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EXPLORATION OF HALLUCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS IN PEGANUM HARMALA, A POPULAR INCENSE IN FOLK CULTURE, COUPLED WITH ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 49 Sayı: 1, 79 - 90
https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1532753

Öz

Objective: Peganum harmala L., commonly known as "harmala," is extensively used as an herbal incense product today and is renowned for its reported calming effects on humans. This study aims to perform a structural characterization of incense, with a particular focus on its fruit and seed components, by analyzing both the combustion process and dissolving the resulting smoke in an appropriate solvent. Additionally, we aim to contribute to the literature by investigating the presence of hallucinogenic compounds in this incense. Simultaneously, anatomical features of pedicels, petals, sepals, stamens, and pistils of P. harmala were examined through manual sectioning.
Material and Method: Smoke from incense was dissolved using n-hexane and dichloromethane solvents. Chemical analysis of seeds and fruits was conducted using GC-MS at the Erzurum Regional Criminal Police Laboratory Directorate. Anatomical characterization involved manual sectioning of pedicels, petals, sepals, and pistils, followed by examination under a microscope.
Result and Discussion: Upon analysis of samples extracted from dichloromethane and n-hexane solvents, the presence of harmine-a compound exhibiting hallucinogenic properties-has been identified. Harmine is known to impact human perception, cognition, and emotions by influencing central nervous system. The anatomical analysis revealed the presence of glandular trichomes on the pedicel, and sepal. Chemical compounds in smoke of P. harmala seeds and fruits, including hallucinogenic compound harmine, were identified through GC-MS analysis.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Albright, W.F. (1974). The lachish cosmetic burner and esther 2:12. In: H.N. Bream, R.D. Heim, and C.A. Moore (Eds.), Old Testament Studies in Honor of Jacob M. Myers, (pp. 25-32). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • 2. Kırıcı, S., Kayıran, S.D., Tokuz, G. (2018). Doğu Akdeniz bölgesinde üzerlik (Peganum harmala L.) bitkisinin tütsü olarak kullanımı. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 8(1), 1-12.
  • 3. Ökse, A.T. (2019). MÖ üçüncü binde Orta Fırat havzasında yaşam döngüsü algısı: Gre Virike örneği. In: M. Önal, S.İ. Mutlu ve S. Mutlu (Eds.), Harran ve Çevresi Arkeoloji (pp.107-119). Şanlıurfa: ŞURKAV Yayınları.
  • 4. Bayat A.H. (2016). Tıp Tarihi, Merkez Efendi Geleneksel Tıp Derneği, İstabul, p.365.
  • 5. Okutan, M.Y., Kocer, D., Yildiz, M. (2004). Yadigâr-ı İbn-i Şerif 15. Yüzyıl Türkçe Tıp Kitabı. In: 5. Merkez Efendi Geleneksel Tıp Günleri Anısına, (pp. 116-632). İstanbul: Yerküre.
  • 6. Davis, P.H. (1967). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, (pp. 38-67). Vol.2, Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press.
  • 7. Miraj, S.A. (2016). A review study of therapeutic effects of Peganum harmala. Der harmacia Lettre, 8, 161-166.
  • 8. Sahin, K. (2012). Master’s Thesis. The Examination of Harmel Plant as Regards Turkish Folk Culture and Art. Departmant of Art Painting, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
  • 9. Ceylan, M. (2017). Master’s Thesis. Traces of Shamanism in Afyonkarahisar tales. Department of Turkish Language and Literature, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey.
  • 10. Mahmoudian, M., Salehian, P., Jalilpour, H. (2002). Toxicity of Peganum harmala: Review and a case report. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (IJPT), 1(1), 1-4.
  • 11. Herraiz, T., González, D., Ancín-Azpilicueta, C., Arán, V.J., Guillén, H. (2010). β-Carboline alkaloids in Peganum harmala and inhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(3), 839-845. [CrossRef]
  • 12. Abedini, M., Movafeghi, A.L.I., Aliasgharpour, M., Dadpour, M.R. (2013). Anatomy and ultrastructure of the floral nectary in Peganum harmala L. (Nitrariaceae). Plant Species Biology, 28(3), 185-192. [CrossRef]
  • 13. Koyuncu, O., Öztürk, D., Erkara, Đ.P., Kaplan, A. (2008). Anatomical and palynological studies on economically important Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae). Biology Diver Conservation BioDiversity, 20, 108-115.
  • 14. AS, S., Kudrina, N.O., Kulmanov, T.E., Kurmanbayeva, M.S., Inelova, Z.A., Shalgimbayeva, S.M. (2019). Anatomical and morphological structure of Peganum harmala of Almaty region and its therapeutic properties. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 51(2), 649-655. [CrossRef]
  • 15. Shapira, Z., Terkel, J., Egozi, Y., Nyska, A., Friedman, J. (1989). Abortifacient potential for the epigeal parts of Peganum harmala. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 27(3), 319-325. [CrossRef]
  • 16. Moloudizargari, M., Mikaili, P., Aghajanshakeri, S., Asghari, M. H., Shayegh, J. (2013). Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Peganum harmala and its main alkaloids. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 7(14), 199. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Shahverdi, A.R., Monsef-Esfahani, H.R., Nickavar, B., Bitarafan, L., Khodaee, S., Khoshakhlagh, N. (2005). Antimicrobial activity and main chemical composition of two smoke condensates from Peganum harmala seeds. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 60(9-10), 707-710. [CrossRef]
  • 18. Iranshahy, M., Bazzaz, S.F., Haririzadeh, G., Abootorabi, B.Z., Mohamadi, A.M., Khashyarmanesh, Z. (2019). Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of Peganum harmala L. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 9(6), 530. [CrossRef]
  • 19. Faridi, P., Ghasemi, Y., Mohagheghzadeh, A. (2013). Chemical composition of Peganum harmala smoke and volatile oil. Journal Of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 16(4), 469-473.
  • 20. Gaujac, A., Navickiene, S., Collins, M.I., Brandt, S.D., & de Andrade, J.B. (2012). Analytical techniques for the determination of tryptamines and β‐carbolines in plant matrices and in psychoactive beverages consumed during religious ceremonies and neo‐shamanic urban practices. Drug Testing and Analysis, 4(7-8), 636-648. [CrossRef]
  • 21. Brito-da-Costa, A.M., Dias-da-Silva, D., Gomes, N.G., Dinis-Oliveira, R.J., Madureira-Carvalho, Á. (2020). Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of ayahuasca alkaloids N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine: Clinical and forensic impact. Pharmaceuticals, 13(11), 334. [CrossRef]
  • 22. Gable, R.S. (2007). Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids. Addiction, 102(1), 24-34.
  • 23. Shepard, G. (2005). Psychoactive botanicals in ritual, religion and shamanism. Ethnopharmacology: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), 2, 128-182.

