers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2013;53:538-550.
  • 8. Farinatti PT, Brandao C, Soares PP. Acute effects of stretching exercise on the heart rate variability in subjects with low flexibility levels. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25:1579-1585.
  • 9. Akbulut T, Agopyan A. Effects of an eight-week proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching program on kicking speed and range of motion in young male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29:3412-3423.
  • 10. Connolly DAJ, Sayers SP, McHugh MP. Treatment and prevention of delayed onset muscle soreness. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17:197-208.
  • 11. Özgül F. Investigating Flexibility Effects on Vertical Jump of the Adolescent Athletes. Int J Sport Phys Educ. 2018;4:19-21.
  • 12. Lima CD, Ruas CV, Behm DG, et al. Acute effects of stretching on flexibility and performance: a narrative review. J Sci Sport Exerc. 2019;1:29-37.
  • 13. Aldridge R, Stephen Guffey J, Whitehead MT, et al. The effects of a daily stretching protocol on passive glenohumeral internal rotation in overhead throwing collegiate athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012;7:365-371.
  • 14. Agopyan A, Bozdogan FS, Tekin D, et al. Acute effects of static stretching exercises on shortdistance flutter kicking time in child swimmers. Int J Perform Anal Sport. 2012;12:484-497.
  • 15. Behm DG, Chaouachi A. A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111:2633-2651.
  • 16. Franco BL, Signorellli GR, Trajano GS, et al. Acute effects of different stretching exercises on muscular endurance. Strength Cond Res. 2008;22:1832-1837.
  • 17. Behm DG, Blazevich AJ, Kay AD, et al. Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: A systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015;41:1-11.
  • 18. Williams M, Harveson L, Melton J, et al. The Acute Effects of Upper Extremity Stretching on Throwing Velocity in Baseball Throwers. J Sports Med. 2013;2013:1-7.
  • 19. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, et al. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:1334-1359.
  • 20. Bradley P, Olsen P, Portas M. The effect of static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on vertical jump performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21:223-226.
  • 21. Samuel MN, Holcomb WR, Guadagnoli MA, et al. Acute effects of static and ballistic stretching on measures of strength and power. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22:1422-1428.
  • 22. Shrier I. Does stretching improve performance? A systematic and critical review of the literature. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14:267-273.
  • 23. Whiteley R. Baseball throwing mechanics as they relate to pathology and performance: a review. J Sport Sci Med. 2007;6:1-20.
  • 24. Wang YT, Ford HT, Ford HT, et al. Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of baseball pitching in acceleration phase. Percept Mot Skills. 1995;80:43-48.
  • 25. Turgut E, Düzgün İ, Medeni ÖÇ, et al. Donuk omuzda ön ve arka kapsül germe egzersizlerinin erken dönem etkileri. Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon. 2015:26;67-72.
  • 26. Mermier CM, Janot JM, Parker DL, et al. Physiological and anthropometric determinants of sport climbing performance. Br J Sports Med. 2000;34:359-365.
  • 27. Gorostiaga EM, Granados C, Ibáñez J, et al. Differences in physical fitness and throwing velocity among elite and amateur male handball players. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26:225-232.
  • 28. Karadenizli ZI. Hentbolde dayanma adımlı kale atışındaki top hızı ile reaksiyon zamanı, çeviklik ve antropometril özellikler arasındaki ilişkiler. Asos Journal. 2018;6:302-313.
  • 29. Vairo GL, Duffey ML, Owens BD, et al. Clinical descriptive measures of shoulder range of motion for a healthy, young and physically active cohort. Sport Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2012;4:1-7.
  • 30. Fieseler G, Molitor T, Irlenbusch L, et al. Intrarater reliability of goniometry and hand-held dynamometry for shoulder and elbow examinations in female team handball athletes and asymptomatic volunteers. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135:1719-1726.
  • 31. Fieseler G, Laudner KG, Irlenbusch L, et al. Inter- and intrarater reliability of goniometry and hand held dynamometry for patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. J Exerc Rehabil. 2017;13:704-710.
