VIOLA ODORATA'NIN (KOKULU MENEKŞE) TOPLAM ANTİOKSİDAN DURUMU, ANTİMİKROBİYAL VE ANTİPROLİFERATİF POTANSİYELLERİ

Öz

Amaç: Bitkiler birçok biyolojik aktiviteden sorumludur. Bu kapsamda tamamlayıcı tıpta önemli doğal materyallerdir. Bu çalışmada Viola odorata L. bitkisinin toplam antioksidan durumu (TAS) ve toplam oksidan durumu (TOS) ve oksidatif stress indeksi (OSI) belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bitkinin antimikrobiyal ve antiproliferatif aktivitesi tespit edilmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bitkinin toprak üstü kısımlarının etanol ile soxhlet cihazından ekstraksiyon işlemi yapılmıştır. TAS, TOS ve OSI değerleri Rel Assay kitleri kullanılarak belirlendi. Antimikrobiyal aktivite agar dilisyon metodu ile bakteri ve fungus suşlarına karşı test edilmiştir. Antiproliferatif aktivite A549 akciger kanser hücre hattına karşı MTT testi ile test edilmiştir. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda bitki ekstraktının TAS değeri 6.752±0.139, TOS değeri 7.886±0.224 ve OSI değeri 0.117±0.001 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bitki özütleri standart bakterilere karşı 25-100 μg/ml, funguslara karşı 100-200 μg/ml konsantrasyonlarda etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Bitki özütünün antiproliferative aktivitesi özüt konsantrasyonuna bağlı olarak arttığı ve güçlü etkiler gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak V. odorata’nın önemli biyolojik aktivitelere sahip olduğu bu kapsamda farmakolojik ilaç dizaynlarında doğal kaynak olarak kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antioksidan
• kokulu menekşe
• oksidan
• şifalı bitkiler
• Viola odorata

TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT STATUS, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIPROLIFERATIVE POTENTIALS OF VIOLA ODORATA (FRAGRANT VIOLET)

Öz

Objective: Plants are preferred for biological effect. It is a natural resource used in the field of alternative medicine due to its biological effect. In our study, the total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) and total antioxidant status (TAS) of Viola odorata L. species were detected. In addition, antimicrobial and antiproliferative effect of species was detected. Material and Method: The some parts of the species were used with the help of a soxhlet equipment, and ethanol was preferred as a solvent. TOS, OSI and TAS capacitiy were detected using Rel Assay kits. Agar dilution method was preferred to determine antimicrobial effect against bacteria and fungi. Lung cancer cell line (A549) was used to find out the antiproliferative effect by MTT assay. Result and Discussion: Consequently, the studies, the TAS capacitiy of V. odorata extract was detected as 6.752±0.139, the TOS capacitiy as 7.886±0.224 and the OSI capacitiy as 0.117±0.001. V. odorata extracts were determined to be influential against standard bacteria at 25-100 μg/ml intensiy and against fungi at 100-200 μg/ml intensiy. It was detected that the antiproliferative effect of V. odorata extract increased depending on the extract intensiy and showed strong effects. Consequently, it has been detected that V. odorata has important biological effects and in the pharmaceutical industry, it can be preferred after certain stages.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antioxidant
• fragrant violet
• medicinal plants
• oxidant
• Viola odorata

Kaynakça

1. 1. Wu, W., Chen, W., Liu, S., Wu, J., Zhu, Y., Qin, L., Zhu, B. (2021). Beneficial relationships between endophytic bacteria and medicinal plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 646146. [CrossRef]
2. 2. Mohammed, F.S., Uysal, I., Sevindik, M. (2023). A review on antiviral plants effective against different virus types. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21(2), 1-21. [CrossRef]
3. 3. Mohammed, F.S., Korkmaz, N., Doğan, M., Şabik, A.E., Sevindik, M. (2021). Some medicinal properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice). Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 45(3), 524-534. [CrossRef]
4. 4. Khan, U.M., Sevindik, M., Zarrabi, A., Nami, M., Ozdemir, B., Kaplan, D.N., Selamoğlu, Z., Hasan, M., Kumar, M., Alshehri, M.M., Sharifi-Rad, J. (2021). Lycopene: Food sources, biological activities, and human health benefits. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, 2713511. [CrossRef]
5. 5. Rehman, M.F.U., Akhter, S., Batool, A.I., Selamoglu, Z., Sevindik, M., Eman, R., Mustaqeem, M., Akram, M.S., Kanwal, F., Lu, C., Aslam, M. (2021). Effectiveness of natural antioxidants against SARS-CoV-2? Insights from the in-silico world. Antibiotics, 10(8), 1011. [CrossRef]
6. 6. Manzione, M.G., Herrera‐Bravo, J., Sharifi‐Rad, J., Kregiel, D., Sevindik, M., Sevindik, E., Selamoglu, Z., Zam, W., Vitalini, S., Hano, C., Kukula-Koch, W., Koch, W., Pezzani, R. (2022). Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC.: A magnificent plant with biological and pharmacological properties. Food Frontiers, 2022, 1-12. [CrossRef]
7. 7. Korkmaz, N., Dayangaç, A., Sevindik, M. (2021). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of Galium aparine. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 45(3), 554-564. [CrossRef]
8. 8. Mittal, P., Gupta, V., Goswami, M., Thakur, N., Bansal, P. (2015). Phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Viola odorata. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 4, 693. [CrossRef]

