THE ROLE OF COMPANION ANIMALS IN SPREADING COVID-19

Öz

Objective: In the twenty-first century, despite the development in infection management, and improvement of vaccines and therapeutic agents in the field of health, new viral outbreaks that can still be fatal in humans and animals are emerging. The infection of zoonosis COVID-19 from bat origin, the intermediate host of which is still being unclear, has appeared in people who visited animal bazaar in December 2019, in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared this infection a pandemic in February 2020. Millions of people have been affected by this pandemic. The fight against the pandemic has had a great economic cost and continues to do so. Even people have changed their lifestyle. In this context, there have been concerns about companion animals with COVID-19 transmission, from human to animal or animal to human. The purpose of this review was to examine the studies on the presence and transmission of COVID-19 in companion animals such as cats, dogs, hamsters and horses.

Result and Discussion: It has been reported in studies that most of the companion animals (cat, dog and hamster) were susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, and humans could be a source of infection for them. However, the potential role of companion animals in transmission to humans is not fully known. It is clear from this pandemic that the necessity of epidemiological investigation of infectious agents, especially zoonotic ones, in one health concept has emerged once again.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Companion animals
• COVID-19
• One health

Proje Numarası

yok

COVID-19 YAYILMASINDA ARKADAŞ HAYVANLARIN ROLÜ

Öz

Amaç: Yirmi birinci yüzyılda, sağlık alanındaki aşı ve terapötik ajanlarla ilgili gelişmeler ve enfeksiyon yönetimindeki iyileştirmelere rağmen hala insan ve hayvanlarda ölümcül olabilen yeni viral salgınlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Yarasa kökenli olan ve ara konağı hala tartışılan, zoonoz COVID-19 enfeksiyonu Aralık 2019 yılında Çin’in Wuhan eyaletinde bir hayvan pazarı ziyaret geçmişi olan insanlarda ortaya çıkmıştır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, Şubat 2020 tarihinde hastalığın pandemik bir enfeksiyon olduğunu ilan etmiştir. Milyonlarca insan bu salgından etkilenmiştir. Salgın mücadelesinin ekonomik yönden büyük maliyeti olmuş ve olmaya da devam etmektedir. İnsanlar yaşam rutinlerini değiştirmiştir. Bu süreçte arkadaş (companion) hayvanların insanlarla yakın ilişkisi dolayısıyla COVID-19 hastalığına yakalanması, etkeni taşıması, tekrar insanlara bulaştırması ile ilgili kaygılar yaşanmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı kedi, köpek, hamster ve atlar gibi arkadaş hayvanlarda COVID-19 varlığı ve bulaşı ile ilgili çalışmaların incelenmesidir.

Sonuç ve Tartışma: Yapılan çalışmalarda arkadaş hayvanların çoğunun (kedi, köpek ve hamster) SARS-CoV-2'ye duyarlı olduğu ve insanların onlar için bir enfeksiyon kaynağı olabileceği bildirilmiştir. Ancak arkadaş hayvanların insanlara hastalık bulaştırmasındaki potansiyel rolü tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Bu son salgında, enfeksiyöz etkenlerin özellikle zoonoz olanlarının tek sağlık konseptinde epidemiyolojik olarak araştırılmasının gerekliliği bir kez daha ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arkadaş hayvanlar
• COVID-19
• Tek sağlık

