ARE THE DISINFECTANTS USED IN HOSPITALS ALSO EFFECTIVE ON BACTERIA THAT CAUSE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?: A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INVESTIGATION

Çiğdem Yavaş; Fatma Kaynak Onurdağ; Suzan Ökten

doi:10.33483/jfpau.996477

Araştırma Makalesi

ARE THE DISINFECTANTS USED IN HOSPITALS ALSO EFFECTIVE ON BACTERIA THAT CAUSE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?: A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INVESTIGATION

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 46 Sayı: 1, 129 - 143, 29.01.2022

Çiğdem Yavaş , Fatma Kaynak Onurdağ , Suzan Ökten

https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.996477

Öz

Objective: Determining the disinfectant activity regularly will result in proper disinfection. In our study, it was aimed to determine the efficacy, effective concentrations and durations of some disinfectants used in Trakya University Hospital against nosocomial bacteria isolated from the same center.

Material and Method: MRSA, VRE, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates and 10 different disinfectants supplied from the same center were included in the study. Susceptibility tests and Qualitative Suspension Test were applied through the guidelines of CLSI M100-S25 and TS/EN/1040:2005 (formerly TS/EN/1040:1999), respectively. Qualitative Suspension Test was modified by using D/E Neutralizing Broth instead of adding a neutralizing agent.

Result and Discussion: As a result, it was determined that all isolates were susceptible in the application conditions. However, peracetic acid, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, non-ionic active agent and sodium hypochlorite containing disinfectants being used in the hospital were not effective against some strains isolated from the hospital. Even the resistance of a single isolate to the application conditions of a disinfectant may lead to selection and proliferation of the strains and this may cause hospital infections. Our results might provide a reference to indicate the importance of selecting appropriate disinfectants and appropriate conditions for cleaning and disinfection in hospitals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Acinetobacter baumannii, ESBL, Klebsiella pneumoniae, MRSA, Qualitative Suspension Test, VRE

