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UYUŞTURUCU MADDE BAĞIMLILIĞI VE TÜRKİYE’DE UYUŞTURUCU MADDE KULLANIMININ İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2023, , 1071 - 1083, 20.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1261593

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada faydalanılan birtakım istatistiki değerler ile uyuşturucu madde kullanım oranlarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmaktadır.
Sonuç ve Tartışma: Ulaşılan bilgiler ışığında Türkiye’de madde kullanım oranı günden güne arttığı görülmektedir. Emniyet Müdürlüğü ile birlikte kurumlar kaynaklarını uyuşturucu ile mücadele etmek için kullanmaktadır. Yapılan araştırmalara göre istatistiki analizler doğrultusunda mücadele için daha kapsamlı ve caydırıcı önlemler alınması zorunluluğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Konu ile ilgili olan tüm paydaşlar, uyuşturucu ile mücadele için tüm paydaşlar ve kurumlar aynı mücadeleci yaklaşıma sahip olmalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Eddy, N.B., Halbach, H., Isbell, H., Seevers, M.H. (1965). Drug dependence: Its significance and characteristics. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 32(5), 721.
  • 2. Cabral, G.A. (2006). Drugs of abuse, immune modulation, and AIDS. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 1(3), 280-295. [CrossRef]
  • 3. Peksaygılı, M., Erden, G. (2004). Çocuklarda ve ergenlerde madde kullanımı ve bağımlılığı. http://www.psikolog.org.tr/content_detail.asp. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
  • 4. Spielberger, C. (2004). Encyclopedia of applied psychology. Academic press, Cambridge, p.40.
  • 5. Benjamin, A., Chidi, N. (2014). Drug abuse, addiction and dependence. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 327. [CrossRef]
  • 6. Espada, J.P., Irles, D.L. (n.d.). Basic Concepts in Drug Addiction. http://cesie.org/media/E-BOOKpreventingdrugabuseEN.Pdf. Erişim tarihi: 12.08.2022.
  • 7. Crime, U. (United N.O. on D. and. (2014). World Drug Report.
  • 8. Daughton, C.G. (2011). Illicit drugs: Contaminants in the environment and utility in forensic epidemiology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 210, 59-110. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Hulse, G.K., English, D.R., Milne, E., Holman, C.D.J. (1999). The quantification of mortality resulting from the regular use of illicit opiates. Addiction, 94(2), 221-229. [CrossRef]
  • 10. Volkow, N.D. (2010). Drugs, brains, and behavior: The science of addiction. Retrieved on March, 23, (2011), 255-169. https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/soa.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
  • 11. Bevilacqua, L., Goldman, D. (2009). Genes and addictions. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 85(4), 359. [CrossRef]
  • 12. Services, U.S.D. of H.H. (1999). Substance abuse and mental health services administration. Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health.
  • 13. Bushra, R., Aslam, N., Ahmed, K.Z. (2013). Drug misuse, dependence and addiction. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(03), 1-7. [CrossRef]
  • 14. Byrne, B. (2000). Relationships between anxiety, fear, self-esteem, and coping strategies in adolescence. Adolescence, 35(137), 201-215.
  • 15. Wexler, M. (1991). “Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A longitudinal inquiry”: Comment.American Psychologist, 46(2), 165. [CrossRef]
  • 16. Brook, J.S., Brook, D.W., Arencibia-Mireles, O., Richter, L., Whiteman, M. (2001). Risk factors for adolescent marijuana use across cultures and across time. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 162(3), 357-374. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Whitesell, M., Bachand, A., Peel, J., Brown, M. (2013). Familial, social, and individual factors contributing to risk for adolescent substance use. Journal of Addiction, 2013, 579310. [CrossRef]
  • 18. Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (US) [CDPHE]. (n.d.). Child Abuse and Neglect. https://cdphe.colorado.gov/health/prevention-and-wellness/nurturing-families-and-communities. Erişim tarihi: 17.04.2022.