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

1. 1. Wevers, B. A., van der Hoek, L. (2009). Recently discovered human coronaviruses. Clinics in laboratory medicine, 29(4), 715–724. [CrossRef]
2. 2. Li, H., Liu, S. M., Yu, X. H., Tang, S. L., Tang, C. K. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19-19): current status and future perspectives. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 55(5), 10595. [CrossRef]
3. 3. Masters, P.S., Perlman, S. Coronoviridae, Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M. (Eds.), Field Virology 6th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 825, (2013).
4. 4. Jin, Y., Yang, H., Ji, W., Wu, W., Chen, S., Zhang, W., Duan, G. (2020). Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Covid-19. Viruses, 12(4), 372. [CrossRef]
5. 5. Drzewnioková, P., Festa, F., Panzarin, V., Lelli, D., Moreno, A., Zecchin, B., De Benedictis, P., Leopardi, S. (2021). Best Molecular Tools to Investigate Coronavirus Diversity in Mammals: A Comparison. Viruses, 13(10), 1975. [CrossRef]
6. 6. Haake, C., Cook, S., Pusterla, N., Murphy, B. (2020). Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features. Viruses, 12(9), 1023. [CrossRef]
7. 7. Hosie, M. J., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Hartmann, K., Egberink, H., Truyen, U., Addie, D. D., Belák, S., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Frymus, T., Lloret, A., Lutz, H., Marsilio, F., Pennisi, M. G., Tasker, S., Thiry, E., Möstl, K. (2021). Anthropogenic Infection of Cats during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses, 13(2), 185. [CrossRef]
8. 8. Stout, A. E., André, N. M., Jaimes, J. A., Millet, J. K., Whittaker, G. R. (2020). Coronaviruses in cats and other companion animals: Where does SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 fit?. Veterinary microbiology, 247, 108777. [CrossRef]

