LONG NON-CODING RNAs (lncRNAs) AND THEIR MODES OF ACTION IN LIFE: NEW APPROACHES

Öz

Objective: When the base pairs that make up human DNA were revealed with the Human Genome Project, it was determined that only 2-3% of the genome was translated into mRNA, and 10-18% encoded RNAs that helped protein synthesis. The remaining approximately 80-87% of the genome was called ‘Junk DNA’. Later, in studies conducted on this region called junk, RNAs that do not code for protein but are involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation were discovered. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have many functions, from catalysis of biological reactions to cellular defense, from developmental processes to cellular response. Studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have key roles in the control of gene expression and cellular processes suchas development and differentiation. Studies have shown that disorders in lncRNAs play a role in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, mitochondrial diseases, immunodeficiency diseases and cardiovascular diseases. According to studies, lncRNAs are seen as promising in drug development and design approaches with their capacity to be both therapeutic targets and biomarkers in new treatment approaches. lncRNAs are also thought to serve important functions in plant immunity and response to changes in the environment. Some lncRNAs have been shown to play a role in the control of tissue differentiation and development in plants, signal transduction, and responses to environmental factors such as abiotic and biotic stress.

Result and Discussion: In this review, recent advances in the understanding of the regulatory functions of long non-coding RNAs on the biology of living organisms are discussed.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Abiotic stress
• cancer
• drug
• epigenetics
• lncRNA
• RNA
• transcription

UZUN KODLAMAYAN RNA’LAR (lncRNA’LAR) VE CANLILARDAKİ ETKİ BİÇİMLERİ: YENİ YAKLAŞIMLAR

Öz

Amaç: İnsan Genom Projesi ile insan DNA’sını oluşturan baz çiftleri ortaya çıkartıldığında, genomun sadece %2-3’lük kısmının mRNA’ya çevrildiği, %10-18’lik kısmının ise protein sentezine yardımcı RNA’ları kodladığı belirlenmiştir. Genomun geriye kalan yaklaşık %80-87’lik kısmı ise ‘Çöp DNA’ olarak adlandırılmıştır.  Daha sonraki süreçte, çöp olarak adlandırılan bu bölgeler üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda, protein kodlamayan ancak transkripsiyon sonrası gen düzenlenmesinde görev alan RNA’lar keşfedilmiştir. Kodlamayan RNA’lar (ncRNAs); biyolojik reaksiyonların katalizlenmesinden hücresel savunmaya, gelişimsel süreçlerden hücresel cevaba kadar pek çok göreve sahiptir. Çalışmalar uzun kodlamayan RNA (long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)’ların gen ekspresyonunun kontrolünde, gelişim ve farklılaşma gibi hücresel süreçlerde anahtar rollere sahip olduklarını göstermiştir. lncRNA’larda meydana gelen bozuklukların; kanserler, nörodejeneratif hastalıklar, mitokondriyal hastalıklar, immün yetmezlik hastalıkları ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar gibi birçok hastalığın patogenezinde rol oynadığı yapılan çalışmalarda görülmüştür. Gerçekleştirilen çalışmalara göre lncRNA’lar, yeni tedavi yaklaşımlarında hem terapötik hedef hem de biyobelirteç olabilme kapasiteleri ile ilaç geliştirme ve tasarlama yaklaşımında umut verici olarak görülmektedir. lncRNA’ların bitki bağışıklığında ve çevredeki değişikliklere tepkide önemli işlevlere hizmet ettiği de düşünülmektedir. Bazı lncRNA’ların bitkilerde doku farklılaşması ve gelişiminin kontrolü, sinyal iletimi, abiyotik ve biyotik stres gibi çevresel etmenlere verilen cevaplarda rol oynadığı görülmüştür.

Sonuç ve Tartışma: Bu derlemede uzun kodlamayan RNA’ların canlı biyolojisi üzerindeki düzenleyici fonksiyonlarının anlaşılmasındaki son gelişmelere değinilmiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Abiyotik stres
• epigenetik
• ilaç
• kanser
• lncRNA
• RNA
• transkripsiyon

Kaynakça

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