  • 32. Katoh M. Test-retest reliability of isometric shoulder muscle strength measurement with a handheld dynamometer and belt. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27:1719-1722.
  • 33. Gagnon DH, Roy A, Gabison S, et al. Effects of Seated Postural stability and trunk and upper extremity strength on performance during manual wheelchair propulsion tests in ındividuals with spinal cord ınjury: An exploratory study. Rehabil Res Pract. 2016:1-11.
  • 34. Sharman MJ, Cresswell AG, Riek S. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Sport Med. 2006;36:929-939.
  • 35. Surburg PR, Schrader JW. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques in sports medicine: A reassessment. J Athl Train. 1997;32:34-39.
  • 36. Victoria GD, Carmen E-V, Alexandru S, et al. The Pnf (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation) stretching technique: a brief review. Ovidius Univ Ann, Ser Phys Educ Sport Sci, Mov Health. 2013;2:623-628.
  • 37. Yaşaroğlu ÖF, Serel-Aslan S, Kılınç HE, et al. an Evaluation of Swallowing Function After Cancer Treatment in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Türk Fiz ve Rehabil Derg. 2020;31:196–201.
  • 38. Fujimoto, M. The relationship between shoulder stretching and throwing velocity in high school baseball players [Doctoral dissertation], California University of Pennsylvania; 2008.
  • 39. Kaya M, Ko M, Effect T, et al. The effect of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques applied to the upper extremities in the tennis players at the age range of 18-22 on serve speed. Ulus Kinezyoloji Derg. 2020;1:11-16.
  • 40. Chelly MS, Hermassi S, Aouadi R, et al. Effects of 8-week in-season plyometric training on upper and lower limb performance of elite adolescent handball players. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:1401-1410.
  • 41. Fernandez-Fernandez J, Ellenbecker T, Sanz-Rivas D, et al. Effects of a 6-week junior tennis conditioning program on service velocity. J Sport Sci Med. 2013;12:232-239.
  • 42. Feland JB, Myrer JW, Merrill RM. Acute changes in hamstring flexibility: PNF versus static stretch in senior athletes. Phys Ther Sport. 2001;2:186-193.
  • 43. Gomes TM, Simão R, Marques MC, et al. Acute effects of two different stretching methods on local muscular endurance performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25:745-752.
  • 44. Moreno-Pérez V, López-Samanes Á, Domínguez R, et al. Acute effects of a single tennis match on passive shoulder rotation range of motion, isometric strength and serve speed in professional tennis players. PLoS One. 2019;14:1-10.
  • 45. Al Dajah SB. Soft tissue mobilization and PNF improve range of motion and minimize pain level in shoulder impingement. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26:1803-1805.
  • 46. Nobre TL, Rocha LY, Ramos CC, et al. The use of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation for increasing throwing performance. Rev Bras Med do Esporte. 2020;26:332-336.
  • 47. Oyama S, Goerger CP, Goerger BM, et al. Effects of non-assisted posterior shoulder stretches on shoulder range of motion among collegiate baseball pitchers. Athl Train Sport Heal Care. 2010;2:163-170.
  • 48. Barraso R, Tricoli V, Dos Santos Gil S, et al. Maximal strength, number of repetitions, and total volume are differently affected by static-, ballistic-, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26:2432-2437.
  • 49. Da Fonseca Silva Reis E, Pereira GB, de Sousa NMF, et al. Acute effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and static stretching on maximal voluntary contraction and muscle electromyographical activity in indoor soccer players. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2013;33:418-422.
  • 50. Marek SM, Cramer JT, Fincher AL, et al. Acute effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on muscle strength and power output. J Athl Train. 2005;40:94-103.
  • 51. Peat M. Functional anatomy of the shoulder complex. Phys Ther. 1986;66:1855-1865.
  • 52. Pyne D, Saunders P, Petersen C, et al. Anthropometric and strength correlates of peak fast bowling velocity in junior and senior cricketers. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20:620-626.
  • 53. Bonato M, Maggioni MA, Rossi C, et al. Relationship between anthropometric or functional characteristics and maximal serve velocity in professional tennis players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2015;55:1157-1165.
  • 54. Gençoğlu C, Gümüş H. Performance factors of handball: physiological demands and velocity of ball throwing. Turkiye Klin J Sport Sci. 2020;12:94-104.

