DEVELOPMENT OF A GREEN HPLC METHOD USING ETHANOL IN THE MOBILE PHASE COMPOSITION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SODIUM BENZOATE AND POTASSIUM SORBATE IN BEVERAGES

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 48 Sayı: 3, 1078 - 1088, 10.09.2024

Sercan Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1519926

Öz

Objective: This work aims to develop a novel and green high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determining sodium benzoate (Na-BZT) and potassium sorbate (K-SBT) in beverages using ethanol as an environmentally friendly solvent in the mobile phase.
Material and Method: The chromatographic parameters were optimized using the Box-Behnken design. Validation studies were carried out in accordance with international guidelines.
Result and Discussion: The developed method displayed high accuracy (98.54-106.3%), precision (RSD≤5%), and specificity, with a total run time of 7 minutes. The limit of detection values for Na-BZT and K-SBT were 0.06 and 0.14 µg/ml, respectively. The use of ethanol, a less toxic solvent, minimized environmental impact compared to traditional solvents. The method's applicability was confirmed by analyzing ten different beverage samples. The results demonstrate the potential for broader application of ethanol-based HPLC methods in the beverage industry.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Design of experiments, food analysis, HPLC, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate

İÇECEKLERDE SODYUM BENZOAT VE POTASYUM SORBAT TAYİNİ İÇİN HAREKETLİ FAZ BİLEŞİMİNDE ETANOL KULLANILAN YEŞİL HPLC YÖNTEMİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, hareketli fazda çevre dostu bir çözücü olarak etanol kullanarak içeceklerde sodyum benzoat (Na-BZT) ve potasyum sorbat (K-SBT) tayini için yeni ve çevreci bir yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografi (HPLC) yöntemi geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Kromatografik parametreler Box-Behnken tasarımı kullanılarak optimize edilmiştir. Validasyon çalışmaları uluslararası kılavuzlara uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Sonuç ve Tartışma: Geliştirilen yöntem, 7 dakikalık çalışma süresiyle yüksek doğruluk (%98.54-106.3), kesinlik (RSD≤%5) ve spesifiklik sergilemiştir. Na-BZT ve K-SBT için tespit limiti değerleri sırasıyla 0.06 ve 0.14 µg/ml idi. Daha az toksik bir çözücü olan etanol kullanımı, geleneksel çözücülere kıyasla çevresel etkiyi en aza indirmiştir. Yöntemin uygulanabilirliği on farklı içecek örneğinin analiz edilmesiyle doğrulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, içecek endüstrisinde etanol bazlı HPLC yöntemlerinin daha geniş uygulama potansiyelini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Deneysel tasarım, gıda analizi, HPLC, potasyum sorbat, sodyum benzoat

