RUŞEYM YAĞININ DİYABETE BAĞLI TESTİKÜLER HASAR ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN OKSİDATİF STRES PARAMETRELERİ YÖNÜNDEN İNCELENMESİ

Öz

Amaç: Ruşeym yağının (RY) diyabetin neden olduğu testiküler hasar üzerinde oksidatif stres aracılı etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: 42 erkek Wistar albino sıçan randomize 6 gruba ayrılmıştır: kontrol, kontrol düşük doz (100 mg/kg/gün), kontrol yüksek doz (1000 mg/kg/gün), diyabet kontrol, diyabet düşük doz (100 mg/kg/gün), diyabet yüksek doz (1000 mg/kg/gün). Diyabet ve kontrol gruplarına 28 gün süre ile gavajla RY uygulanmıştır. Her hafta kan glukoz düzeyleri ölçülmüştür. Ötenazinin ardından testis dokuları çıkartılmıştır. Dokular homojenize edilmiş ve Bradford yöntemi ile total protein düzeyleri ölçülmüştür. Lipit peroksidasyonunun göstergesi olarak dokularda MDA düzeyleri, oksidatif stresin göstergesi olarak glutatyon düzeyleri ölçülmüştür. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Kontrol grubunda hem düşük, hem de yüksek doz RY uygulaması rölatif testis ağırlığında azalmaya neden olmuştur. Diyabetik yüksek doz RY grubunun rölatif testis ağırlığı diyabet kontrol grubuna göre azalmıştır. Kan glukoz düzeyleri ve vücut ağırlıklarında RY’ye bağlı olarak anlamlı farklılık görülmemiştir (p>0.05). Diyabetik hayvanlar arasında en düşük testis MDA düzeyleri diyabet yüksek doz grubunda bulunmuştur. Kontrol düşük doz grubunda glutatyon düzeyleri artmıştır. Ancak gruplar arasında MDA ve glutatyon düzeyi bakımından anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır (p>0.05). Halk arasında kullanımı ve antioksidan aktivitesi olan RY’nin seksüel hormonlar ve diğer moleküler yolaklar üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılacağı yeni çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Buğday ruşeymi
• oksidatif stres
• ruşeym yağı
• testiküler hasar

Proje Numarası

21B0237006

Etik Beyan

Çalışmamız Kobay Deney Hayvanları Laboratuvarı A.Ş. Hayvan Deneyleri Yerel Etik Kurulu tarafından 15.09.2021 tarih ve 582 sayılı karar ile onaylanmıştır.

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma Ankara Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri tarafından desteklenmiştir (21B0237006).

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF WHEAT GERM OIL ON DIABETES-RELATED TESTICULAR DAMAGE IN TERMS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS PARAMETERS

Öz

Objective: Our study aimed to investigate the oxidative stress-mediated effect of wheat germ oil (WGO) on testicular damage caused by diabetes. Material and Method: 42 male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: control, control low-dose (100 mg/kg/day), control high-dose (1000 mg/kg/day), diabetes control, diabetes low-dose (100 mg/kg/day), diabetic high-dose (1000 mg/kg/day). RY/carrier cornoil was applied to the diabetes and control groups by gavage for 28 days. Blood glucose levels were measured every week. Following euthanasia, testicular tissues were removed. Tissues were homogenized and total protein levels were measured by Bradford method. MDA levels were measured in tissues as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, and glutathione levels were measured as an indicator of oxidative stress. Result and Discussion: Both low and high dose WGO administration in the control group caused a decrease in relative testicular weight. The relative testicular weight of the high dose diabetic group decreased compared to the diabetic control group. There was no significant difference in blood glucose levels and body weights depending on WGO (p>0.05). Among diabetic animals, the lowest testicular MDA levels were found in the high -dose group. Glutathione levels increased in the control low-dose group. However, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of MDA and glutathione levels (p>0.05). Further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of WGO, which has a traditionally usage and antioxidant activity, on sexual hormones and other molecular pathways.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Germ oil
• oxidative stress
• testicular damage
• wheat germ

Proje Numarası

21B0237006

Kaynakça

1. 1. World Health Organisation (WHO) Web site. (2023). Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes#tab=tab_1. Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2023.
2. 2. Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği. Diabetes Mellitus ve Komplikasyonlarının Tanı, Tedavi ve Izlem Kılavuzu-2022 (2022). Erişim adresi: https://file.temd.org.tr/Uploads/ publications/guides/documents/diabetes-mellitus_2022.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2023.
3. 3. International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes around the world in 2021. (2021). Erişim adresi: https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition/. Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2023.
4. 4. International Diabetes Federation, Turkey. (2022). Erişim adresi: https://idf.org/europe/our-net work/our-members/turkey/. Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2023.
5. 5. Umpierrez, G., Korytkowski, M. (2016). Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 12(4), 222-232. [CrossRef]
6. 6. Ceriello, A., Monnier, L., Owens, D. (2019). Glycaemic variability in diabetes: Clinical and therapeutic implications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology, 7(3), 221-230. [CrossRef]
7. 7. Tripathi, B.K., Srivastava, A.K. (2006). Diabetes mellitus: Complications and therapeutics. Med Sci Monit, 12(7), RA130-147.
8. 8. Deshpande, A.D., Harris-Hayes, M., Schootman, M. (2008). Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Physical Therapy, 88(11), 1254-1264. [CrossRef]