Acute effect of shoulder anterior and posterior capsule Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation stretching exercises on ball-throwing speed

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 18 - 28, 07.05.2021

Öz

Purpose: In this study, the acute effect of hold-relax Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching method performed at shoulder anterior and posterior capsule on ball throw speed, shoulder range of motion (ROM), and muscle strength was investigated.

Methods: Twenty-eight healthy males with an average age of 22.39±1.49 years were included voluntarily to the study. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups, namely anterior hold-relax PNF (na=15) and posterior hold-relax PNF stretching group (np=13). After obtaining demographic information, shoulder range of motion (ROM), shoulder muscle strength, and ball-throwing speed were tested using a standard goniometer, a hand dynamometer, and Sports Radar Gun 3500 device, respectively. All tests were repeated after hold-relax PNF anterior and posterior capsule stretching exercises (3 repetitions, 3 seconds isometric-holds/relaxing) were performed.

Results: In anterior capsule stretching group, an increase in ball-throwing speed, shoulder flexion, abduction and external rotation ROM was observed through within-group analyses with a significant decrease in muscular strength of external rotation (p<0.05). In posterior capsule stretching group, a significant increase was observed only at shoulder flexion, abduction, and internal rotation ROM (p<0.05), while no significant difference in parameters was observed between the two groups (p>0.05).

Conclusion: In this study, it has been found that anterior capsule stretching exercises performed through hold-relax PNF method has a positive effect on throwing-speed. Stretching of the anterior capsule of the shoulder before training or games may positively affect the performance.

