SCUTELLARİA YILDIRIMLİİ M. ÇİÇEK & A.E. YAPRAK EKSTRELERİNİN ANTİMİKROBİYAL, ANTİBİYOFİLM VE ÇOĞUNLUĞU ALGILAMA İNHİBİSYONU AKTİVİTELERİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma kapsamında, Scutellaria yıldırımlii bitkisinin toprak üstü kısımlarından elde edilen ekstrelerin antimikrobiyal, antibiyofilm, ve çoğunluğu algılama mekanizması aktivite potansiyelinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Sıvı- sıvı ekraksiyon metodu ile, %80 metanollü total ektsreden, petrol eteri (PEE), etil asetat (EAE), ve sulu (AE) alt ekstreler elde edilmiştir. Antimikrobiyal aktivite testi, broth mikrodilüsyon metodu ile; antibiyofilm aktivite testi, mikroplaka-bazlı biyofilm modeli ve kristal viyole deneyi ile; çoğunluğu algılama mekanizması aktivite testi, disk difüzyon metodu ile yapılmıştır. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Ekstreler, test edilen bakterilere karşı 625 ile 10.000 µg/ml arasında değişen MIC değerleri sergilemiştir. Bunlar arasında, TE ve PEE ekstreleri, hem Gram-pozitif hem de Gram-negatif test bakterilerine karşı en güçlü antibakteriyel aktiviteyi göstermiştir. Özellikle, PEE ekstreleri yalnızca Candida albicans ATCC 10231’e karşı antifungal aktivite göstermiş olup, MIC değeri 625 µg/ml olarak belirlenmiştir. Diğer ekstrelerde ise herhangi bir antifungal aktivite gözlemlenmemiştir. Ancak, genel olarak, antimikrobiyal etkiler standart antimikrobiyallerle kıyaslandığında zayıf kalmıştır. 2500 µg/ml konsantrasyonda, AE, TE, PEE ve EAE ekstrelerinin biyofilm inhibisyon yüzdeleri sırasıyla %76.79, %57.47, %54.81 ve %51.09 olarak ölçülmüştür. Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472’ye karşı MIC değerlerine dayalı olarak gerçekleştirilen çoğunluğu algılama mekanizması aktivite testi, herhangi bir violasein inhibisyon bölgesi göstermemiştir; bu da çoğunluğu algılama mekanizması aktivitesinin bulunmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Test sonuçları, S. yıldırımlii’nin, birçok Scutellaria türüne kıyasla daha güçlü antimikrobiyal özelliklere sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu durum, bitki ekstrelerinin antibiyotiklere dirençli bakterilere karşı tedavi geliştirme açısından umut verici adaylar olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Bununla birlikte, bitkinin tıbbi potansiyelinin tam olarak anlaşılması ve doğrulanması için daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antibiyofilm aktivite
• antimikrobiyal aktivite
• çoğunluğu algılama mekanizması aktivitesi
• ekstraksiyon
• Scutellaria yıldırımlii

Proje Numarası

TYL-2023-2946

INVESTIGATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIBIOFILM AND ANTI-QUORUM SENSING ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS FROM SCUTELLARIA YILDIRIMLII M. ÇİÇEK & A.E. YAPRAK

Öz

Objective: This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing (anti-QS) properties of extracts derived from the aerial parts of Scutellaria yildirimlii M. Çiçek & A.E. Yaprak. Material and Method: Using a liquid-liquid extraction method, petroleum ether (PEE), ethyl acetate (EAE), and aqueous (AE) sub-extracts were obtained from the total extract (TE) prepared with 80% methanol. Broth microdilution method assessed antimicrobial activity, microplate-based biofilm model and crystal violet assay assessed antibiofilm activity, and disk diffusion method assessed anti-quorum sensing activity Result and Discussion: The extracts exhibited MIC values ranging from 625 to 10000 µg/ml against the tested bacteria. Among them, the TE and PEE extracts showed the strongest antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative test bacteria. Notably, only the PEE extract demonstrated antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231, with an MIC value of 625 µg/ml, while no antifungal activity was observed for the other extracts. However, the antimicrobial effects were generally weak compared to standard antimicrobials. At a concentration of 2500 µg/ml, the biofilm inhibition percentages for AE, TE, PEE, and EAE extracts were 76.79%, 57.47%, 54.81%, and 51.09%, respectively. An anti-QS activity test, conducted based on MIC values against Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, revealed no violacein inhibition zones, indicating a lack of anti-QS activity. The test results demonstrated that S. yildirimlii possesses greater antimicrobial properties than many other Scutellaria species. This indicates that its extracts could serve as promising candidates for developing treatments against the increasing threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Nonetheless, additional research is essential to thoroughly investigate and confirm the plant’s potential as a medicinal resource.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antibiofilm activity
• antimicrobial activity
• anti-quorum sensing activity
• extraction
• Scutellaria yildirimlii