Kaynakça

1. Gunaydin, M., Esen, S., Karadag, A., Unal, N., Yanik, K., Odabasi, H., Birinci, A. (2014). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Medilox® Super-oxidized Water. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 13: 29-34.https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-13-29
2. Eryilmaz, M., Akin, A., Akan,ArikanO. (2011).Investigation of the Efficacy of Some Disinfectants against Nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. Isolates.MikrobiyolojiBulteni, 45(3): 454-460.
3. Caglar, K. (2009).DezenfektanEtkinligininÖlcülmesindeOrnekModeller (El DezenfektaniveYuzeyDezenfektani), DAS KongreKitabi, Bilimsel Tip Yayinevi, 139-148. (In Turkish)
4. Otter, J.A., Yezli, S., Salkeld, J.A.G., French, G.L., Path, F.R.C. (2013).Evidence that contaminated surfaces contribute to the transmission of hospital pathogens and an overview of strategies to address contaminated surfaces in hospital settings. American Journal of Infection Control, 41: 6-11.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.12.004
5. Samasti, M. (2008).HastanelerdeDezenfeksiyonKullanimEsaslari, YapilanHatalar: HastaneEnfeksiyonlariKorumaveKontrolSempozyumDizisi, 60: 143-168.(In Turkish)
6. McDonnell, S., Russell, D. (1999).Antiseptic and disinfectants: Activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev,12(1):147-79.https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.12.1.147
7. Sencan,I. (2003).DezenfektanlaraDirencSorunuve Pratik Önemi, DAS KongreKitabı, BilimselTıpYayınevi. (In Turkish)
8. Kramer, A., Schwebke, I., Kampf, G. (2006).How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infectious Diseases, 6:130.https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-6-130
9. Unal, N., Yanik, K., Karadag, A., Odabasi, H., Esen, S., Gunaydin, M. (2014).Evaluation of the efficacy of akacid plus® fogging in eradicating causative microorganism in nosocomial infections. Int J Clin Exp Med, 7(12):5867-5871.
10. Abbasoglu, U. (2009). Dezenfektanlar: SiniflamaveAmaca Uygun Kullanimi, DAS KongreKitabi, BilimselTıpYayınevi,(In Turkish).
11. Inan, A., Senbayrak- Akcay, S., Ozyurek, S.C., Tekin, S.Z., Erdogmus, P., Erdem,I., Engin, D.O., Ceran, N., Göktaş, P. (2009). The Efficacy of Various Anticepticsand Disinfectants Against Some Nosocomial Pathogens. Turk MikrobiyolojiCemiyetiDergisi, 39(3-4): 97-102.
12. Harbarth, S., Tuan, Soh S., Horner, C., Wilcox, M.H. (2014). Is reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and antiseptics a risk in healthcare settings? A point/counterpoint review. J Hosp Infecti87:194 –202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2014.04.012
13. HastaneEnfeksiyonlariileMucadele, SayistayRaporu, Bilimsel Tip Yayinevi, Ankara, (2009). http://www.hider.org.tr/managete/fu_folder/PerformansDenetimi.pdf(In Turkish).
14. Ficici, S.E., Durmaz, G., Ilhan, S., Akgun, Y., Kosgeroglu, N. (2002). Bactericidal Effects of Commonly Used Antiseptics/Disinfectansagainst Nosocomial Pathogens and Relationship between Antibacterial and Biocide Resistance. MikrobiyolojiBulteni, 36(3-4): 259-269.
15. Irikli, S., Tatman,Otkun M. (2007). Investigation of In-Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Some Antiseptics and Disinfectants. Turk J Infect, 21 (1): 7-13.
16. Hedin, G., Blomkvist, A., Janson, M., Lindblom, A. (2012).Occurrence of potentially pathogenic bacteria on the hands of hospital patients before and after the introduction of patient hand disinfection. APMIS,120: 802–807.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02912.x
17. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (formerly NCCLS). (2015). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 25th Informational Supplement. CLSI M100-S25, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 940 West Valley Road, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA.
18. Turkish Standard, TS/EN/1040:2005. (2005). Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of basic bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Test method and requirements (phase 1). 1st ed. Ankara.
19. Kawamura-Sato, K., Wachino, J., Kondo, T., Ito, H., Arakawa, Y. (2010). Correlation between reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and multidrug resistance among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter species. J Antimicrob Chemother, 65: 1975–1983.https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg227
20. Nakipoglu, Y., Gurler, B. (2004).An Investigation on Antibacterial Efficacy of Various Disinfectants and Antiseptics. Journal of ANKEM, 18(4):220-223.
21. West, A.M., Teska, P.J., Lineback, C.B., Oliver, H.F. (2018). Strain, disinfectant, concentration, and contact time quantitatively impact disinfectant efficacy. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 7:49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-018-0340-2
22. Sultan, N. (2009).DezenfektanAktivitesiniEtkileyenFaktorlerveDezenfektanEtkinligininDegerlendirilmesi, DAS KongreKitabi, Bilimsel Tip Yayinevi, 121-137. (In Turkish)