9. 9. Zheng, Y., Ley, S.H., Hu, F.B. (2018). Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(2), 88-98. [CrossRef]
10. 10. Shi, G.J., Li, Z.M., Zheng, J., Chen, J., Han, X.X., Wu, J., Li, G.Y., Chang, Q., Li, Y.X., Yu, J.Q. (2017). Diabetes associated with male reproductive system damages: Onset of presentation, pathophysiological mechanisms and drug intervention. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 90, 562-574. [CrossRef]
11. 11. Rato, L., Oliveira, P.F., Sousa, M., Silva, B.M., Alves, M.G. (2019). Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Diabetes-Induced Male Reproductive Dysfunction. In: R. Henkel, L. Samanta, and A. Agarwal (Eds.), Oxidants, Antioxidants and Impact of the Oxidative Status in Male Reproduction, (pp. 135-147). Cambridge: Elsevier.
12. 12. Zhong, O., Ji, L., Wang, J., Lei, X., Huang, H. (2021). Association of diabetes and obesity with sperm parameters and testosterone levels: A meta-analysis. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 13(1), 109. [CrossRef]
13. 13. Facondo, P., Di Lodovico, E., Delbarba, A., Anelli, V., Pezzaioli, L.C., Filippini, E., Cappelli, C., Corona, G., Ferlin, A. (2022). The impact of diabetes mellitus type 1 on male fertility: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Andrology, 10(3), 426-440. [CrossRef]
14. 14. Omolaoye, T.S., Skosana, B.T., du Plessis, S.S. (2018). Diabetes mellitus- induction: Effect of different streptozotocin doses on male reproductive parameters. Acta Histochemica, 120(2), 103-109. [CrossRef]
15. 15. Condorelli, R.A., La Vignera, S., Mongioì, L.M., Alamo, A., Calogero, A.E. (2018). Diabetes mellitus and infertility: Different pathophysiological effects in type 1 and type 2 on sperm function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 9, 268. [CrossRef]
16. 16. Matough, F.A., Budin, S.B., Hamid, Z.A., Alwahaibi, N., Mohamed, J. (2012). The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in diabetic complications. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal 12(1), 5-18. [CrossRef]
17. 17. Hamdi, H. (2019). The preventive role of wheat germ oil against sertraline‐induced testicular damage in male albino rats. Andrologia, 51(10), e13369. [CrossRef]
18. 18. Piras, A., Rosa, A., Falconieri, D., Porcedda, S., Dessì, M.A., Marongiu, B. (2009). Extraction of oil from wheat germ by supercritical CO2. Molecules, 14(7), 2573-2581. [CrossRef]
19. 19. Shedid, S.M.E. (2008). Masters’ Thesis. Role of wheat germ oil in radiation-induced oxidative stress and alteration in energy metabolism in rats. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt.
20. 20. Khedr, N.F. (2017). Fish oil and wheat germ oil supplementation modulates brain injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Diabetes, 9(11), 1012-1022. [CrossRef]
21. 21. Hamdi, L., Suleiman, A., Hoogenboom, G., Shelia, V. (2019). Response of the durum wheat cultivar um qais (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) to salinity. Agriculture, 9(7), 135. [CrossRef]
22. 22. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Test Guideline 407: Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents (2008). Erişim adresi: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-407-repeated-dose-28-day-ora l-toxicity-study-in-rodents_9789264070684-en. Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2023.
23. 23. Charan, J., Kantharia, N.D. (2013). How to calculate sample size in animal studies? Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, 4(4), 303-306. [CrossRef]
24. 24. Filho, O.A.R., Fazan, V.P.S. (2006). Streptozotocin induced diabetes as a model of phrenic nerve neuropathy in rats. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 151(2), 131-138. [CrossRef]
25. 25. Mayyas, F., Alzoubi, K.H., Bonyan, R. (2017). The role of spironolactone on myocardial oxidative stress in rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Cardiovascular Therapeutics, 35(2), e12242. [CrossRef]
26. 26. Karabacak, M., Kanbur, M., Eraslan, G., Soyer Sarıca, Z. (2011). The antioxidant effect of wheat germ oil on subchronic coumaphos exposure in mice. Ecotoxicology Environmental Safety, 74(7), 2119-2125. [CrossRef]
27. 27. Guven, H., Durmus, N., Hocaoglu, N., Guner, O., Acar, S., Akan, P., Calan, O.G. (2022). Protective effects of wheat germ oil against erectile and endothelial dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Impotence Research, 34(6), 581-587. [CrossRef]
