NIGELLA SATIVA L.: AN OVERVIEW

Öz

Objective: Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant indigenous to the Mediterranean region and Western Asia globally. It is cultivated in Türkiye, especially in Isparta, Burdur and Afyonkarahisar. While its seeds are known for their characteristic black color in many languages, in Türkiye, it is recognized as "çörek otu". Traditionally, its seeds have been utilized for addressing rheumatism, bronchitis, colds, asthma and inflammatory conditions, as well as to enhance milk production in lactating mothers, aid digestion, and combat parasitic infections. Meanwhile, its oil is applied to address skin issues like boils and eczema. Additionally, because of its pungent bitter flavor and fragrance, it serves as a seasoning in Middle Eastern and Indian cuisines. The purpose of this review is to undertake a thorough analysis of the literature concerning the scientific classification and morphology, traditional uses pharmacological effects and phytochemistry of the plant. Result and Discussion: Nigella seeds contain abundant carbohydrates, proteins, fat, essential amino acids, diverse minerals and vitamins. The seeds contain 30-40% fixed oil, with 50-60% of the fixed oil consisting of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid and linoleic acid. The seeds furthermore contain 0.4-0.45% essential oil. The primary constituents of the essential oil include thymoquinone, carvacrol, p-cymene, thymol, t-anethole, α-terpinene and pinene. Additionally, the seeds comprise alkaloids like nigellimine, nigellicine, nigellamine, and nigellidine; saponins such as hederin and hederagenin; and compounds carrying various coumarin structures. The aerial parts are rich in flavonoid compounds such as nigelflavonoside B, nigelloside, quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-aging, antihypertensive, anticoagulant, antimicrobial, antihelminthic, antineoplastic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, neuroprotective, and wound healing activities of Nigella sativa have been identified through in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research. In conclusion, Nigella sativa L. (black cumin) is a valuable medicinal plant with versatile health benefits. Further exploration of its therapeutic applications holds great promise for the development of new pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals to combat various ailments and improve human health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Black cumin
• Nigella sativa
• pharmacological activity
• phytochemistry
• Ranunculaceae

NIGELLA SATIVA L.: GENEL BAKIŞ

Öz

Amaç: Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae), dünyada Akdeniz Bölgesi ve Batı Asya'ya özgü tek yıllık otsu bir bitkidir. Türkiye'de özellikle Isparta, Burdur ve Afyonkarahisar'da yetiştirilmektedir. Pek çok dilde tohumları karakteristik siyah rengiyle tanınırken, Türkiye'de "çörek otu" olarak bilinmektedir. Geleneksel olarak tohumları astım, bronşit, soğuk algınlığı, romatizma ve iltihaplı hastalıkların tedavisinde, emziren annelerde süt üretimini artırmada, sindirimi kolaylaştırmada ve parazit enfeksiyonlarıyla mücadelede kullanılırken, yağı ise egzama, çıban gibi cilt problemlerinde kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca keskin acı tadı ve aroması nedeniyle Hint ve Orta Doğu mutfaklarında baharat olarak tercih edilmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı, bitkinin bilimsel sınıflandırılması ve morfolojisi, geleneksel kullanımı, farmakolojik etkileri ve fitokimyası ile ilgili literatürün kapsamlı bir analizini yapmaktır. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Çörek otu tohumları karbonhidratlar, yağlar, proteinler, esansiyel amino asitler, çeşitli vitaminler ve mineraller açısından zengindir. Tohumlar %30-40 oranında sabit yağ içerir ve sabit yağın %50-60'ı linoleik asit ve oleik asit gibi doymamış yağ asitlerinden oluşur. Tohumlar ayrıca %0.4-0.45 oranında esansiyel yağ içerir. Esansiyel yağın ana bileşenleri timokinon, p-simen, karvakrol, α-terpinen, timol, pinen ve t-anetoldur. Ayrıca tohumlar nigellisin, nigellidin, nigellimin ve nigellamin gibi alkaloitler; hederin ve hederagenin gibi saponinler ve çeşitli kumarin yapıları taşıyan bileşikler içerir. Toprak üstü kısımları nigelflavonozit B, nigellozit, kersetin, kemferol ve rutin gibi flavonoit bileşikler açısından zengindir. Nigella sativa'nın antioksidan, anti-inflamatuar, antihistaminik, anti-aging, antihipertansif, antikoagülan, antimikrobiyal, antihelmintik, antineoplastik, hepatoprotektif, nefroprotektif, nöroprotektif ve yara iyileştirici aktiviteleri in vivo, in vitro ve klinik çalışmalarla belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak çörek otu sağlık açısından çok yönlü faydaları olan değerli bir şifalı bitkidir. Terapötik uygulamalarının daha fazla araştırılması, çeşitli rahatsızlıklarla mücadele etmek ve insan sağlığını iyileştirmek için yeni farmasötiklerin ve nutrasötiklerin geliştirilmesi için büyük umut vadetmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çörek otu
• farmakolojik aktivite
• fitokimya
• Nigella sativa
• Ranunculaceae

Kaynakça

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