Counselors’ Self-Efficacy: The Role of Multicultural Counseling Competencies, Social Justice, and Homosexuality Attitudes

Öz

Counselor self-efficacy is one of the significant features of counselors that play a role in providing effective counseling services. Variables that predict counseling self-efficacy such as age, gender, supervision, and multicultural counseling competencies are counselor features which have been examined in the literature. However, the relationships between counselor self-efficacy and multicultural competencies, social justice, and homosexuality attitudes, which are the core concepts of counselor education and training, have not been examined. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of multicultural counseling competencies, social justice, and homosexuality attitudes on the self-efficacy perceptions of counselor candidates. Fourth-grade psychological counseling and guidance students studying at various state universities in the 2020-201 academic year participated in this study. The study group of this research consisted of 277 (193 women, %69,7%) 4th-grade psychological counseling and guidance students. Multiple regression analysis and correlation analysis were utilized for the data analysis. While multicultural counseling competencies and social justice attitudes of the counselor candidates explained 36% of the variance of counselor self-efficacy, homosexuality attitudes had no predictive power on counseling self-efficacy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Counselor self-efficacy
• social justice
• multicultural counseling
• homosexuality attitudes

Kaynakça

1. Al-Darmaki, F. R. (2005). Counseling self-efficacy and its relationship to anxiety and problem-solving in the United Arab Emirates. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 27(2), 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-005-3190-6
2. Alessi, E. J., Dillon, F. R., & Kim, H. M. S. (2016). Therapist correlates of attitudes toward sexual minority individuals, affirmative counseling self-efficacy, and beliefs about affirmative practice. Psychotherapy Research, 26(4), 446-458. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2015.1026422
3. American Psychological Association (2002). Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. Erişim adresi: http://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/policy/multicultural-guidelines.aspx.
4. American Psychological Association (2012). Guidelines for psychological practice with lesbian, gay and bisexual clients. American Psychologist, 67(1), 10-42. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024659
5. Aydın, F. (2016). Psikolojik danışman adaylarında psikolojik danışma öz-yeterliği, umut ve kaygının yaşam doyumu üzerindeki etkisi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
6. Balsamo, A. (2014). Sexual values, attitudes, and education as factors of counselor self-efficacy [Doctoral dissertation]. Northern Illinois University.
7. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
8. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman and Company.