Destekleyen Kurum

Ankara University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit.

Proje Numarası

TYL-2023-2946

Etik Beyan

This work was financially supported by the Ankara University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit.

Kaynakça

1. 1. Choudhary, N., Sekhon, B.S. (2011). An overview of advances in the standardization of herbal drugs. Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 2(2), 55.
2. 2. Faydaoğlu, E., Sürücüoğlu, M.S. (2011). Geçmişten günümüze tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin kullanılması ve ekonomik önemi. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 11(1), 52-67.
3. 3. Minareci, E., Pekönür, S. (2017). An important Euroasian Genus: Scutellaria L. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 4(1), 35-46.
4. 4. Shen, J., Li, P., Liu, S., Liu, Q., Li, Y., Sun, Y., He, C., Xiao, P. (2021). Traditional uses, ten-years research progress on phytochemistry and pharmacology, and clinical studies of the genus Scutellaria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 265, 113198. [CrossRef]
5. 5. Yıldırım, M., Ayyıldız, G., Keser, A.M., Tuğ, G.N., Yaprak, A.E. (2019). Current population sizes, distribution areas and re-evaluated IUCN categories of rare and endemic species from Central Anatolia, Turkey: Salsola grandis, Scutellaria yildirimlii and Sideritis gulendamii. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 12(2), 151-160.[CrossRef]
6. 6. Yildirim, M., Tuğ, G.N., Yaprak, A.E. (2023). The assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of endemic Scutellaria yildirimlii (Lamiaceae) for conservation purposes. Turkish Journal of Botany, 47(3), 211-223. [CrossRef]
7. 7. Zhu, X., Han, C., Gao, T., Shao, H. (2016). Chemical composition, phytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of Scutellaria strigillosa Hemsley. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 19(3), 664-670. [CrossRef]
8. 8. Skaltsa, H.D., Lazari, D.M., Mavromati, A.S., Tiligada, E.A., Constantinidis, T.A. (2000). Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Scutellaria albida ssp. albida from Greece. Planta Medica, 66(07), 672-674. [CrossRef]