9. 9. Janbaz, K.H., Khan, W.U., Saqib, F., Khalid, M. (2015). Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Viola odorata in diarrhea, bronchial asthma and hypertension. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 10(4), 836-843. [CrossRef]
10. 10. Erel, O. (2004). A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clinical Biochemistry, 37(4), 277-285. [CrossRef]
11. 11. Erel, O. (2005). A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical Biochemistry, 38(12), 1103-1111. [CrossRef]
12. 12. Sevindik, M. (2019). The novel biological tests on various extracts of Cerioporus varius. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(5), 3713-3717.
13. 13. Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M., Sherris, J.C., Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493-496. [CrossRef]
14. 14. Hindler, J., Hochstein, L., Howell, A. (1992). Preparation of routine media and reagents used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Part 1. McFarland Standards, In: H.D. Isenberg (ed) Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. p. 5.19.1-5.19.6.
15. 15. Matuschek, E., Brown, D.F., Kahlmeter, G. (2014). Development of the EUCAST disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing method and its implementation in routine microbiology laboratories. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20, 255-266. [CrossRef]
16. 16. Bal, C., Akgul, H., Sevindik, M., Akata, I., Yumrutas, O. (2017). Determination of the anti-oxidative activities of six mushrooms. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26(10), 6246-6252.
17. 17. Abubakar, A.R., Haque, M. (2020). Preparation of medicinal plants: Basic extraction and fractionation procedures for experimental purposes. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, 12(1), 1. [CrossRef]
18. 18. Soares, C., Carvalho, M.E., Azevedo, R.A., Fidalgo, F. (2019). Plants facing oxidative challenges-A little help from the antioxidant networks. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 161, 4-25. [CrossRef]
19. 19. Selamoglu, Z., Sevindik, M., Bal, C., Ozaltun, B., Sen, İ., Pasdaran, A. (2020). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and DNA protection activities of phenolic content of Tricholoma virgatum (Fr.) P. Kumm. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 10(3), 5500-5506. [CrossRef]
20. 20. Akhbari, M., Batooli, H., Kashi, F.J. (2012). Composition of essential oil and biological activity of extracts of Viola odorata L. from central Iran. Natural Product Research, 26(9), 802-809. [CrossRef]
21. 21. Katoch, M., Singh, A., Singh, G., Wazir, P., Kumar, R. (2017). Phylogeny, antimicrobial, antioxidant and enzyme-producing potential of fungal endophytes found in Viola odorata. Annals of Microbiology, 67(8), 529-540. [CrossRef]
22. 22. Jamshed, H., Siddiqi, H.S., Gilani, A.U.H., Arslan, J., Qasim, M., Gul, B. (2019). Studies on antioxidant, hepatoprotective and vasculoprotective potential of Viola odorata and Wrightia tinctoria. Phytotherapy Research, 33(9), 2310-2318. [CrossRef]
23. 23. Yousefi, M., Khanniri, E., Shadnoush, M., Khorshidian, N., Mortazavian, A.M. (2020). Development, characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity of chitosan-coated alginate microcapsules entrapping Viola odorata Linn. extract. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 163, 44-54. [CrossRef]
24. 24. Sevindik, M., Akgul, H., Pehlivan, M., Selamoglu, Z. (2017). Determination of therapeutic potential of Mentha longifolia ssp. longifolia. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26(7), 4757-4763.
25. 25. Mohammed, F.S., Akgul, H., Sevindik, M., Khaled, B.M.T. (2018). Phenolic content and biological activities of Rhus coriaria var. zebaria. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(8), 5694-5702.
26. 26. Mohammed, F.S., Karakaş, M., Akgül, H., Sevindik, M. (2019). Medicinal properties of Allium calocephalum collected from Gara Mountain (Iraq). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(10), 7419-7426.