9. Barden, S. M., & Greene, J. H. (2015). An investigation of multicultural counseling competence and multicultural counseling self-efficacy for counselors-in-training. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 37(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-014-9224-1
10. Beutler, L. E., Machado, P. P. P., & Neufeldt, S. (1994). Therapist variables. A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.). Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. New York, NY: John Wiley ve Sons.
11. Birkett, M., Espelage, D. L., & Koenig, B. (2009). LGB and questioning students in schools: The moderating effects of homophobic bullying and school climate on negative outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(7), 989-1000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9389-1
12. Bodenhorn, N., Wolfe, E. W., & Airen, O. E. (2010). School counselor program choice and self-efficacy: Relationship to achievement gap and equity. Professional School Counseling, 13(3), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156759X100130030
13. Bontempo, D. E., & D'Augelli, A. R. (2002). Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths' risk health risk behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30(5), 364-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00415-3
14. Bowers, S., Lewandowski, J., Savage, T. A., & Woitaszewski, S. A. (2015). School psychologists’ attitudes toward transgender students. Journal of LGBT Youth, 12(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2014.930370
15. Cashwell, T. H., & Dooley, K. (2001). The ımpact of supervision on counselor self efficacy. The Clinical Supervisor, 20(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1300/J001v20n01_03
16. Choi, H. S., Thul, C. A., Berenhaut, K. S., Suerken, C. K., & Norris, J. L. (2005). Survey of school psychologists' attitudes, feelings, and exposure to gay and lesbian parents and their children. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 22(1), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1300/J370v22n01_05
17. Chung, R.C-Y., & Bemak, F.P. (2012). Social justice counseling: The next steps beyond multiculturalism. Sage.
18. Cirik, I. (2015). Psychometric characteristics of the social justice scale’s Turkish form and a structural equation modeling. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 61, 23-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2015.61.2
19. Constantine, M. G. (2001). Multiculturally-focused counseling supervision: Its relationship to trainees' multicultural counseling self-efficacy. The Clinical Supervisor, 20(1), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1300/J001v20n01_07
20. Constantine, G. (2002). The relationship between general counseling self-efficacy and self-perceived multicultural counseling competence in supervisees. The Clinical Supervisor, 20(2), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1300/J001v20n02_07
21. Crethar, H. C., Rivera, E. T., & Nash, S. (2008). In search of common threads: Linking multicultural, feminist, and social justice counseling paradigms. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(3), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00509.x
22. Crethar, H.C., & Winterowd, C.L. (2012). Special section: spiritual, ethical, and religious ıssues and social justice. Counselling and Values, 57(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2012.00001.x
23. Crook (2010). Relationship between counseling self-efficacy and multicultural counseling self-efficacy among school counselors (Doctoral dissertation). University of Alabama, Alabama.
24. Çapri, B., & Demiröz, Z. (2016). Duygusal zekâ düzeyi ve psikolojik danışma öz-yeterlik inançları arasındaki ilişkide etkili psikolojik danışman niteliklerinin aracı rolü. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(3), 1037-1048. https://doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.282399
25. Çıtak, Ş., & Yazıcı, H. (2022). Risky behaviours of high school students and school counsellors’ interventions. Participatory Educational Research, 9(6), 453-473. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.148.9.6
26. Daniels, J.A. (1997). The influence of performance feedback and casual attributions upon ratings of counseling of trainee exposure to clients ‘negative affectivity and the supervisory alliance (Doctoral dissertation). Loyola University, Chicago.
27. Daniels, J. A., & Larson, L. M. (2001). The impact of performance feedback on counseling self‐efficacy and counselor anxiety. Counselor Education and Supervision, 41(2), 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2001.tb01276.x
28. Dillon, F. R., Worthington, R. L., Soth-McNett, A. M., & Schwartz, S. J. (2008). Gender and sexual identity-based predictors of lesbian, gay, and bisexual affirmative counseling self-efficacy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(3), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.39.3.353
29. D'Augelli, A. R., Pilkington, N., & Hershberger, S. (2002). Incidence and mental health impact of sexual orientation victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in high school. School Psychology Quarterly, 17(2), 148-167. https://doi.org/10.1521/scpq.17.2.148.20854
30. Fernando, D. M., & Hulse-Killacky, D. (2005). The relationship of supervisory styles to satisfaction with supervision and the perceived self‐ efficacy of master's‐ level counseling students. Counselor Education And Supervision, 44(4), 293-304. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2005.tb01757.x
31. Fraenkel,, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th Ed.). Boston, MA: Mc Graw Hill Education.
32. Gendel E. S., & Bonner E. J. (1992). Sexual disfunction, gender identity disorders and parafilias. In H. H. Goldman (Ed), Review of General Psychiatry, Appleton and Lange. Connecticut (pp. 306-326). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
33. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step: A simple guide and reference (15th Ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
34. Goodman, L. A., Liang, B., Helms, J. E. Latta, R. E., Sparks, E., & Weintraub, S. R. (2004). Training counseling psychologists as social justice agents: Feminist and multicultural principles in action. The Counseling Psychologist, 32(6), 793-837. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000004268802
35. Hackney, H., & Cormier, S. (2005). The professional counselor: A process guide to helping (5th Ed.). Boston: Pearson.
36. Haron, S., Jaafar, W., & Baba, M. (2010). The influence of school climate towards counselor’s self-efficacy. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 445-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.120
37. Harris, S. M., & Hays, K. W. (2008). Family therapist comfort with and willingness to discuss client sexuality. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34(2), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00066.x
38. Herek, G. M., & Garnets, L. D. (2007). Sexual orientation and mental health. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 353-375. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091510
39. Holcomb-McCoy, C., Harris, P., Hines, E. M., & Johnston, G. (2008). School counselors’ multicultural self-efficacy: A preliminary investigation. Professional School Counseling, 11(3), 166-178.. https://doi.org/10.5330/PSC.n.2010-11.166
40. Hudson, W. W., & Ricketts, W. A. (1980). A strategy for the measurement of homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 5(4), 357-372. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v05n04_02
41. Jones, K. N., & Brewster, M. E. (2017). From awareness to action: Examining predictors of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) activism for heterosexual people. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(6), 680-689. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000219