23. Erbay, A., Ergonul, O., Esener, H., Colpan, A., Dokuzoguz, B. (2002).Resistance of Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains to Various Disinfectants. Turk J Hosp Infect, 6: 191–194.
24. Abbasoglu, U. (2011).DezenfeksiyonveDezenfektanlar, In: FarmasotikMikrobiyoloji, U. Abbasogluand A. Cevikbased.,EfilYayinevi: Ankara, 71-83. (In Turkish)
25. Sudhaus, N., Nagengast, H., Pina-Perez, M.C., Martinez, A. (2014). Effectiveness of a Peracetic acid-based Disinfectant Against Spores of Bacillus cereus under Different Environmental Conditions. Food Control, 39: 1-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.063
26. Abdallah, M., Chataigne, G., Ferreira,Theret P., Benoliel, C., Drider, D., Dhulster, P., Chihib, N.E. (2014).Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 98: 2597-2607.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5479-4
27. Raffellini, S., Schenk, M., Guerrero, S., Alzamora, S.M. (2011). Food Control, 22: 920-932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.11.027
28. Macias, J.H., Arreguin, V., Munoz, J.M., Alvarez, J.A., Mosqueda, J.L., Macias, A.E. (2013). Chlorhexidine is a better antiseptic than povidone iodine and sodium hypochlorite because of its substantive effect. American Journal of Infection Control, 41: 634-637.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.10.002
29. Kampf, G., Höfer, M., Wendt, C. (1999). Efficacy of hand disinfectants against vancomycin-resistant enterococci in vitro. Journal of Hospital Infection, 42: 143–150.https://doi.org/10.1053/jhin.1998.0559
30. Ozalp, M., Ekizoglu, M., Kilic, E. (2007).Evaluation of Bactericidal Activity of Certain Gluteraldehyde Free Disinfectants Used in the Disinfection of Endoscopes and Surgical Devices by a Quantitative Suspension Test. Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy, 27(2): 131-138.
31. Sheraba, N.S., Yassin, A.S., Fahmy, A., Aminw, M.A. (2014). Quantitative suspension tests for the evaluation of bactericidal, fungicidal and sporicidal effects of biocides used in vaccine production facility. Afr J Microbiol Res, (5): 417-424.https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2013.6137
32. Unal, N., Karadag, A., Yanik, K., Bilgin, K., Gunaydın, M., Birinci, A. (2014). Analysis of in Vitro Efficiency of Electrolyzed Water Against Fungi Species Frequently Detected in Nosocomial Infections. Universal Journal of Microbiology Research, 2(3): 50-55.
33. Rutala, W.A., Weber, D.J. (2013). Disinfection and sterilization: An overview. American Journal of Infection Control, 41:2- 5.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.11.005
34. Okesola, A.O., Olola, A.F. (2011). The Efficay of the Commonly Used Hospital Disinfectants on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, International Research Journal of Microbiology, 2(7): 226-229.
35. Inan, A., Şenbayrak,Akçay S., Özyürek, S.Ç., Tekin, S.Z., Erdoğmuş, P., Erdem, İ., Engin, D.Ö., Ceran, N., Göktaş, P. (2009). The Efficacy of Various Anticepticsand Disinfectants against Some Nosocomial Pathogens. Turk MikrobiyolojiCemiyetiDergisi, 39(3-4): 97-102.
36. Tyski, S., Grzybowska, W., Grzeszczuk, S., Leszczynski, P., Staniszewska, M., Röhm-Rodowald, E., Jakimiak, B. (2009). Antimicrobial Activity of Glucoprotamin-Containing Disinfectants. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 58(4): 347-353.
37. Arias-Moliz, M.T., Ordinola-Zapata, R., Baca, P., Ruiz-Linares, M., Garcia, GarciaE., Hungaro, Duarte M.A., Monteiro, Bramante C., Ferrer-Luque, C.M. (2015). Antimicrobial Activity of Chlorhexidine, Peracetic Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite/Etidronate Irrigant Solutions against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms. International Endodontic Journal, 48(12): 1188-1193. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12424
38. Kampf, G., Fliss, P.M., Martiny, H. (2014). Is Peracetic Acid Suitable for the Cleaning Step of Reprocessing Flexible Endoscopes? World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 6(9): 390-406.https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v6.i9.390
39. Costa, S.A.S., Paula, O.F.P., Silva, C.R.G., Leao, M.V.P., Santos, S.S.F. (2015). Stability of Antimicrobial Activity of Peracetic Acid Solutions Used in the Final Disinfection Process, Braz Oral Res (online), 29(1): 1-6.https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2015.vol29.0038
40. Adukwu, E.C., Allen, S.C., Phillip, C,A. (2015).A Comparison of the Sensitivity of Four Staphylococcus aureus Isolates to Two Chlorine-Based Disinfectants and an Eco-friendly Commercially Available Cleaning Agent. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 25(2): 115-125.https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2014.903905
41. Clasen, T., Edmondson, P. (2006).Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) Tablets as an Alternative to Sodium Hypochlorite for the Routine Treatment of Drinking Water at the Household Level. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 209: 173-181.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.11.004