27. 27. Saraç, H., Demirbaş, A., Daştan, S.D., Ataş, M., Çevik, Ö., Eruygur, N. (2019). Evaluation of nutrients and biological activities of Kenger (Gundellia tournefortii L.) seeds cultivated in Sivas province. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 7(sp2), 52-58. [CrossRef]
28. 28. Mohammed, F.S., Günal, S., Şabik, A.E., Akgül, H., Sevindik, M. (2020). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Scorzonera papposa collected from Iraq and Turkey. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(5), 1114-1118. [CrossRef]
29. 29. Mohammed, F.S., Kına, E., Sevindik, M., Doğan, M., Pehlivan, M. (2021). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extract of Helianthemum salicifolium (Cistaceae). Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 12(3), 459-462. [CrossRef]
30. 30. Unal, O., Eraslan, E.C., Uysal, I., Mohammed, F.S., Sevindik, M., Akgul, H. (2022). Biological activities and phenolic contents of Rumex scutatus collected from Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 31(07), 7341-7346.
31. 31. Horváth, M., Babinszky, L. (2018). Impact of selected antioxidant vitamins (Vitamin A, E and C) and micro minerals (Zn, Se) on the antioxidant status and performance under high environmental temperature in poultry. A review. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A-Animal Science, 68(3), 152-160. [CrossRef]
32. 32. Milisav, I., Ribarič, S., Poljsak, B. (2018). Antioxidant vitamins and ageing. Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing: Part I Biomedical Science, 1-23. [CrossRef]
33. 33. Sevindik, M. (2020). Antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity of Lactifluus rugatus and its antiproliferative activity on A549 cells. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 19(2), 423-427. [CrossRef]
34. 34. González-Lamothe, R., Mitchell, G., Gattuso, M., Diarra, M.S., Malouin, F., Bouarab, K. (2009). Plant antimicrobial agents and their effects on plant and human pathogens. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10(8), 3400-3419. [CrossRef]
35. 35. Uysal, I., Koçer, O., Mohammed, F.S., Lekesiz, Ö., Doğan, M., Şabik, A.E., Sevindik, E., Gerçeker, F.Ö., Sevindik, M. (2023). Pharmacological and nutritional properties: Genus Salvia. Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy, 11(2), 140-155. [CrossRef]
36. 36. Ziad, D., Elias, A., Roula, A.M. (2011). Antibacterial activity of Rheum rhaponticum, Olea europaea, and Viola odorata on ESBL producing clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2(7), 1669.
37. 37. Gautam, S.S., Kumar, S. (2012). The antibacterial and phytochemical aspects of Viola odorata Linn. extracts against respiratory tract pathogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 82(4), 567-572. [CrossRef]
38. 38. Arora, D.S., Kaur, G.J. (2007). Antibacterial activity of some Indian medicinal plants. Journal of Natural Medicines, 61(3), 313-317. [CrossRef]
39. 39. Sevindik, M., Bal, C. (2021). Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities of wild mushroom, Laeticutis cristata (Agaricomycetes) from Turkey. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 23(11), 85-90. [CrossRef]
40. 40. Sevindik, M. (2021). Anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant and DNA protective potential of mushroom Leucopaxillus gentianeus (Quél.) Kotl. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 59(05), 310-315. [CrossRef]
41. 41. Iqbal, J., Abbasi, B.A., Mahmood, T., Kanwal, S., Ali, B., Shah, S.A., Khalil, A.T. (2017). Plant-derived anticancer agents: A green anticancer approach. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(12), 1129-1150. [CrossRef]
42. 42. Parsley, N.C., Kirkpatrick, C.L., Crittenden, C.M., Rad, J.G., Hoskin, D.W., Brodbelt, J.S., Hicks, L.M. (2018). PepSAVI-MS reveals anticancer and antifungal cycloviolacins in Viola odorata. Phytochemistry, 152, 61-70. [CrossRef]
43. 43. Rahimi, V.B., Askari, V.R., Emami, S.A., Tayarani-Najaran, Z. (2017). Anti-melanogenic activity of Viola odorata different extracts on B16F10 murine melanoma cells. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 20(3), 242. [CrossRef]