9. 9. Yu, J., Lei, J., Yu, H., Cai, X., Zou, G. (2004). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Scutellaria barbata. Phytochemistry, 65(7), 881-884. [CrossRef]
10. 10. Gharari, Z., Bagheri, K., Danafar, H., Sharafi, A. (2020). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Scutellaria araxensis essential oil from Iran. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 56, 745-747. [CrossRef]
11. 11. Trinh, H., Yoo, Y., Won, K.H., Ngo, H.T., Yang, J.E., Cho, J.G., Lee, S.W., Kim K.Y., Yi, T.H. (2018). Evaluation of in-vitro antimicrobial activity of Artemisia apiacea H. and Scutellaria baicalensis G. extracts. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 67(4), 489-495. [CrossRef]
12. 12. Arıtuluk, Z., Özkul Koçak, C., Renda, G., Ekizoğlu, M., Ezer, N. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of three Scutellaria L. species from Turkey. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 23(3). [CrossRef]
13. 13. Ranjbar R, Alam M. (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis. Evidence-based nursing, ebnurs-2022 Feb 12;399 (10325):629-655. [CrossRef]
14. 14. World Health Organization Website. (2023) Retrieved November, 2023, from. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance Accessed date: 04.03.2025.
15. 15. Junejo, B., Eryilmaz, M., Rizvanoglu, S.S., Palabiyik, I.M., Ghumro, T., Mallah, A., Solangi, A.R., Hyder, S.I., Maleh H.K., Dragoi, E.N. (2023). Pharmacological assessment of Co3O4, CuO, NiO and ZnO nanoparticles via antibacterial, anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing activities. Water Science & Technology, 87(11), 2840-2851. [CrossRef]
16. 16. Nithya, C., Begum, M.F., Pandian, S.K. (2010). Marine bacterial isolates inhibit biofilm formation and disrupt mature biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 88, 341-358. [CrossRef]
17. 17. Uroz, S., Dessaux, Y., Oger, P. (2009). Quorum sensing and quorum quenching: The yin and yang of bacterial communication. ChemBioChem, 10(2), 205-216. [CrossRef]
18. 18. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2008). Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts; approved standard. CLSI Guidlines M27-A3: 3rd ed. (Vol. 29). Wayne: PA, USA.
19. 19. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2009). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically, approved standard. CLSI Publication M07-A8: 8th ed. Wayne, PA, USA.
20. 20. Bali, E.B., Türkmen, K.E., Erdönmez, D., Sağlam, N. (2019). Comparative study of inhibitory potential of dietary phytochemicals against quorum sensing activity of and biofilm formation by Chromobacterium violaceum 12472, and swimming and swarming behaviour of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 57(2), 212. [CrossRef]
21. 21. Eryılmaz, M., Kart, D., Gürpınar, S.S. (2019). Vajinal floradan izole edilen Lactobacillus sp. metabolitlerinin antibiyofilm aktivitelerinin araştırılması. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 49(3), 169-174. [CrossRef]
22. 22. Jardak, M., Mnif, S., Ayed, R.B., Rezgui, F., Aifa, S. (2021). Chemical composition, antibiofilm activities of Tunisian spices essential oils and combinatorial effect against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm. Lwt, 140, 110691. [CrossRef]
23. 23. Ahmad, A., Viljoen, A.M., Chenia, H.Y. (2015). The impact of plant volatiles on bacterial quorum sensing. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 60(1), 8-19. [CrossRef]
24. 24. Çiçek Polat, D., Gümüşok, S., Rızvanoğlu, S.S., Eryilmaz, M. (2023). Bioactivities of Cotinus coggygria and its HPLC-DAD phenolic profiles. Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 157(5), 1061-1066. [CrossRef]
25. 25. Sun, G., Zhang, Q., Dong, Z., Dong, D., Fang, H., Wang, C., Dong, Y., Wu, J., Tan, X., Zhu, P., Wan, Y. (2022). Antibiotic resistant bacteria: A bibliometric review of literature. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1002015. [CrossRef]
26. 26. Cicek, M., Yaprak, A.E. (2013). Scutellaria yildirimlii (Lamiaceae), a new species from Turkey. Phytotaxa, 132(1), 53-58. [CrossRef]
27. 27. Ordon, M., Nawrotek, P., Stachurska, X., Schmidt, A., Mizielińska, M. (2021). Mixtures of Scutellaria baicalensis and Glycyrrhiza L. extracts as antibacterial and antiviral agents in active coatings. Coatings, 11(12), 1438. [CrossRef]
28. 28. Lu, Y., Joerger, R., Wu, C. (2011). Study of the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(20), 10934-10942. [CrossRef]
29. 29. Bazzaz, B.S.F., Arab, A., Emami, S.A., Asili, J., Hasanzadeh-Khayyat, M., Sahebkar, A. (2013). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of methanol, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of Scutellaria lindbergii Rech. f. Chiang Mai J. Sci, 40, 49-59.
30. 30. Ullah, H., Minno, A.D., Filippis, A.D., Sommella, E., Buccato, D.G., Lellis, L.F.D., El-Seedi, H.R., Khalifa, S.A.M., Piccinocchi, R., Galdiero, M., Campiglia P., Daglia, M. (2023). In vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties and bioaccessibility after oral digestion of chemically characterized extracts obtained from Cistus× incanus L., Scutellaria lateriflora L., and their combination. Foods, 12(9), 1826. [CrossRef]