HASTANEDE KULLANILAN DEZENFEKTANLAR NOZOKOMİYAL ENFEKSİYON ETKENİ BAKTERİLER ÜZERİNE DE ETKİLİ Mİ?: BİR ÜNİVERSİTE HASTANESİ GÖZLEMİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 46 Sayı: 1, 129 - 143, 29.01.2022

Çiğdem Yavaş , Fatma Kaynak Onurdağ , Suzan Ökten

https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.996477

Öz

Amaç: Dezenfektan aktivitesinin düzenli aralıklarla belirlenmesi, uygun dezenfeksiyonla sonuçlanacaktır. Çalışmamızda Trakya Üniversitesi Hastanesinde kullanılan bazı dezenfektanların aynı merkezden izole edilen nozokomiyal bakterilere karşı etkinlik, etki konsantrasyonları ve sürelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Gereç ve Yöntem: MRSA, VRE, Klebsiella pneumoniae ve Acinetobacter baumannii izolatları ile aynı merkezden temin edilen 10 farklı dezenfektan çalışmaya dahil edildi. Dirençli oldukları, CLSI önerileri doğrultusunda yapılan duyarlılık ve doğrulama testleri ile gösterilen izolatlar çalışmaya alınmış ve dezenfektan etkinliği TS/EN/1040:2005 (eski adıyla TS/EN/1040:1999) önerileri doğrultusunda kalitatif süspansiyon testi ile saptanmıştır.

Sonuç ve Tartışma: Sonuç olarak perasetik asit, sodyumdikloroizosiyanurat, non-iyonik aktif madde ve sodium hipoklorit hastaneden izole edilen bazı izolatlar üzerine etkisiz bulunmuştur. Uygulama koşullarında, bir dezenfektanın etki etmediği tek bir izolatın olması bile, bu suşun seçilimine ve çoğalmasına neden olarak hastane enfeksiyonlarına sebep olabilir. Bu nedenle, sonuçlarımızın, hastanelerde uygun dezenfektanların, uygun koşullarda uygulanması ve hastane görülen izolatlar üzerinde de test edilmesi gerektiğini göstermesi açısından önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Acinetobacter baumannii, ESBL, kalitatif süspansiyon testi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, MRSA, VRE