HALK KÜLTÜRÜNDE POPÜLER BİR TÜTSÜ OLAN PEGANUM HARMALA'DAKİ HALÜSINOJENİK BİLEŞİKLERİN ANATOMİK ANALİZLERLE BERABER ARAŞTIRILMASI

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 49 Sayı: 1, 79 - 90
https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1532753

Öz

Amaç: Genellikle “harmala” olarak bilinen Peganum harmala, günümüzde insanlar üzerinde bildirilen sakinleştirici etkileriyle tanınan bitkisel bir tütsü ürünü olarak yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, tütsünün meyve ve tohum bileşenlerine odaklanarak, tütsünün yakılması ve dumanının uygun bir çözücü ile çözülmesi yoluyla yapısal karakterizasyonunu gerçekleştirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Ayrıca, bu tütsüde halüsinojenik bileşiklerin varlığını araştırarak literatüre katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir. Eş zamanlı olarak, P. harmala'nın pedisel, petal, sepal, stamen ve pistillerinin anatomik özellikleri manuel kesit alma yoluyla incelenmiştir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Tütsü dumanı n-hekzan ve diklorometan çözücüleri kullanılarak çözülmüştür. Tohum ve meyvelerin kimyasal analizi Erzurum Bölge Kriminal Polis Laboratuvarı Müdürlüğü'nde GC-MS kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Anatomik karakterizasyon, pedisel, petal, sepal, stamen ve pistillerin elle kesitlerinin alınmasını takiben mikroskop altında incelenmesiyle gerçekleştirildi. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Diklorometan ve n-hekzan çözücülerinden ekstre edilen örneklerin analizi sonucunda, halüsinojenik özellikler gösteren bir bileşik olan harminin varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Harminin merkezi sinir sistemini etkileyerek insan algısını, bilişini ve duygularını etkilediği bilinmektedir. Anatomik analiz sonucunda, pedisel ve sepalde salgı tüylerinin olduğu görülmüştür. P. harmala tohum ve meyvelerinin dumanında bulunan ve halüsinojenik bileşik harmini de içeren kimyasal bileşikler GK/ KS analizi ile tanımlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Albright, W.F. (1974). The lachish cosmetic burner and esther 2:12. In: H.N. Bream, R.D. Heim, and C.A. Moore (Eds.), Old Testament Studies in Honor of Jacob M. Myers, (pp. 25-32). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • 2. Kırıcı, S., Kayıran, S.D., Tokuz, G. (2018). Doğu Akdeniz bölgesinde üzerlik (Peganum harmala L.) bitkisinin tütsü olarak kullanımı. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi, 8(1), 1-12.
  • 3. Ökse, A.T. (2019). MÖ üçüncü binde Orta Fırat havzasında yaşam döngüsü algısı: Gre Virike örneği. In: M. Önal, S.İ. Mutlu ve S. Mutlu (Eds.), Harran ve Çevresi Arkeoloji (pp.107-119). Şanlıurfa: ŞURKAV Yayınları.
  • 4. Bayat A.H. (2016). Tıp Tarihi, Merkez Efendi Geleneksel Tıp Derneği, İstabul, p.365.
  • 5. Okutan, M.Y., Kocer, D., Yildiz, M. (2004). Yadigâr-ı İbn-i Şerif 15. Yüzyıl Türkçe Tıp Kitabı. In: 5. Merkez Efendi Geleneksel Tıp Günleri Anısına, (pp. 116-632). İstanbul: Yerküre.
  • 6. Davis, P.H. (1967). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, (pp. 38-67). Vol.2, Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press.
  • 7. Miraj, S.A. (2016). A review study of therapeutic effects of Peganum harmala. Der harmacia Lettre, 8, 161-166.