  • 19. Chen, W.Y., Propp, J., Delara, E., Corvo, K. (2011). Child neglect and its association with subsequent juvenile drug and alcohol offense. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 28(4), 273-290. [CrossRef]
  • 20. Cheng, T.C., Lo, C.C. (2010). The roles of parenting and child welfare services in alcohol use by adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(1), 38-43. [CrossRef]
  • 21. Salud., S. (1999). Norma Oficial Mexicana. https://www.gob.mx/salud/en/documentos/normas-oficiales-mexicanas-. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
  • 22. Sousa, B. de O.P., Stelko-Pereira, A.C., Chaves, É. de C.L., da Silva Moreira, D., dos Santos, M.A., Pillon, S.C. (2017). Drug use and risk factors among school adolescents. Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences, 39(2), 233-240. [CrossRef]
  • 23. Diego, M.A., Field, T.M., Sanders, C.E. (2003). Academic performance, popularity, and depression predict adolescent substance use. Adolescence, 38(149), 35-43.
  • 24. Simons-Morton, B., Haynie, D.L., Crump, A.D., Eitel, P., Saylor, K.E. (2001). Peer and parent influences on smoking and drinking among early adolescents. Health Education & Behavior, 28(1), 95-107. [CrossRef]
  • 25. Trucco, E.M., Colder, C.R., Bowker, J.C., Wieczorek, W.F. (2011). Interpersonal goals and susceptibility to peer influence: Risk factors for intentions to initiate substance use during early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 31(4), 526-547. [CrossRef]
  • 26. Tucker, J.S., Green Jr, H.D., Zhou, A.J., Miles, J.N.V., Shih, R.A., D’Amico, E.J. (2011). Substance use among middle school students: Associations with self-rated and peer-nominated popularity. Journal of Adolescence, 34(3), 513-519. [CrossRef]
  • 27. Murphey, D., Barry, M., Vaughn, B., Guzman, L., Terzian, M. (2013). Adolescent health highlight: Use of illicit drugs. Trends Child.
  • 28. Maltzman, I., Schweiger, A. (1991). Individual and family characteristics of middle class adolescents hospitalized for alcohol and other drug abuse. British Journal of Addiction, 86(11), 1435-1447. [CrossRef]
  • 29. Tonmyr, L., Thornton, T., Draca, J., Wekerle, C. (2010). A review of childhood maltreatment and adolescent substance use relationship. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 6(3), 223-234. [CrossRef]
  • 30. Moran, P.B., Vuchinich, S., Hall, N.K. (2004). Associations between types of maltreatment and substance use during adolescence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(5), 565-574. [CrossRef]
  • 31. Kilpatrick, D.G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B., Resnick, H.S., Best, C.L., Schnurr, P.P. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 19-30. [CrossRef]
  • 32. Simantov, E., Schoen, C., Klein, J.D. (2000). Health-compromising behaviors: why do adolescents smoke or drink?: identifying underlying risk and protective factors. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 154(10), 1025-1033. [CrossRef]
  • 33. Wall, A.E., Kohl, P.L. (2007). Substance use in maltreated youth: Findings from the national survey of child and adolescent well-being. Child Maltreatment, 12(1), 20-30. [CrossRef]
  • 34. Segal, D.L. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, p.110-111.
  • 35. Tam, C.L., Foo, Y.C. (2012). Contributory factors of drug abuse and the accessibility of drugs. International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health, 4(9), 1621-1625.
  • 36. Anker, J.J., Carroll, M.E. (2010). The role of progestins in the behavioral effects of cocaine and other drugs of abuse: human and animal research. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(2), 315-333. [CrossRef]
  • 37. Sinha, R. (2008). Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1141, 105-130. [CrossRef]
  • 38. Breiter, H.C., Gollub, R.L., Weisskoff, R.M., Kennedy, D.N., Makris, N., Berke, J.D., Goodman, J.M., Kantor, H.L., Gastfriend, D.R., Riorden, J.P. (1997). Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emotion. Neuron, 19(3), 591-611. [CrossRef]
  • 39. Spanagel, R., Weiss, F. (1999). The dopamine hypothesis of reward: past and current status. Trends in Neurosciences, 22(11), 521-527. [CrossRef]
  • 40. Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S., Wang, G.J. (1999). Imaging studies on the role of dopamine in cocaine reinforcement and addiction in humans. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 13(4), 337-345. [CrossRef]
  • 41. Anglin, M.D., Hser, Y.I. (1990). Treatment of drug abuse. Crime and Justice, 13, 393-460.