Kaynakça

• 1. Pylypiw, H.M., Grether, M.T. (2000). Rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in foods. Journal of Chromatography A, 883(1), 299-304. [CrossRef]
• 2. Can, N.O., Arli, G., Lafci, Y. (2011). A novel RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate in soft drinks using C18-bonded monolithic silica column. Journal of Separation Science, 34(16-17), 2214-2222. [CrossRef]
• 3. Turkish Food Codex Regulation on Food Additives, Off. J. (2023) 32338. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=40365&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5.
• 4. Chaleshtori, F.S., Arian, A., Chaleshtori, R.S. (2018). Assessment of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate preservatives in some products in Kashan, Iran with estimation of human health risk. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 120, 634–638. [CrossRef]
• 5. Wang, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Liu, X., Fan, J., Liu, W., Zhang, X. (2020). Simultaneous ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate by BP-neural network algorithm and partial least squares. Optik, 201, 163529. [CrossRef]
• 6. De Luca, C., Passi, S., Quattrucci, E. (1995). Simultaneous determination of sorbic acid, benzoic acid and parabens in foods: A new gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry technique adopted in a survey on Italian foods and beverages. Food Additives & Contaminants, 12(1), 1-7. [CrossRef]
• 7. Costa, A.C.O., da Silva Perfeito, L., Tavares, M.F.M., Micke, G.A. (2008). Determination of sorbate and benzoate in beverage samples by capillary electrophoresis-optimization of the method with inspection of ionic mobilities. Journal of Chromatography A, 1204(1), 123-127. [CrossRef]
• 8. Yazdanfar, N., Manafi, L., Ebrahiminejad, B., Mazaheri, Y., Sadighara, P., Basaran, B., Mohamadi, S. (2023). Evaluation of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate preservative concentrations in different sauce samples in Urmia, Iran. Journal of Food Protection, 86(8), 100118. [CrossRef]
• 9. Gören, A.C., Bilsel, G., Şimşek, A., Bilsel, M., Akçadağ, F., Topal, K., Ozgen, H. (2015). HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods for determination of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in food and beverages: Performances of local accredited laboratories via proficiency tests in Turkey. Food Chemistry, 175, 273-279. [CrossRef]
• 10. Das, S., Uddin, M.N., Khaled, A.S.M., Noyon, M.R.O.K., Chakraborty, D., Mostafa, M., Islam, M.S.M. M., Bhattacharjee, S.C., Das, S.K., Uddin, M. (2024). Health risk assessment of three preservatives in beverage, cake, ketchup, and therapeutic products available in Bangladesh using the new validated HPLC-PDA method. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 126, 105907. [CrossRef]
• 11. Amirpour, M., Arman, A., Yolmeh, A., Akbari Azam, M., Moradi-Khatoonabadi, Z. (2015). Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate preservatives in food stuffs in Iran. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 8(2), 142-148. [CrossRef]
• 12. Aksu Dönmez, Ö., Dinç-Zor, Ş., Aşçı, B., Bozdoğan, A.E. (2020). Quantitative analysis of Food additives in a beverage using high performance liquid chromatography and diode array detection coupled with chemometrics. Journal of AOAC International, 103(3), 779-783. [CrossRef]
• 13. de Marco, B.A., Rechelo, B.S., Tótoli, E.G., Kogawa, A.C., Salgado, H.R.N. (2019). Evolution of green chemistry and its multidimensional impacts: A review. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 27(1), 1-8. [CrossRef]
• 14. Anastas, P.T., Warner, J.C. (2000). Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press. p.29-56. [CrossRef]
• 15. Armenta, S., Garrigues, S., de la Guardia, M. (2008). Green analytical chemistry. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 27(6), 497–511. [CrossRef]
• 16. Płotka, J., Tobiszewski, M., Sulej, A.M., Kupska, M., Górecki, T., Namieśnik, J. (2013). Green chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1307, 1-20. [CrossRef]
• 17. Rashad, E.A., Elsayed, S.S., Nasr, J.J.M., Ibrahim, F.A. (2023). Factorial design optimized green reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of aspirin and clopidogrel in pharmaceutical tablets. Microchemical Journal, 190, 108610. [CrossRef]
• 18. Funari, C.S., Cavalheiro, A.J., Carneiro, R.L. (2018). Coupled monolithic columns as an alternative for the use of viscous ethanol-water mobile phases on chromatographic fingerprinting complex samples. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 28(3), 261-266. [CrossRef]
• 19. Hemdan, A., Magdy, R., Farouk, M., Fares, N.V. (2022). Central composite design as an analytical optimization tool for the development of eco-friendly HPLC-PDA methods for two antihypertensive mixtures containing the angiotensin receptor blocker Valsartan: Greenness assessment by four evaluation tools. Microchemical Journal, 183, 108105. [CrossRef]
• 20. Yıldırım, S. (2023). A green liquid chromatographic method using ethanol in mobile phase for the determination of nimesulide and naproxen in gel formulations. Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 5(2), 89-97. [CrossRef]
• 21. Yıldırım, S., Özyiğit, T. (2024). Development of a fast liquid chromatography method with a chemometric approach based on box-behnken design for the determination of antidepressants in pharmaceutical formulations. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 48(2), 597-607. [CrossRef]
• 22. Yıldırım, S., Sellitepe, H.E. (2021). Vortex assisted liquid-liquid microextraction based on in situ formation of a natural deep eutectic solvent by microwave irradiation for the determination of beta-blockers in water samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1642, 462007. [CrossRef]
• 23. Latrous, L. (2022). Optimization and validation in liquid chromatography using design of experiments. Chemistry Africa, 5(3), 437-458. [CrossRef]
• 24. de Almeida Borges, V.R., Ribeiro, A.F., de Souza Anselmo, C., Cabral, L.M., de Sousa, V.P. (2013). Development of a high performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of isomers β-caryophyllene and α-humulene in copaiba oleoresin using the box-behnken design. Journal of Chromatography B, 940, 35-41. [CrossRef]
• 25. Yıldırım, S., Yaşar, A. (2018). A core-shell column approach to fast determination of synthetic dyes in foodstuffs by high-performance liquid chromatography. Food Analytical Methods, 11(6), 1581-1590. [CrossRef]
• 26. Derringer, G., Suich, R. (1980). Simultaneous optimization of several response variables. Journal of Quality Technology, 12(4), 214-219. [CrossRef]
• 27. Sahu, P.K., Ramisetti, N.R., Cecchi, T., Swain, S., Patro, C.S., Panda, J. (2018). An overview of experimental designs in HPLC method development and validation. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 147, 590-611. [CrossRef]
• 28. Ferreira, S.L.C., Bruns, R.E., Ferreira, H.S., Matos, G.D., David, J.M., Brandão, G.C., da Silva, E.G.P., Portugal, L.A., dos Reis, P.S., Souza, A.S., dos Santos, W.N.L. (2007). Box-Behnken design: An alternative for the optimization of analytical methods. Analytica Chimica Acta, 597(2), 179-186. [CrossRef]
• 29. ICH Expert Working Group. (2005). International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceutials for Human Use. Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1).
• 30. Pena-Pereira, F., Wojnowski, W., Tobiszewski, M. (2020). AGREE-Analytical GREEnness metric approach and software. Analytical Chemistry, 92(14), 10076-10082. [CrossRef]
• 31. Gałuszka, A., Migaszewski, Z., Namieśnik, J. (2013). The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry and the SIGNIFICANCE mnemonic of green analytical practices. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 50, 78-84. [CrossRef]