9. 9. Murphy F. A., Gibbs E. P. J., Horzinek M. C., Studdert M. J., Coronaviridae, Veterınary Vırology Third Edition, Academic Press An Imprint of Elsevie, San Diego, California, 495-508, (1999).
10. 10. Paim, F. C., Bowman, A. S., Miller, L., Feehan, B. J., Marthaler, D., Saif, L. J., Vlasova, A. N. (2019). Epidemiology of Deltacoronaviruses (δ-CoV) and Gammacoronaviruses (γ-CoV) in Wild Birds in the United States. Viruses, 11(10), 897. [CrossRef]
11. 11. Lednicky, J.A., Tagliamonte, M.S., White, S.K., Elbadry, M.A., Alam, M., Stephenson, J.C., Barry, T.S., Loeb, J.C., Telismo, T., Chavannes, S., Ostro, D.A., Mavian, C., Beau De Rachars, V.M., Salemi, M., Morris Jr., J.G. (2021). Independent infections of porcine deltacoronavirus among Haitian children. Nature 600, 133–137 [CrossRef]
12. 12. Kong, F., Wang, Q., Kenney, S. P., Jung, K., Vlasova, A. N., Saif, L. J. (2022). Porcine Deltacoronaviruses: Origin, Evolution, Cross-Species Transmission and Zoonotic Potential. Pathogens, 11(1), 79. [CrossRef]
13. 13. Lam, T.T.Y., Jia, N., Zhang, Y.W., Shum, M.H.H., Jiang, J., Zhu, H., Tong, G., Shi, Y., Ni, X., Liao, Y.,Li, W., Jiang, B., Wei, W., Yuan, T., Zheng, K., Cui, X., Li, J., Pei, G., Qiang, X., Cheung, W., Li, L., Sun, F., Qin, S., Huang, J., Leung, G.M., Holmes, E.C., Hu, Y., Guan, Y., Cao, W. (2020). Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature 583, 282–285 [CrossRef]
14. 14. Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., Wang, W., Song, H., Huang, B., Zhu, N., Bi, Y., Ma, X., Zhan, F., Wang, L., Hu, T., Zhou, H., Hu, Z., Zhou, W., Zhao, L., Chen, J.,Meng, Y., Wang, J., Lin, Y., Yuan, Y., Xie, Z., Ma, J., Liu, W.J., Wang, D., Xu, W., Holmes, E.C., Gao, G.F., Wu, G., Chen, W., Shi, W., Tan, W. (2020). Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet (London, England), 395(10224), 565–574. [CrossRef]
15. 15. Shang, J., Ye, G., Shi, K., Wan, Y., Luo, C., Aihara, H., Geng, Q., Auerbach, A., Li, F. (2020). Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature, 581(7807), 221–224. [CrossRef]
16. 16. Hu, B., Guo, H., Zhou, P., Shi, Z. L. (2021). Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nature reviews. Microbiology, 19(3), 141–154. [CrossRef]
17. 17. Hossain, M. G., Javed, A., Akter, S., Saha, S. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 host diversity: An update of natural infections and experimental evidence. Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi, 54(2), 175–181. [CrossRef]
18. 18. de Morais, H.A., dos Santos, A.P., do Nascimento, N.C., Kmetiuk, L.B., Barbosa, D.S., Brandão, P.E., Guimarães, A.M.S., Pettan-Brewer, C., Biondo, A.W. (2020) Natural Infection by SARS-CoV-2 in Companion Animals: A Review of Case Reports and Current Evidence of Their Role in the Epidemiology of COVID-19, Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7,591216. [CrossRef]
19. 19. AVMA (American Veterinary Medical Association) Web site.(2020b). Retrieved March 24, 2020, from https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/animal-health-and-welfare/covid-19/sars-cov-2-animals-including-pets. Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2020
20. 20. Garigliany, M., Van Laere, A. S., Clercx, C., Giet, D., Escriou, N., Huon, C., van der Werf, S., Eloit, M., Desmecht, D. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Natural Transmission from Human to Cat, Belgium, March 2020. Emerging infectious diseases, 26(12), 3069–3071. [CrossRef]
21. 21. Pet cat tests positive for COVID-19 virus. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Web site. Retrieved March, 31, 2020, from https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202003/31/P2020033100717.htm . Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2020.
22. 22. Barrs, V. R., Peiris, M., Tam, K., Law, P., Brackman, C. J., To, E., Yu, V., Chu, D., Perera, R., Sit, T. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 in Quarantined Domestic Cats from COVID-19 Households or Close Contacts, Hong Kong, China. Emerging infectious diseases, 26(12), 3071–3074. [CrossRef]
23. 23. SARS-CoV-2 in animals, American Veterinary Medical Association Web site. Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/animalhealth-and-welfare/covid-19/sars-cov-2-animals-includingpets . Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2020.
24. 24. Halfmann, P. J., Hatta, M., Chiba, S., Maemura, T., Fan, S., Takeda, M., Kinoshita, N., Hattori, S. I., Sakai-Tagawa, Y., Iwatsuki-Horimoto, K., Imai, M., Kawaoka, Y. (2020). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Domestic Cats. The New England journal of medicine, 383(6), 592–594. [CrossRef]
25. 25. Shi, J., Wen, Z., Zhong, G., Yang, H., Wang, C., Huang, B., Liu, R., He, X., Shuai, L., Sun, Z., Zhao, Y., Liu, P., Liang, L., Cui, P., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Guan, Y., Tan, W., Wu, G., Chen, H., … Bu, Z. (2020). Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS-coronavirus 2. Science (New York, N.Y.), 368(6494), 1016–1020. [CrossRef]