  • 42. Volkow, N.D. (2018). Principles Of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide (Third Edition). https://www.drugabuse.gov/Publications/Principles-Drug-Addiction-Treatment-Research-Based-Guide-Third-Edition/Preface. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
  • 43. Gerstein, D.R., Lewin, L.S. (1990). Treating drug problems. New England Journal of Medicine, 323(12), 844-848.
  • 44. Simpson, D.D., Joe, G.W., Rowan-Szal, G.A. (1997). Drug abuse treatment retention and process effects on follow-up outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 47(3), 227-235. [CrossRef]
  • 45. Koob, G.F., Ahmed, S.H., Boutrel, B., Chen, S.A., Kenny, P.J., Markou, A., O’Dell, L.E., Parsons, L.H., Sanna, P.P. (2004). Neurobiological mechanisms in the transition from drug use to drug dependence. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(8), 739-749. [CrossRef]
  • 46. Baconi, D.L., Ciobanu, A.M., Vlăsceanu, A.M., Cobani, O.D., Negrei, C., Bălălău, C. (2015). Current concepts on drug abuse and dependence. Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences, 2(1), 18-33.
  • 47. Koob, G.F. (2004). Allostatic view of motivation: implications for psychopathology. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 50, 1-18.
  • 48. Association, A.P. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). United States: American Psychiatric Association Publishing, pp.5-10.
  • 49. Sussman, S.Y., Ames, S.L. (2001). The social psychology of drug abuse. Open University Press Buckingham, p.54.
  • 50. Graham, M.G. (1987). Controlling drug abuse and crime: A research update. US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, p.2.
  • 51. Jaffe, J.H. (1979). The swinging pendulum: The treatment of drug users in America. Michigan: Handbook on Drug Abuse, pp.3-16.
  • 52. Newman, R. G. (1987). Methadone treatment. New England Journal of Medicine, 317(7), 447-450. [CrossRef]
  • 53. WHO (2008). Principles of Drug Dependence Treatment: Discussion Paper. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/principles-of-drug-dependence-treatment Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
  • 54. Friedman, H., Eisenstein, T.K. (2004). Neurological basis of drug dependence and its effects on the immune system. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 147(1-2), 106-108. [CrossRef]
  • 55. Tomkins, D.M., Sellers, E.M. (2001). Addiction and the brain: the role of neurotransmitters in the cause and treatment of drug dependence. CMAJ, 164(6), 817-821.
  • 56. Stewart, J., Badiani, A. (1993). Effects of drugs. Behavioural Pharmacology, 4, 289-312.
  • 57. McLellan, A.T., Lewis, D.C., O’brien, C.P., Kleber, H.D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. JAMA, 284(13), 1689-1695. [CrossRef]
  • 58. Fronczak, C.M., Kim, E.D., Barqawi, A.B. (2012). The insults of illicit drug use on male fertility. Journal of Andrology, 33(4), 515-528. [CrossRef]
  • 59. Nutt, D.J., King, L.A., Phillips, L.D. (2010). Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet, 376(9752), 1558-1565. [CrossRef]
  • 60. Reiman, A. (2009). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 6(1), 1-5. [CrossRef]
  • 61. Gökler, R., Koçak, R. (2008). Uyuşturucu ve madde bağımlılığı. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 89-104.
  • 62. Doğan, Y.B. (2001). Madde kullanımı ve bağımlılığı. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(4).