Kaynakça

1. Gunaydin, M., Esen, S., Karadag, A., Unal, N., Yanik, K., Odabasi, H., Birinci, A. (2014). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Medilox® Super-oxidized Water. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 13: 29-34.https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-13-29
2. Eryilmaz, M., Akin, A., Akan,ArikanO. (2011).Investigation of the Efficacy of Some Disinfectants against Nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. Isolates.MikrobiyolojiBulteni, 45(3): 454-460.
3. Caglar, K. (2009).DezenfektanEtkinligininÖlcülmesindeOrnekModeller (El DezenfektaniveYuzeyDezenfektani), DAS KongreKitabi, Bilimsel Tip Yayinevi, 139-148. (In Turkish)
4. Otter, J.A., Yezli, S., Salkeld, J.A.G., French, G.L., Path, F.R.C. (2013).Evidence that contaminated surfaces contribute to the transmission of hospital pathogens and an overview of strategies to address contaminated surfaces in hospital settings. American Journal of Infection Control, 41: 6-11.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.12.004
5. Samasti, M. (2008).HastanelerdeDezenfeksiyonKullanimEsaslari, YapilanHatalar: HastaneEnfeksiyonlariKorumaveKontrolSempozyumDizisi, 60: 143-168.(In Turkish)
6. McDonnell, S., Russell, D. (1999).Antiseptic and disinfectants: Activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev,12(1):147-79.https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.12.1.147
7. Sencan,I. (2003).DezenfektanlaraDirencSorunuve Pratik Önemi, DAS KongreKitabı, BilimselTıpYayınevi. (In Turkish)
8. Kramer, A., Schwebke, I., Kampf, G. (2006).How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infectious Diseases, 6:130.https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-6-130
9. Unal, N., Yanik, K., Karadag, A., Odabasi, H., Esen, S., Gunaydin, M. (2014).Evaluation of the efficacy of akacid plus® fogging in eradicating causative microorganism in nosocomial infections. Int J Clin Exp Med, 7(12):5867-5871.
10. Abbasoglu, U. (2009). Dezenfektanlar: SiniflamaveAmaca Uygun Kullanimi, DAS KongreKitabi, BilimselTıpYayınevi,(In Turkish).
11. Inan, A., Senbayrak- Akcay, S., Ozyurek, S.C., Tekin, S.Z., Erdogmus, P., Erdem,I., Engin, D.O., Ceran, N., Göktaş, P. (2009). The Efficacy of Various Anticepticsand Disinfectants Against Some Nosocomial Pathogens. Turk MikrobiyolojiCemiyetiDergisi, 39(3-4): 97-102.
12. Harbarth, S., Tuan, Soh S., Horner, C., Wilcox, M.H. (2014). Is reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and antiseptics a risk in healthcare settings? A point/counterpoint review. J Hosp Infecti87:194 –202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2014.04.012
13. HastaneEnfeksiyonlariileMucadele, SayistayRaporu, Bilimsel Tip Yayinevi, Ankara, (2009). http://www.hider.org.tr/managete/fu_folder/PerformansDenetimi.pdf(In Turkish).
14. Ficici, S.E., Durmaz, G., Ilhan, S., Akgun, Y., Kosgeroglu, N. (2002). Bactericidal Effects of Commonly Used Antiseptics/Disinfectansagainst Nosocomial Pathogens and Relationship between Antibacterial and Biocide Resistance. MikrobiyolojiBulteni, 36(3-4): 259-269.
15. Irikli, S., Tatman,Otkun M. (2007). Investigation of In-Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Some Antiseptics and Disinfectants. Turk J Infect, 21 (1): 7-13.
16. Hedin, G., Blomkvist, A., Janson, M., Lindblom, A. (2012).Occurrence of potentially pathogenic bacteria on the hands of hospital patients before and after the introduction of patient hand disinfection. APMIS,120: 802–807.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02912.x
17. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (formerly NCCLS). (2015). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 25th Informational Supplement. CLSI M100-S25, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 940 West Valley Road, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA.
18. Turkish Standard, TS/EN/1040:2005. (2005). Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of basic bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Test method and requirements (phase 1). 1st ed. Ankara.
19. Kawamura-Sato, K., Wachino, J., Kondo, T., Ito, H., Arakawa, Y. (2010). Correlation between reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and multidrug resistance among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter species. J Antimicrob Chemother, 65: 1975–1983.https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg227
20. Nakipoglu, Y., Gurler, B. (2004).An Investigation on Antibacterial Efficacy of Various Disinfectants and Antiseptics. Journal of ANKEM, 18(4):220-223.
21. West, A.M., Teska, P.J., Lineback, C.B., Oliver, H.F. (2018). Strain, disinfectant, concentration, and contact time quantitatively impact disinfectant efficacy. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 7:49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-018-0340-2
22. Sultan, N. (2009).DezenfektanAktivitesiniEtkileyenFaktorlerveDezenfektanEtkinligininDegerlendirilmesi, DAS KongreKitabi, Bilimsel Tip Yayinevi, 121-137. (In Turkish)
