Reasons for High School Dropout: A Descriptive Phenomenological Study Based on Students' Common Experiences

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 57 - 73, 30.06.2023

Arif Arslan , Adem Peker

https://doi.org/10.32568/jfce.1271237

Cited By: 1

Öz

The purpose of this study is to describe the shared experiences of high school students who have left school. The study is based on the qualitative research pattern of "Descriptive Phenomenology". The sample of the study consists of 10 students who left school at the secondary level. "Criteria sampling" which is among purposeful sampling methods was used when determining the sample. The data obtained from semi-structured interviews with students who had left the school were subjected to content analysis, which is a qualitative data analysis method. MAXQDA qualitative data analysis program was used when this analysis was carried out. As a result of the analysis, it is seen that students leave school due to reasons such as low academic achievement, class repetition, absenteeism, poor economic situation, work, reluctance, apathy, negative behaviors, bad peer group, bad social environment, disciplinary referrals, peer bullying, different career orientations and negative role models. In the study, these reasons were classified as low academic motivation, risky behaviors and social disadvantage.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Early School Leaving, School dropout, High School Students

Kaynakça

• Aküzüm, C. , Yavaş, T. , Tan, Ç., & Uçar, M. B. (2015). İlköğretim kurumu öğrencilerinin devamsızlık ve okul terki nedenleri. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 167-192. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/usaksosbil/issue/21659/232913
• Arslan, A. (2021). Predictors of school dropout risk in secondary school students: School engagement and school burnout. Journal of Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences, 54(2), 431-458. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.669522
• Backman, O. (2017). High school dropout, resource attainment, and criminal convictions. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 54(5) 715-749. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427817697441
• Balfanz, R., Herzog, L., & Iver, D. (2007). Preventing student disengagement and keeping students on the graduation path in urban middle-grades schools: Early identification and effective interventions. Educational Psychologist, 42(4), 223-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520701621079
• Borgna, C., & Struffolino, E. (2017). Pushed or pulled? Girls and boys facing early school leaving risk in Italy. Social Science Research, 61, 298-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.06.021
• Boyacı, A., & Öz, Y. (2018). Dropout in secondary education and social capital: A qualitative study. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 58, 67-89. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS403224
• Bridgeland, J. M. (2010). The new dropout challenge: Bridging gaps among students, parents, and teachers. New Directions for Youth Development, 127, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.366
• Cairns, R. B., Cairns, B. D., & Neckerman, H. J. (1989). Early school dropout: configurations and determinants. Child Development, 60(6), 1437-1452. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130933
• Christenson, S. L., & Thurlow, M. L. (2004) School dropouts: Prevention considerations, interventions, and challenges. Current Directions In Psychological Science, 13, 36-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01301010.x
• Creswell, J. W. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4. Edition). Siyasal.
• Creswell, J. W. (2019). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (2. Edition). Edam.
• Doll, J. J., Eslami, Z., & Walters, L. (2013). Understanding why students drop out of high school, according to their own reports: Are they pushed or pulled, or do they fall out? A comparative analysis of seven nationally representative studies. Sage Open, 3(4), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013503834
• Ermish, J., & Francesconi, M. (2001). Family matters: Impacts of family background on educational attainment. Economica, 68(270), 137–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0335.00239
• European Statistics Office (2018). Early leavers from education and training. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Early_leavers_from_education_and_training
• Fall, A. M., & Roberts, G. (2012). High school dropouts: interactions between social context, self-perceptions, school engagement, and student dropout. Journal of Adolescence, 35(4), 787–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.11.004
• Fan, W., & Wolters, C. A. (2014). School motivation and high school dropout: The mediating role of educational expectation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(1), 22-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12002
• Farah, N., & Upadhyay, M. P. (2017). How are school dropouts related to household characteristics? Analysis of survey data from Bangladesh. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2016.1268746
• Fortin, L., Marcotte, D., Diallo, T., Potvin, P., & Royer, E. (2013). A multidimensional model of school dropout from an 8-year longitudinal study in a general high school population. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(2), 563-583. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23421910
• Harlow, C. W. (2003). Education and correctional correctional Bureau of Justice statistics (Rapor No. NCJ-195670). Washington: US Department of Justice. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ecp.pdf
• Itzhaki, E., Itzhaky, H., & Yablon, Y. B. (2018). The contribution of parental and societal conditional regard to adjustment of high school dropouts. Journal of Adolescence, 62, 151- 161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.11.014
• Jimerson, S. R., Ferguson, P., Whipple, A. D., Anderson, G. E., & Dalton, M. J. (2002). Exploring the association between grade retention and dropout: A longitudinal study examining socio-emotional, behavioral, and achievement characteristics of retained students. The California School Psychologist, 7(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03340889
• Jimerson, S., Egeland, B., Sroufe, L. A., & Carlson, B. (2000). A prospective longitudinal study of high school dropouts examining multiple predictors across development. Journal of School Psychology 38(6), 525–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4405(00)00051-0
• Karacabey, M. F., & Boyacı, A. (2018). Factors contributing to secondary school dropouts and the dropouts’ socioeconomic profiles: Şanlıurfa sample. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 24(2), 247-293. https://doi.org/10.14527/kuey.2018.007