  • 63. Toprak, S., Doğru, A., Gümüş, B. (2010). Türkiye’de uyuşturucu madde suçları ve sosyodemografik özellikleri. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, 32(1), 19-25.
  • 64. İçişleri Bakanlığı. (2020). Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu.
  • 65. IHME. (2021). Global Burden of Disease. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from http://www.healthdata.org/gbd/about. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
  • 66. Adalet Bakanlığı. (2021). Adalet Bakanlığı Ceza ve Tevkifevleri Genel Müdürlüğü. https://cte.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/cik-istatistikleri12012021090932. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.

DRUG ADDICTION AND AN INVESTIGATION OF DRUG USE IN TURKEY

Yıl 2023, , 1071 - 1083, 20.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1261593

Öz

Objective: In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the drug use situation in Turkey in the light of current data on some statistical indicators.
Result and Discussion: It is observed that the number of people addicted to drugs is constantly increasing in Turkey. In this context, Turkey mobilizes all its resources and fights against drugs with all its institutions, especially the Police Department. However, the negative situation in the statistical indicators within the scope of the fight against drugs reveals that Turkey should take more deterrent measures in this regard. All relevant stakeholders should be mobilized for an effective fight against drugs.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Eddy, N.B., Halbach, H., Isbell, H., Seevers, M.H. (1965). Drug dependence: Its significance and characteristics. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 32(5), 721.
  • 2. Cabral, G.A. (2006). Drugs of abuse, immune modulation, and AIDS. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 1(3), 280-295. [CrossRef]
  • 3. Peksaygılı, M., Erden, G. (2004). Çocuklarda ve ergenlerde madde kullanımı ve bağımlılığı. http://www.psikolog.org.tr/content_detail.asp. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
  • 4. Spielberger, C. (2004). Encyclopedia of applied psychology. Academic press, Cambridge, p.40.
  • 5. Benjamin, A., Chidi, N. (2014). Drug abuse, addiction and dependence. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 327. [CrossRef]
  • 6. Espada, J.P., Irles, D.L. (n.d.). Basic Concepts in Drug Addiction. http://cesie.org/media/E-BOOKpreventingdrugabuseEN.Pdf. Erişim tarihi: 12.08.2022.
  • 7. Crime, U. (United N.O. on D. and. (2014). World Drug Report.
  • 8. Daughton, C.G. (2011). Illicit drugs: Contaminants in the environment and utility in forensic epidemiology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 210, 59-110. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Hulse, G.K., English, D.R., Milne, E., Holman, C.D.J. (1999). The quantification of mortality resulting from the regular use of illicit opiates. Addiction, 94(2), 221-229. [CrossRef]
  • 10. Volkow, N.D. (2010). Drugs, brains, and behavior: The science of addiction. Retrieved on March, 23, (2011), 255-169. https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/soa.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
  • 11. Bevilacqua, L., Goldman, D. (2009). Genes and addictions. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 85(4), 359. [CrossRef]
  • 12. Services, U.S.D. of H.H. (1999). Substance abuse and mental health services administration. Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health.
  • 13. Bushra, R., Aslam, N., Ahmed, K.Z. (2013). Drug misuse, dependence and addiction. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(03), 1-7. [CrossRef]
  • 14. Byrne, B. (2000). Relationships between anxiety, fear, self-esteem, and coping strategies in adolescence. Adolescence, 35(137), 201-215.
  • 15. Wexler, M. (1991). “Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A longitudinal inquiry”: Comment.American Psychologist, 46(2), 165. [CrossRef]
  • 16. Brook, J.S., Brook, D.W., Arencibia-Mireles, O., Richter, L., Whiteman, M. (2001). Risk factors for adolescent marijuana use across cultures and across time. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 162(3), 357-374. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Whitesell, M., Bachand, A., Peel, J., Brown, M. (2013). Familial, social, and individual factors contributing to risk for adolescent substance use. Journal of Addiction, 2013, 579310. [CrossRef]
  • 18. Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (US) [CDPHE]. (n.d.). Child Abuse and Neglect. https://cdphe.colorado.gov/health/prevention-and-wellness/nurturing-families-and-communities. Erişim tarihi: 17.04.2022.