26. 26. SARS-CoV-2 Positive Test Results in Dogs in Hong Kong: Follow-Up Report No.1, OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) Web site. (2020a).Retrieved March 9, 2020, from https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=33546. Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2020.
27. 27. SARS-CoV-2 Positive Test Results in Dogs in Hong Kong: Follow-Up Report No. 3, OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) Web site. (2020b).Retrieved March 28, 2020, from https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?reportid=33762 . Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2020.
28. 28. Follow-Up Report NO1 (Second HK Dog, Final Report, OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) Web site. (2020c). Retrieved April 7, 2020, from https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=33892 . Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2020.
29. 29. AVMA (American Veterinary Medical Association) Web site. (2020a)Retrieved March 24, 2020, from https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/animal-health-and-welfare/covid-19/sars-cov-2-animals-including-pets. Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2020
30. 30. Immediate Notification, OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) Web site. (2020d). Retrieved March 30, 2020, from https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/vademecum/eng/PDF_WORD_Vademecum/WAHIS-WAHID_FINAL/Slide%2023/EN/OIE_Guidelines_Terra_2014(demonstration).pdf . Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2020.
31. 31. Information Provided by the National Veterinary Services of Belgium, OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) Web site. (2020e). Retrieved March 28, 2020, from https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Our_scientific_expertise/docs/pdf/COV-19/Belgium_28.03.20.pdf . Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2020.
32. 32. Sailleau, C., Dumarest, M., Vanhomwegen, J., Delaplace, M., Caro, V., Kwasiborski, A., Hourdel, V., Chevaillier, P., Barbarino, A., Comtet, L., Pourquier, P., Klonjkowski, B., Manuguerra, J. C., Zientara, S., & Le Poder, S. (2020). First detection and genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in an infected cat in France. Transboundary and emerging diseases, 67(6), 2324–2328.[CrossRef]
33. 33. Confirmation of COVID-19 in Two Pet Cats in New York (2020). USAID (United States Agency for International Development) Web site. Retrieved April 22, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/s0422-covid-19-cats-NYC.html . Erişim tarihi: 24.03.2022
34. 34. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Web site. Retrieved April 22, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/s0422-covid-19-cats-NYC.html . Erişim tarihi: 24.03.2022
35. 35. Dutch house pets test positive for coronavirus, DW Web site. Retrived March 24, 2022, from https://www.dw.com/en/dutch-house-pets-test-positive-for-coronavirus/a-53460111. Erişim tarihi: 24.03.2022
36. 36. Hamer, S. A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Zecca, I. B., Davila, E., Auckland, L. D., Roundy, C. M., Tang, W., Torchetti, M. K., Killian, M. L., Jenkins-Moore, M., Mozingo, K., Akpalu, Y., Ghai, R. R., Spengler, J. R., Barton Behravesh, C., Fischer, R., Hamer, G. L. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Viral Isolations among Serially Tested Cats and Dogs in Households with Infected Owners in Texas, USA. Viruses, 13(5), 938. [CrossRef]
37. 37. Mallapaty S. (2022). How sneezing hamsters sparked a COVID outbreak in Hong Kong. Nature, 10.1038/d41586-022-00322-0. Advance online publication. [CrossRef]
38. 38. Yen, H.L, Sit, T.H.C., Brackman, C.J., Chuk, S.S.Y., Gu, H., Tam, K.W.S., Law, P.Y.T., Leung, G.M., Peiris M., Poon L.L.M., the HKU-SPH study team (2022). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant (AY.127) from pet hamsters to humans, leading to onward human-to-human transmission: a case study. Lancet 2022; 399,1070–78. [CrossRef]
39. 39. Kok, K. H., Wong, S. C., Chan, W. M., Wen, L., Chu, A. W., Ip, J. D., Lee, L. K., Wong, I. T., Lo, H. W., Cheng, V. C., Ho, A. Y., Lam, B. H., Tse, H., Lung, D., Ng, K., Au, A. K., Siu, G. K., Yuen, K. Y. (2022). Co-circulation of two SARS-CoV-2 variant strains within imported pet hamsters in Hong Kong. Emerging microbes & infections, 11(1), 689–698. [CrossRef]
40. 40. Murphy, H. L., Ly, H. (2021). Understanding the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) exposure in companion, captive, wild, and farmed animals, Virülence, 12(1), 2777-2786. [CrossRef]
41. 41. Kiros, M., Andualem, H., Kiros, T., Hailemichael, W., Getu, S., Geteneh, A., Alemu, D., Abegaz, W.E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: current knowledge about the role of pets and other animals in disease transmission, Virology Journal, 17, 143. [CrossRef]
42. 42. Csiszar, A., Jakab, F., Valencak, T. G., Lanszki, Z., Tóth, G. E., Kemenesi, G., Tarantini, S., Fazekas-Pongor, V., Ungvari, Z. (2020). Companion animals likely do not spread COVID-19 but may get infected themselves. GeroScience, 42(5), 1229–1236. [CrossRef]