23. Erbay, A., Ergonul, O., Esener, H., Colpan, A., Dokuzoguz, B. (2002).Resistance of Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains to Various Disinfectants. Turk J Hosp Infect, 6: 191–194.
24. Abbasoglu, U. (2011).DezenfeksiyonveDezenfektanlar, In: FarmasotikMikrobiyoloji, U. Abbasogluand A. Cevikbased.,EfilYayinevi: Ankara, 71-83. (In Turkish)
25. Sudhaus, N., Nagengast, H., Pina-Perez, M.C., Martinez, A. (2014). Effectiveness of a Peracetic acid-based Disinfectant Against Spores of Bacillus cereus under Different Environmental Conditions. Food Control, 39: 1-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.063
26. Abdallah, M., Chataigne, G., Ferreira,Theret P., Benoliel, C., Drider, D., Dhulster, P., Chihib, N.E. (2014).Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 98: 2597-2607.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5479-4
27. Raffellini, S., Schenk, M., Guerrero, S., Alzamora, S.M. (2011). Food Control, 22: 920-932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.11.027
28. Macias, J.H., Arreguin, V., Munoz, J.M., Alvarez, J.A., Mosqueda, J.L., Macias, A.E. (2013). Chlorhexidine is a better antiseptic than povidone iodine and sodium hypochlorite because of its substantive effect. American Journal of Infection Control, 41: 634-637.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.10.002
29. Kampf, G., Höfer, M., Wendt, C. (1999). Efficacy of hand disinfectants against vancomycin-resistant enterococci in vitro. Journal of Hospital Infection, 42: 143–150.https://doi.org/10.1053/jhin.1998.0559
30. Ozalp, M., Ekizoglu, M., Kilic, E. (2007).Evaluation of Bactericidal Activity of Certain Gluteraldehyde Free Disinfectants Used in the Disinfection of Endoscopes and Surgical Devices by a Quantitative Suspension Test. Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy, 27(2): 131-138.
31. Sheraba, N.S., Yassin, A.S., Fahmy, A., Aminw, M.A. (2014). Quantitative suspension tests for the evaluation of bactericidal, fungicidal and sporicidal effects of biocides used in vaccine production facility. Afr J Microbiol Res, (5): 417-424.https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2013.6137
32. Unal, N., Karadag, A., Yanik, K., Bilgin, K., Gunaydın, M., Birinci, A. (2014). Analysis of in Vitro Efficiency of Electrolyzed Water Against Fungi Species Frequently Detected in Nosocomial Infections. Universal Journal of Microbiology Research, 2(3): 50-55.
33. Rutala, W.A., Weber, D.J. (2013). Disinfection and sterilization: An overview. American Journal of Infection Control, 41:2- 5.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.11.005
34. Okesola, A.O., Olola, A.F. (2011). The Efficay of the Commonly Used Hospital Disinfectants on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, International Research Journal of Microbiology, 2(7): 226-229.
35. Inan, A., Şenbayrak,Akçay S., Özyürek, S.Ç., Tekin, S.Z., Erdoğmuş, P., Erdem, İ., Engin, D.Ö., Ceran, N., Göktaş, P. (2009). The Efficacy of Various Anticepticsand Disinfectants against Some Nosocomial Pathogens. Turk MikrobiyolojiCemiyetiDergisi, 39(3-4): 97-102.
36. Tyski, S., Grzybowska, W., Grzeszczuk, S., Leszczynski, P., Staniszewska, M., Röhm-Rodowald, E., Jakimiak, B. (2009). Antimicrobial Activity of Glucoprotamin-Containing Disinfectants. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 58(4): 347-353.
37. Arias-Moliz, M.T., Ordinola-Zapata, R., Baca, P., Ruiz-Linares, M., Garcia, GarciaE., Hungaro, Duarte M.A., Monteiro, Bramante C., Ferrer-Luque, C.M. (2015). Antimicrobial Activity of Chlorhexidine, Peracetic Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite/Etidronate Irrigant Solutions against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms. International Endodontic Journal, 48(12): 1188-1193. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12424
38. Kampf, G., Fliss, P.M., Martiny, H. (2014). Is Peracetic Acid Suitable for the Cleaning Step of Reprocessing Flexible Endoscopes? World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 6(9): 390-406.https://doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v6.i9.390
39. Costa, S.A.S., Paula, O.F.P., Silva, C.R.G., Leao, M.V.P., Santos, S.S.F. (2015). Stability of Antimicrobial Activity of Peracetic Acid Solutions Used in the Final Disinfection Process, Braz Oral Res (online), 29(1): 1-6.https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2015.vol29.0038
40. Adukwu, E.C., Allen, S.C., Phillip, C,A. (2015).A Comparison of the Sensitivity of Four Staphylococcus aureus Isolates to Two Chlorine-Based Disinfectants and an Eco-friendly Commercially Available Cleaning Agent. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 25(2): 115-125.https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2014.903905
41. Clasen, T., Edmondson, P. (2006).Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) Tablets as an Alternative to Sodium Hypochlorite for the Routine Treatment of Drinking Water at the Household Level. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 209: 173-181.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.11.004

Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Eczacılık ve İlaç Bilimleri
Bölüm	Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar	Çiğdem Yavaş 0000-0002-1871-4373 Fatma Kaynak Onurdağ 0000-0002-8758-3864 Suzan Ökten 0000-0003-3372-5617
Yayımlanma Tarihi	29 Ocak 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi	16 Eylül 2021
Kabul Tarihi	19 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2022 Cilt: 46 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA	Yavaş, Ç., Kaynak Onurdağ, F., & Ökten, S. (2022). ARE THE DISINFECTANTS USED IN HOSPITALS ALSO EFFECTIVE ON BACTERIA THAT CAUSE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?: A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INVESTIGATION. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 46(1), 129-143. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.996477
AMA	Yavaş Ç, Kaynak Onurdağ F, Ökten S. ARE THE DISINFECTANTS USED IN HOSPITALS ALSO EFFECTIVE ON BACTERIA THAT CAUSE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?: A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INVESTIGATION. Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg. Ocak 2022;46(1):129-143. doi:10.33483/jfpau.996477
Chicago	Yavaş, Çiğdem, Fatma Kaynak Onurdağ, ve Suzan Ökten. “ARE THE DISINFECTANTS USED IN HOSPITALS ALSO EFFECTIVE ON BACTERIA THAT CAUSE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?: A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INVESTIGATION”. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University 46, sy. 1 (Ocak 2022): 129-43. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.996477.
EndNote	Yavaş Ç, Kaynak Onurdağ F, Ökten S (01 Ocak 2022) ARE THE DISINFECTANTS USED IN HOSPITALS ALSO EFFECTIVE ON BACTERIA THAT CAUSE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?: A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INVESTIGATION. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University 46 1 129–143.
IEEE	Ç. Yavaş, F. Kaynak Onurdağ, ve S. Ökten, “ARE THE DISINFECTANTS USED IN HOSPITALS ALSO EFFECTIVE ON BACTERIA THAT CAUSE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?: A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INVESTIGATION”, Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg., c. 46, sy. 1, ss. 129–143, 2022, doi: 10.33483/jfpau.996477.
ISNAD	Yavaş, Çiğdem vd. “ARE THE DISINFECTANTS USED IN HOSPITALS ALSO EFFECTIVE ON BACTERIA THAT CAUSE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?: A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INVESTIGATION”. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University 46/1 (Ocak 2022), 129-143. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.996477.
JAMA	Yavaş Ç, Kaynak Onurdağ F, Ökten S. ARE THE DISINFECTANTS USED IN HOSPITALS ALSO EFFECTIVE ON BACTERIA THAT CAUSE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?: A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INVESTIGATION. Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg. 2022;46:129–143.
MLA	Yavaş, Çiğdem vd. “ARE THE DISINFECTANTS USED IN HOSPITALS ALSO EFFECTIVE ON BACTERIA THAT CAUSE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?: A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INVESTIGATION”. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, c. 46, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 129-43, doi:10.33483/jfpau.996477.
Vancouver	Yavaş Ç, Kaynak Onurdağ F, Ökten S. ARE THE DISINFECTANTS USED IN HOSPITALS ALSO EFFECTIVE ON BACTERIA THAT CAUSE NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS?: A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL INVESTIGATION. Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg. 2022;46(1):129-43.

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Kapsam ve Amaç

Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, açık erişim, hakemli bir dergi olup Türkçe veya İngilizce olarak farmasötik bilimler alanındaki önemli gelişmeleri içeren orijinal araştırmalar, derlemeler ve kısa bildiriler için uluslararası bir yayım ortamıdır. Bilimsel toplantılarda sunulan bildiriler supleman özel sayısı olarak dergide yayımlanabilir. Ayrıca, tüm farmasötik alandaki gelecek ve önceki ulusal ve uluslararası bilimsel toplantılar ile sosyal aktiviteleri içerir.