  • 19. Chen, W.Y., Propp, J., Delara, E., Corvo, K. (2011). Child neglect and its association with subsequent juvenile drug and alcohol offense. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 28(4), 273-290. [CrossRef]
  • 20. Cheng, T.C., Lo, C.C. (2010). The roles of parenting and child welfare services in alcohol use by adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(1), 38-43. [CrossRef]
  • 21. Salud., S. (1999). Norma Oficial Mexicana. https://www.gob.mx/salud/en/documentos/normas-oficiales-mexicanas-. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
  • 22. Sousa, B. de O.P., Stelko-Pereira, A.C., Chaves, É. de C.L., da Silva Moreira, D., dos Santos, M.A., Pillon, S.C. (2017). Drug use and risk factors among school adolescents. Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences, 39(2), 233-240. [CrossRef]
  • 23. Diego, M.A., Field, T.M., Sanders, C.E. (2003). Academic performance, popularity, and depression predict adolescent substance use. Adolescence, 38(149), 35-43.
  • 24. Simons-Morton, B., Haynie, D.L., Crump, A.D., Eitel, P., Saylor, K.E. (2001). Peer and parent influences on smoking and drinking among early adolescents. Health Education & Behavior, 28(1), 95-107. [CrossRef]
  • 25. Trucco, E.M., Colder, C.R., Bowker, J.C., Wieczorek, W.F. (2011). Interpersonal goals and susceptibility to peer influence: Risk factors for intentions to initiate substance use during early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 31(4), 526-547. [CrossRef]
  • 26. Tucker, J.S., Green Jr, H.D., Zhou, A.J., Miles, J.N.V., Shih, R.A., D’Amico, E.J. (2011). Substance use among middle school students: Associations with self-rated and peer-nominated popularity. Journal of Adolescence, 34(3), 513-519. [CrossRef]
  • 27. Murphey, D., Barry, M., Vaughn, B., Guzman, L., Terzian, M. (2013). Adolescent health highlight: Use of illicit drugs. Trends Child.
  • 28. Maltzman, I., Schweiger, A. (1991). Individual and family characteristics of middle class adolescents hospitalized for alcohol and other drug abuse. British Journal of Addiction, 86(11), 1435-1447. [CrossRef]
  • 29. Tonmyr, L., Thornton, T., Draca, J., Wekerle, C. (2010). A review of childhood maltreatment and adolescent substance use relationship. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 6(3), 223-234. [CrossRef]
  • 30. Moran, P.B., Vuchinich, S., Hall, N.K. (2004). Associations between types of maltreatment and substance use during adolescence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(5), 565-574. [CrossRef]
  • 31. Kilpatrick, D.G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B., Resnick, H.S., Best, C.L., Schnurr, P.P. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 19-30. [CrossRef]
  • 32. Simantov, E., Schoen, C., Klein, J.D. (2000). Health-compromising behaviors: why do adolescents smoke or drink?: identifying underlying risk and protective factors. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 154(10), 1025-1033. [CrossRef]
  • 33. Wall, A.E., Kohl, P.L. (2007). Substance use in maltreated youth: Findings from the national survey of child and adolescent well-being. Child Maltreatment, 12(1), 20-30. [CrossRef]
  • 34. Segal, D.L. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, p.110-111.
  • 35. Tam, C.L., Foo, Y.C. (2012). Contributory factors of drug abuse and the accessibility of drugs. International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health, 4(9), 1621-1625.