• Koçtürk, N., Bilge, F., & YÜKSEL, F. (2018). Erken yaşta evlenen ergenlerin bireysel ve ailesel özellikleri, okul terki ve evlilikle ilgili sorunları. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 8(50), 1-28. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/571499
• Lan, W., & Lanthier, R. (2003). Changes in students’ academic performance and perceptions of school and self before dropping out of schools. Journal of Education for Students Placed At Risk, 8(3), 309-332. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327671ESPR0803_2
• Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2016). A public health perspective on school dropout and adult outcomes: A prospective study of risk and protective factors from age 5 to 27 years. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58, 652- 658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.01.014
• Ministry of National Education (2013). Secondary education monitoring and evaluation report. Retrieved from https://www.memurlar.net/common/news/documents/457200/14013735_ortaretimrapor2013.pdf
• Montmarquette, C., Viennot-Briot, N., & Dagenais, M. (2007). Dropout, school performance, and working while in school. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(4), 752–760. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.89.4.752
• Mussida, C., Sciulli, D., & Signorelli, M. (2019). Secondary school dropout and work outcomes in tendeveloping countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 41, 547- 567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2018.06.005
• Nakajima, M., Kijima, Y., & Otsuka, K. (2018). Is the learning crisis responsible for school dropout? A longitudinal study of Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Educational Development, 62, 245- 253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2018.05.006
• National Dropout Prevention Center (2005). Information about the school dropout issue. Retrieved from https://dropoutprevention.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/School_Dropout_Facts-2005.pdf
• Ottosen, K. O., Goll, C. B., & Sørlie, T. (2017). The multifaceted challenges in teacher-student relationships: A qualitative study of teacher’ and principals’ experiences and views regarding the dropout rate in Norwegian upper-secondary education. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 61(3), 354–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2016.1147069
• Ottosen, K. O., Goll, C. B., & Sørlie, T. (2019). ‘From a sense of failure to a proactive life orientation’: First year high school dropout experiences and future life expectations in Norwegian youth. International Social Work, 62(2) 684–698. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872817746225
• Özer, A., Gençtanırım, D., & Ergene, T. (2011). Prediction of school dropout among Turkish high school students: A model testing with moderator and mediator variables. Education Science, 36(161), 302–317. Retrieved from http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/1041/303
• Özgü, M. (2015). Examining the risk of school refusal and school dropout of secondary school students according to bullying-victimization categories (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from CoHE Thesis Center (Thesis No: 388177).
• Prakash, R., Beattie, T., Javalkar, P., Bhattacharjee, P., Ramanaik, S., Thalinja, R., … Isac, S. (2017). Correlates of school dropout and absenteeism among adolescent girls from marginalized community in North Karnataka, South India. Journal of Adolescence, 61, 64- 76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.09.007
• Stoner, M. C. D., Rucinski, K. B., Edwards, J. K., Selin, A., Hughes, J. P., Wang, J., … Pettifor, A. (2019). The relationship between school dropout and pregnancy among adolescent girls and young women in South Africa: A HPTN 068 Analysis. Health Education and Behavior, 46(4) 559– 568. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119831755
• Tabuchi, T., Fujihara, S., Shinozaki, T., & Fukuhara, H. (2018). Determinants of high-school dropout: A longitudinal study in a deprived area of Japan. Journal of Epidemiology, 28(11), 458- 464. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20170163
• Taş, A., Selvitopu, A., Bora, V., & Demirkaya, Y. (2013). Reasons for dropout for vocational high school students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13(3), 1561-1565. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2013.3.1398
• Tatar, Ü. (2016). Lise düzeyindeki öğrencilerin okul terk nedenlerinin sosyolojik incelenmesi (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from CoHE Thesis Center (Thesis No: 443233).
• The Ministry of Education in Turkey (2013). Ortaöğretimde sınıf tekrarı, okul terk sebepleri ve örgün eğitim dışında kalan çocuklar politika önerileri raporu. Retrieved from https://www.meb.gov.tr/earged/unicef/S%C4%B1n%C4%B1f%20Tekrar%C4%B1,%20Okul%20Terki%20Politika%20Raporu.pdf
• Timæus, I. M., & Moultrie, T. A. (2015). Teenage childbearing and educational attainment in South Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 46(2), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2015.00021.x
• Townsend, L., Flisher, A. J., & King, G. (2007). A systematic review of the relationship between high school dropout and substance use. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10(4), 295–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-007-0023-7
• UNICEF (2014). Global ınitiative on out-of-school children. Retrieved from http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/out-of-school-children-south-asia-country-study-education-2014-en.pdf
• White, S. W., & Kelly, F. D. (2010). The school counselor’s role in school dropout prevention. Journal of Counseling and Development, 88(2), 227- 235. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00014.x
• Wils, A., Sheehan, P., & Shi, H. (2019). Better secondary schooling outcomes for adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: Projections of cost-effective approaches. Journal of Adolescent Health, 65, 25- 33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.024
• Wood, L., Kiperman, S., Esch, R. C., Leroux, A. J., & Truscott, S. D. (2017). Predicting dropout using student-and school-level factors: An ecological perspective. School Psychology Quarterly, 32(1), 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000152
• Yadav, S., Kalakoti, P., & Ahmad, N. (2010). Determinants of school dropouts in children. Review of Global Medicine and Healthcare Research, 1(1), 232-245. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277003433_Determinants_of_school_dropouts_in_children
• Zorbaz, O., & Özer, A. (2020). Do student characteristics affecting school dropout risk differ from one school to another? Education and Science, 45(202), 191-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2020.8266