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

  • 1. Behm DG. The science and physiology of flexibility and stretching: Implications and applications in sport performance and health. Oxon, UK: Routledge; 2019.
  • 2. Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, et al. Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power: An Attempt to Clarify Previous Caveats. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1468.
  • 3. Medeiros DM, Martini TF. Chronic effect of different types of stretching on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Foot. 2018;34:28-35.
  • 4. Ryan ED, Herda TJ, Costa PB, et al. Determining the minimum number of passive stretches necessary to alter musculotendinous stiffness. J Sports Sci. 2009;27:957-961.
  • 5. Opplert J, Genty JB, Babault N. Do Stretch Durations Affect Muscle Mechanical and Neurophysiological Properties? Int J Sports Med. 2016;37:673-679.
  • 6. McHugh MP, Nesse M. Effect of stretching on strength loss and pain after eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:566-573.
  • 7. Agopyan A, Tekin D, Unal M, et al. Acute effects of static stretching on isokinetic thigh strength on modern dancers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2013;53:538-550.
  • 8. Farinatti PT, Brandao C, Soares PP. Acute effects of stretching exercise on the heart rate variability in subjects with low flexibility levels. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25:1579-1585.
  • 9. Akbulut T, Agopyan A. Effects of an eight-week proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching program on kicking speed and range of motion in young male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29:3412-3423.
  • 10. Connolly DAJ, Sayers SP, McHugh MP. Treatment and prevention of delayed onset muscle soreness. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17:197-208.
  • 11. Özgül F. Investigating Flexibility Effects on Vertical Jump of the Adolescent Athletes. Int J Sport Phys Educ. 2018;4:19-21.
  • 12. Lima CD, Ruas CV, Behm DG, et al. Acute effects of stretching on flexibility and performance: a narrative review. J Sci Sport Exerc. 2019;1:29-37.
  • 13. Aldridge R, Stephen Guffey J, Whitehead MT, et al. The effects of a daily stretching protocol on passive glenohumeral internal rotation in overhead throwing collegiate athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012;7:365-371.
  • 14. Agopyan A, Bozdogan FS, Tekin D, et al. Acute effects of static stretching exercises on shortdistance flutter kicking time in child swimmers. Int J Perform Anal Sport. 2012;12:484-497.
  • 15. Behm DG, Chaouachi A. A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111:2633-2651.
  • 16. Franco BL, Signorellli GR, Trajano GS, et al. Acute effects of different stretching exercises on muscular endurance. Strength Cond Res. 2008;22:1832-1837.
  • 17. Behm DG, Blazevich AJ, Kay AD, et al. Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: A systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015;41:1-11.
  • 18. Williams M, Harveson L, Melton J, et al. The Acute Effects of Upper Extremity Stretching on Throwing Velocity in Baseball Throwers. J Sports Med. 2013;2013:1-7.
  • 19. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, et al. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:1334-1359.
  • 20. Bradley P, Olsen P, Portas M. The effect of static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on vertical jump performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21:223-226.
  • 21. Samuel MN, Holcomb WR, Guadagnoli MA, et al. Acute effects of static and ballistic stretching on measures of strength and power. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22:1422-1428.
  • 22. Shrier I. Does stretching improve performance? A systematic and critical review of the literature. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14:267-273.
  • 23. Whiteley R. Baseball throwing mechanics as they relate to pathology and performance: a review. J Sport Sci Med. 2007;6:1-20.
  • 24. Wang YT, Ford HT, Ford HT, et al. Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of baseball pitching in acceleration phase. Percept Mot Skills. 1995;80:43-48.
  • 25. Turgut E, Düzgün İ, Medeni ÖÇ, et al. Donuk omuzda ön ve arka kapsül germe egzersizlerinin erken dönem etkileri. Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon. 2015:26;67-72.
  • 26. Mermier CM, Janot JM, Parker DL, et al. Physiological and anthropometric determinants of sport climbing performance. Br J Sports Med. 2000;34:359-365.
  • 27. Gorostiaga EM, Granados C, Ibáñez J, et al. Differences in physical fitness and throwing velocity among elite and amateur male handball players. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26:225-232.
  • 28. Karadenizli ZI. Hentbolde dayanma adımlı kale atışındaki top hızı ile reaksiyon zamanı, çeviklik ve antropometril özellikler arasındaki ilişkiler. Asos Journal. 2018;6:302-313.
  • 29. Vairo GL, Duffey ML, Owens BD, et al. Clinical descriptive measures of shoulder range of motion for a healthy, young and physically active cohort. Sport Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2012;4:1-7.
  • 30. Fieseler G, Molitor T, Irlenbusch L, et al. Intrarater reliability of goniometry and hand-held dynamometry for shoulder and elbow examinations in female team handball athletes and asymptomatic volunteers. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135:1719-1726.