  • 36. Anker, J.J., Carroll, M.E. (2010). The role of progestins in the behavioral effects of cocaine and other drugs of abuse: human and animal research. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(2), 315-333. [CrossRef]
  • 37. Sinha, R. (2008). Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1141, 105-130. [CrossRef]
  • 38. Breiter, H.C., Gollub, R.L., Weisskoff, R.M., Kennedy, D.N., Makris, N., Berke, J.D., Goodman, J.M., Kantor, H.L., Gastfriend, D.R., Riorden, J.P. (1997). Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emotion. Neuron, 19(3), 591-611. [CrossRef]
  • 39. Spanagel, R., Weiss, F. (1999). The dopamine hypothesis of reward: past and current status. Trends in Neurosciences, 22(11), 521-527. [CrossRef]
  • 40. Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S., Wang, G.J. (1999). Imaging studies on the role of dopamine in cocaine reinforcement and addiction in humans. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 13(4), 337-345. [CrossRef]
  • 41. Anglin, M.D., Hser, Y.I. (1990). Treatment of drug abuse. Crime and Justice, 13, 393-460.
  • 42. Volkow, N.D. (2018). Principles Of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide (Third Edition). https://www.drugabuse.gov/Publications/Principles-Drug-Addiction-Treatment-Research-Based-Guide-Third-Edition/Preface. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
  • 43. Gerstein, D.R., Lewin, L.S. (1990). Treating drug problems. New England Journal of Medicine, 323(12), 844-848.
  • 44. Simpson, D.D., Joe, G.W., Rowan-Szal, G.A. (1997). Drug abuse treatment retention and process effects on follow-up outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 47(3), 227-235. [CrossRef]
  • 45. Koob, G.F., Ahmed, S.H., Boutrel, B., Chen, S.A., Kenny, P.J., Markou, A., O’Dell, L.E., Parsons, L.H., Sanna, P.P. (2004). Neurobiological mechanisms in the transition from drug use to drug dependence. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(8), 739-749. [CrossRef]
  • 46. Baconi, D.L., Ciobanu, A.M., Vlăsceanu, A.M., Cobani, O.D., Negrei, C., Bălălău, C. (2015). Current concepts on drug abuse and dependence. Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences, 2(1), 18-33.
  • 47. Koob, G.F. (2004). Allostatic view of motivation: implications for psychopathology. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 50, 1-18.
  • 48. Association, A.P. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). United States: American Psychiatric Association Publishing, pp.5-10.
  • 49. Sussman, S.Y., Ames, S.L. (2001). The social psychology of drug abuse. Open University Press Buckingham, p.54.
  • 50. Graham, M.G. (1987). Controlling drug abuse and crime: A research update. US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, p.2.
  • 51. Jaffe, J.H. (1979). The swinging pendulum: The treatment of drug users in America. Michigan: Handbook on Drug Abuse, pp.3-16.
  • 52. Newman, R. G. (1987). Methadone treatment. New England Journal of Medicine, 317(7), 447-450. [CrossRef]
  • 53. WHO (2008). Principles of Drug Dependence Treatment: Discussion Paper. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/principles-of-drug-dependence-treatment Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
  • 54. Friedman, H., Eisenstein, T.K. (2004). Neurological basis of drug dependence and its effects on the immune system. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 147(1-2), 106-108. [CrossRef]
  • 55. Tomkins, D.M., Sellers, E.M. (2001). Addiction and the brain: the role of neurotransmitters in the cause and treatment of drug dependence. CMAJ, 164(6), 817-821.
  • 56. Stewart, J., Badiani, A. (1993). Effects of drugs. Behavioural Pharmacology, 4, 289-312.
  • 57. McLellan, A.T., Lewis, D.C., O’brien, C.P., Kleber, H.D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. JAMA, 284(13), 1689-1695. [CrossRef]
  • 58. Fronczak, C.M., Kim, E.D., Barqawi, A.B. (2012). The insults of illicit drug use on male fertility. Journal of Andrology, 33(4), 515-528. [CrossRef]
  • 59. Nutt, D.J., King, L.A., Phillips, L.D. (2010). Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet, 376(9752), 1558-1565. [CrossRef]
  • 60. Reiman, A. (2009). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 6(1), 1-5. [CrossRef]
  • 61. Gökler, R., Koçak, R. (2008). Uyuşturucu ve madde bağımlılığı. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 89-104.