28. 28. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Test Guidelines OPPTS 870.1100 Acute Oral Toxicity. (2002). Erişim adresi: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/sites/default/files/i ccvam/suppdocs/feddocs/epa/epa_870r_1100.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2023.
29. 29. Sedlak, J., Lindsay, R.H. (1968). Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman’s reagent. Analytical Biochemistry, 25, 192-205. [CrossRef]
30. 30. Shrivastav, D., Dabla, P. K., Sharma, J., Viswas, A., Mir, R. (2023). Insights on antioxidant therapeutic strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review of randomized control trials. World Journal of Diabetes, 14(6), 919-929. [CrossRef]
31. 31. He, Z., Yin, G., Li, Q. Q., Zeng, Q., Duan, J. (2021). Diabetes mellitus causes male reproductive dysfunction: A review of the evidence and mechanisms. In Vivo, 35(5), 2503-2511. [CrossRef]
32. 32. Sarkar, D., Christopher, A., Shetty, K. (2022). Phenolic bioactives from plant-based foods for glycemic control. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 727503. [CrossRef]
33. 33. Baloglu, F.K., Tas, D.G., Yilmaz, O., Severcan, F. (2023). The recovery effect of Vitamin C on structural alterations due to Streptozotocin-Induced diabetes in rat testicular tissues. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 288, 122149. [CrossRef]
34. 34. Shewry, P.R. (2009). Wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60(6), 1537-1553. [CrossRef]
35. 35. Liu, M., Huang, J., Ma, S., Yu, G., Liao, A., Pan, L., Hou, Y. (2023). Allergenicity of wheat protein in diet: Mechanisms, modifications and challenges. Food Research International, 169, 112913. [CrossRef]
36. 36. Ram, S., Govindan, V. (2020). Improving Wheat Nutritional Quality Through Biofortification. In: Igrejas, G., Ikeda, T.M., Guzmán, C. (Eds), Wheat Quality for Improving Processing and Human Health, (pp.205-224). Switzerland: Springer Nature.
37. 37. Balandrán-Quintana, R.R., Mendoza-Wilson, A.M. (2018). Wheat Bran Proteins. In: J.M., Mérillon and K. Ramawat (Eds.), Bioactive Molecules in Food. Reference Series in Phytochemistry, (pp.1-24). Springer, Cham.
38. 38. Brandolini, A., Hidalgo, A. (2012). Wheat germ: Not only a by-product. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 63(1), 71-74. [CrossRef]
39. 39. Rizvi, S., Raza, S. T., Ahmed, F., Ahmad, A., Abbas, S., Mahdi, F. (2014). The role of vitamin E in human health and some diseases. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 14(2), 157-165.
40. 40. Nyström, L., Paasonen, A., Lampi, A.M., Piironen, V. (2007). Total plant sterols, steryl ferulates and steryl glycosides in milling fractions of wheat and rye. Journal of Cereal Science, 45(1), 106-115. [CrossRef]
41. 41. Zhu, K.X., Lian, C.X., Guo, X.N., Peng, W., Zhou, H.M. (2011). Antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of various extracts from defatted wheat germ. Food Chemistry, 126(3), 1122-1126. [CrossRef]
42. 42. Kumar, G.S., Krishna, A.G. (2015). Studies on the nutraceuticals composition of wheat derived oils wheat bran oil and wheat germ oil. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(2), 1145-1151. [CrossRef]
43. 43. Siraj, N. (2022). Wheat germ oil: A comprehensive review. Food Science and Technology, 42, e113721. [CrossRef]
44. 44. Field, R., Verghese, M., Walker, L., Panala, V., Shackelfo, L., Boateng, J. (2008). Feeding wheat germ meal and wheat germ oil reduced azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in fisher 344 male rats. International Journal of Cancer Research, 4(4), 127-136. [CrossRef]
45. 45. Abdel-Gawad, S.K. (2015). Therapeutic and protective effect of wheat germ oil on l-arginine induced acute pancreatitis in adult Albino rats. Journal of Cell Science & Therapy, S8, S8-004. [CrossRef]
46. 46. Alamery, S., Zargar, S., Yaseen, F., Wani, T.A., Siyal, A. (2022). Evaluation of the effect of wheat germ oil and olmutinib on the thioacetamide-induced liver and kidney toxicity in mice. Life, 12(6), 900. [CrossRef]
47. 47. Akool, E.S. (2019). Molecular Mechanisms of the Protective Role of Wheat Germ Oil Against Oxidative Stress–Induced Liver Disease. In: R.R. Watson and V.R. Preedy (Eds.), Dietary Interventions in Liver Disease, (pp. 233-238). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
48. 48. Anwar, M., Mohamed, N. (2015). Amelioration of liver and kidney functions disorders induced by sodium nitrate in rats using wheat germ oil. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 8(1), 77-83. [CrossRef]