42. Kağnıcı, D. Y. (2014). Reflections of a multicultural counseling course: A qualitative study with counseling students and counselors. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(1), 53-62. DOI: 10.12738/estp.2014.1.1965
43. Kağnıcı, D. Y,. & Denizli, S. (2018). Examining Mental Health Professionals’ Social Justice Attitudes in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 18(75), 19-36. DOI: 10.14689/ejer.2018.75.2
44. Kissil, K., Davey, M., & Davey, A. (2015). Foreign‐born therapists: how acculturation and supervisors' multicultural competence are associated with clinical self‐efficacy. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 43(1), 38-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2015.00063.x
45. Larson, L. M., & Daniels, J. A. (1998). Review of the counseling self-efficacy literature. The Counseling Psychologist, 26(2), 179-218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000098262001
46. Larson, L. M., Suzuki, L. A., Gillespie, K. N., Potenza, M. T., Bechtel, M. A., & Toulouse, A. L. (1992). Development and validation of the counseling self estimate inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39(1), 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.39.1.105
47. Lent, R. W., Hill, C. E., & Hoffman, M. A. (2003). Development and validation of the Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(1), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.1.97
48. Lewis, B. L. (2010). Social justice in practicum training: Competencies and developmental implications. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 4(3), 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017383
49. Meydan, B. (2015). Bireyle psikolojik danışma uygulamasında mikro beceri süpervizyon modeli’nin etkililiğinin incelenmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(43), 55-68.
50. Miller, M. J., & Sendrowitz, K. (2011). Counseling psychology trainees' social justice interest and commitment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(2), 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022663
51. Miller, M. J., Sendrowitz, K., Connacher, C., Blanco, S., de La Pena, C. M., Bernardi, S., & Morere, L. (2009). College students’ social justice interest and commitment: A social-cognitive perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(4), 495-507. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017220
52. Owens, D., Bodenhorn, N., & Bryant, R. (2010). Self-efficacy and multicultural competence of school counselors. Journal of School Counseling, 8, 2-20.
53. Özer, Ö., & İlhan, T. (2014) Çokkültürlü Psikolojik Danışma Yeterlikleri Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Turkish Studies, 10(7), 781-802. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.8041
54. Pamukçu, B. (2011). Psikolojik danışman adaylarının psikolojik danışma öz-yeterlik algılarının incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
55. Pamukçu, B., & Demir, A. (2013). Psikolojik Danışma Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeği Türkçe Formu’nun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(40), 212-221. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.56046
56. Prilleltensky, I., & Nelson, G. (1997). Community psychology: Reclaiming social justice. In D. Fox and I. Prilleltensky (Eds.). Critical psychology: An introduction (pp. 166-184). London: Sage
57. Rainey, S., & Trusty, J. (2007). Attitudes of master's‐level counseling students toward gay men and lesbians. Counseling and Values, 52(1), 12-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2007.tb00084.x
58. Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A., Nassar‐McMillan, S., Butler, S. K., & McCullough, J. R. (2016). Multicultural and social justice counseling competencies: Guidelines for the counseling profession. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44(1), 28-48. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12035
59. Russell, S. T., Ryan, C., Toomey, R. B., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2011). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescent school victimization: Implications for young adult health and adjustment. Journal of School Health, 81(5), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00583.x
60. Sakalı, N., & Uğurlu, O. (2002). Effects of social contact with homosexuals on heterosexual Turkish university students' attitudes towards homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v42n01_03
61. Sandage, S. J., Crabtree, S., & Schweer, M. (2014). Differentiation of self and social justice commitment mediated by hope. Journal of Counseling and Development, 92(1), 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00131.x
62. Satcher, J., & Schumacker, R. (2009). Predictors of modern homonegativity among professional counselors. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 3, 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538600902754452
63. Satıcı, B. (2014). Psikolojik danışman adaylarının psikolojik danışma öz-yeterlik algılarının mizah tarzları ve süpervizyon yaşantıları açısından incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Anadolu Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
64. Savage, T. A., Prout, T., & Chard, K. (2004). School psychology and issues of sexual orientation: Attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge. Psychology in the Schools, 41(2), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10122
65. Skowron, E. A. (2004). Differentiation of self, personal adjustment, problem solving, and ethnic group belonging among persons of color. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82, 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00333.x
66. Sue, D. W. (2001). Multidimensional facets of cultural competence. The Counseling Psychologist, 29(6), 790-821. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000001296002
67. Sue, D. W., Arredondo, P., & McDavis, R. J. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 20(2), 64-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1992.tb00563.x
68. Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse (4th Ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.
69. Sue, D. W., & Torino, G. C. (2005). Racial– cultural competence: Awareness, knowledge, and skills. In R. T. Carter (Ed.), Handbook of racial– cultural psychology and counseling: Vol. 2. Training and practice (pp. 3–18). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
70. Sutton, J. J., & Fall, M. (1995). The relationship of school climate factors to counselor self-efficacy. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73, 331–336. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1995.tb01759.x
71. Torres-Harding, S. R., Siers, B., & Olson, B. D. (2012). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Social Justice Scale (SJS). American journal of community psychology, 50(1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-011-9478-2
72. Vera, E. M., & Speight, S. L. (2003). Multicultural competence, social justice and counseling psychology: Expanding our roles. The Counseling Psychologist, 31(3), 253-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000003031003001
73. Yalçınoğlu, N., & Önal, A. (2014). Eşcinsel ve biseksüel erkeklerin içselleştirilmiş homofobi düzeyi ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 12(2), 100-112. https://doi.org/10.20518/thsd.51979
74. Yam, F. C., & İlhan, T. (2016). Psikolojik danışma öz yeterliği: kişilik özellikleri, kaygı düzeyleri ve geçmiş eğitim yaşantıları. Journal of International Social Research, 9(42), 1304-1313.
75. Yayla, E., & İkiz, F. E. (2017). Psikolojik danışmanların etkili nitelikleri ile danışma öz-yeterlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 7(48), 31-44.