  • 62. Doğan, Y.B. (2001). Madde kullanımı ve bağımlılığı. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(4).
  • 63. Toprak, S., Doğru, A., Gümüş, B. (2010). Türkiye’de uyuşturucu madde suçları ve sosyodemografik özellikleri. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, 32(1), 19-25.
  • 64. İçişleri Bakanlığı. (2020). Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu.
  • 65. IHME. (2021). Global Burden of Disease. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from http://www.healthdata.org/gbd/about. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
  • 66. Adalet Bakanlığı. (2021). Adalet Bakanlığı Ceza ve Tevkifevleri Genel Müdürlüğü. https://cte.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/cik-istatistikleri12012021090932. Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eczacılık ve İlaç Bilimleri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Fatma Ceren Öztürk 0000-0002-0435-9075

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Mart 2023
Kabul Tarihi 3 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztürk, F. C. (2023). UYUŞTURUCU MADDE BAĞIMLILIĞI VE TÜRKİYE’DE UYUŞTURUCU MADDE KULLANIMININ İNCELENMESİ. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 47(3), 1071-1083. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1261593
AMA Öztürk FC. UYUŞTURUCU MADDE BAĞIMLILIĞI VE TÜRKİYE’DE UYUŞTURUCU MADDE KULLANIMININ İNCELENMESİ. Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg. Eylül 2023;47(3):1071-1083. doi:10.33483/jfpau.1261593
Chicago Öztürk, Fatma Ceren. “UYUŞTURUCU MADDE BAĞIMLILIĞI VE TÜRKİYE’DE UYUŞTURUCU MADDE KULLANIMININ İNCELENMESİ”. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University 47, sy. 3 (Eylül 2023): 1071-83. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1261593.
EndNote Öztürk FC (01 Eylül 2023) UYUŞTURUCU MADDE BAĞIMLILIĞI VE TÜRKİYE’DE UYUŞTURUCU MADDE KULLANIMININ İNCELENMESİ. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University 47 3 1071–1083.
IEEE F. C. Öztürk, “UYUŞTURUCU MADDE BAĞIMLILIĞI VE TÜRKİYE’DE UYUŞTURUCU MADDE KULLANIMININ İNCELENMESİ”, Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg., c. 47, sy. 3, ss. 1071–1083, 2023, doi: 10.33483/jfpau.1261593.
ISNAD Öztürk, Fatma Ceren. “UYUŞTURUCU MADDE BAĞIMLILIĞI VE TÜRKİYE’DE UYUŞTURUCU MADDE KULLANIMININ İNCELENMESİ”. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University 47/3 (Eylül 2023), 1071-1083. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1261593.
JAMA Öztürk FC. UYUŞTURUCU MADDE BAĞIMLILIĞI VE TÜRKİYE’DE UYUŞTURUCU MADDE KULLANIMININ İNCELENMESİ. Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg. 2023;47:1071–1083.
MLA Öztürk, Fatma Ceren. “UYUŞTURUCU MADDE BAĞIMLILIĞI VE TÜRKİYE’DE UYUŞTURUCU MADDE KULLANIMININ İNCELENMESİ”. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, c. 47, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 1071-83, doi:10.33483/jfpau.1261593.
Vancouver Öztürk FC. UYUŞTURUCU MADDE BAĞIMLILIĞI VE TÜRKİYE’DE UYUŞTURUCU MADDE KULLANIMININ İNCELENMESİ. Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg. 2023;47(3):1071-83.

Kapsam ve Amaç

Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, açık erişim, hakemli bir dergi olup Türkçe veya İngilizce olarak farmasötik bilimler alanındaki önemli gelişmeleri içeren orijinal araştırmalar, derlemeler ve kısa bildiriler için uluslararası bir yayım ortamıdır. Bilimsel toplantılarda sunulan bildiriler supleman özel sayısı olarak dergide yayımlanabilir. Ayrıca, tüm farmasötik alandaki gelecek ve önceki ulusal ve uluslararası bilimsel toplantılar ile sosyal aktiviteleri içerir.