  • 31. Fieseler G, Laudner KG, Irlenbusch L, et al. Inter- and intrarater reliability of goniometry and hand held dynamometry for patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. J Exerc Rehabil. 2017;13:704-710.
  • 32. Katoh M. Test-retest reliability of isometric shoulder muscle strength measurement with a handheld dynamometer and belt. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27:1719-1722.
  • 33. Gagnon DH, Roy A, Gabison S, et al. Effects of Seated Postural stability and trunk and upper extremity strength on performance during manual wheelchair propulsion tests in ındividuals with spinal cord ınjury: An exploratory study. Rehabil Res Pract. 2016:1-11.
  • 34. Sharman MJ, Cresswell AG, Riek S. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Sport Med. 2006;36:929-939.
  • 35. Surburg PR, Schrader JW. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques in sports medicine: A reassessment. J Athl Train. 1997;32:34-39.
  • 36. Victoria GD, Carmen E-V, Alexandru S, et al. The Pnf (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation) stretching technique: a brief review. Ovidius Univ Ann, Ser Phys Educ Sport Sci, Mov Health. 2013;2:623-628.
  • 37. Yaşaroğlu ÖF, Serel-Aslan S, Kılınç HE, et al. an Evaluation of Swallowing Function After Cancer Treatment in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Türk Fiz ve Rehabil Derg. 2020;31:196–201.
  • 38. Fujimoto, M. The relationship between shoulder stretching and throwing velocity in high school baseball players [Doctoral dissertation], California University of Pennsylvania; 2008.
  • 39. Kaya M, Ko M, Effect T, et al. The effect of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques applied to the upper extremities in the tennis players at the age range of 18-22 on serve speed. Ulus Kinezyoloji Derg. 2020;1:11-16.
  • 40. Chelly MS, Hermassi S, Aouadi R, et al. Effects of 8-week in-season plyometric training on upper and lower limb performance of elite adolescent handball players. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:1401-1410.
  • 41. Fernandez-Fernandez J, Ellenbecker T, Sanz-Rivas D, et al. Effects of a 6-week junior tennis conditioning program on service velocity. J Sport Sci Med. 2013;12:232-239.
  • 42. Feland JB, Myrer JW, Merrill RM. Acute changes in hamstring flexibility: PNF versus static stretch in senior athletes. Phys Ther Sport. 2001;2:186-193.
  • 43. Gomes TM, Simão R, Marques MC, et al. Acute effects of two different stretching methods on local muscular endurance performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25:745-752.
  • 44. Moreno-Pérez V, López-Samanes Á, Domínguez R, et al. Acute effects of a single tennis match on passive shoulder rotation range of motion, isometric strength and serve speed in professional tennis players. PLoS One. 2019;14:1-10.
  • 45. Al Dajah SB. Soft tissue mobilization and PNF improve range of motion and minimize pain level in shoulder impingement. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26:1803-1805.
  • 46. Nobre TL, Rocha LY, Ramos CC, et al. The use of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation for increasing throwing performance. Rev Bras Med do Esporte. 2020;26:332-336.
  • 47. Oyama S, Goerger CP, Goerger BM, et al. Effects of non-assisted posterior shoulder stretches on shoulder range of motion among collegiate baseball pitchers. Athl Train Sport Heal Care. 2010;2:163-170.
  • 48. Barraso R, Tricoli V, Dos Santos Gil S, et al. Maximal strength, number of repetitions, and total volume are differently affected by static-, ballistic-, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26:2432-2437.
  • 49. Da Fonseca Silva Reis E, Pereira GB, de Sousa NMF, et al. Acute effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and static stretching on maximal voluntary contraction and muscle electromyographical activity in indoor soccer players. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2013;33:418-422.
  • 50. Marek SM, Cramer JT, Fincher AL, et al. Acute effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on muscle strength and power output. J Athl Train. 2005;40:94-103.
  • 51. Peat M. Functional anatomy of the shoulder complex. Phys Ther. 1986;66:1855-1865.
  • 52. Pyne D, Saunders P, Petersen C, et al. Anthropometric and strength correlates of peak fast bowling velocity in junior and senior cricketers. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20:620-626.
  • 53. Bonato M, Maggioni MA, Rossi C, et al. Relationship between anthropometric or functional characteristics and maximal serve velocity in professional tennis players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2015;55:1157-1165.
  • 54. Gençoğlu C, Gümüş H. Performance factors of handball: physiological demands and velocity of ball throwing. Turkiye Klin J Sport Sci. 2020;12:94-104.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Demet Tekin 0000-0002-7508-104X

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Mayıs 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Tekin D. Omuzda anterior ve posterior kapsül propriyoseptif nöromusküler fasilitasyon germe egzersizlerinin top fırlatma hızına akut etkisi. JETR. 2021;8(1):18-2.