  • 8. Sahin, K. (2012). Master’s Thesis. The Examination of Harmel Plant as Regards Turkish Folk Culture and Art. Departmant of Art Painting, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
  • 9. Ceylan, M. (2017). Master’s Thesis. Traces of Shamanism in Afyonkarahisar tales. Department of Turkish Language and Literature, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey.
  • 10. Mahmoudian, M., Salehian, P., Jalilpour, H. (2002). Toxicity of Peganum harmala: Review and a case report. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (IJPT), 1(1), 1-4.
  • 11. Herraiz, T., González, D., Ancín-Azpilicueta, C., Arán, V.J., Guillén, H. (2010). β-Carboline alkaloids in Peganum harmala and inhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(3), 839-845. [CrossRef]
  • 12. Abedini, M., Movafeghi, A.L.I., Aliasgharpour, M., Dadpour, M.R. (2013). Anatomy and ultrastructure of the floral nectary in Peganum harmala L. (Nitrariaceae). Plant Species Biology, 28(3), 185-192. [CrossRef]
  • 13. Koyuncu, O., Öztürk, D., Erkara, Đ.P., Kaplan, A. (2008). Anatomical and palynological studies on economically important Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae). Biology Diver Conservation BioDiversity, 20, 108-115.
  • 14. AS, S., Kudrina, N.O., Kulmanov, T.E., Kurmanbayeva, M.S., Inelova, Z.A., Shalgimbayeva, S.M. (2019). Anatomical and morphological structure of Peganum harmala of Almaty region and its therapeutic properties. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 51(2), 649-655. [CrossRef]
  • 15. Shapira, Z., Terkel, J., Egozi, Y., Nyska, A., Friedman, J. (1989). Abortifacient potential for the epigeal parts of Peganum harmala. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 27(3), 319-325. [CrossRef]
  • 16. Moloudizargari, M., Mikaili, P., Aghajanshakeri, S., Asghari, M. H., Shayegh, J. (2013). Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Peganum harmala and its main alkaloids. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 7(14), 199. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Shahverdi, A.R., Monsef-Esfahani, H.R., Nickavar, B., Bitarafan, L., Khodaee, S., Khoshakhlagh, N. (2005). Antimicrobial activity and main chemical composition of two smoke condensates from Peganum harmala seeds. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 60(9-10), 707-710. [CrossRef]
  • 18. Iranshahy, M., Bazzaz, S.F., Haririzadeh, G., Abootorabi, B.Z., Mohamadi, A.M., Khashyarmanesh, Z. (2019). Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of Peganum harmala L. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 9(6), 530. [CrossRef]
  • 19. Faridi, P., Ghasemi, Y., Mohagheghzadeh, A. (2013). Chemical composition of Peganum harmala smoke and volatile oil. Journal Of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 16(4), 469-473.
  • 20. Gaujac, A., Navickiene, S., Collins, M.I., Brandt, S.D., & de Andrade, J.B. (2012). Analytical techniques for the determination of tryptamines and β‐carbolines in plant matrices and in psychoactive beverages consumed during religious ceremonies and neo‐shamanic urban practices. Drug Testing and Analysis, 4(7-8), 636-648. [CrossRef]
  • 21. Brito-da-Costa, A.M., Dias-da-Silva, D., Gomes, N.G., Dinis-Oliveira, R.J., Madureira-Carvalho, Á. (2020). Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of ayahuasca alkaloids N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine: Clinical and forensic impact. Pharmaceuticals, 13(11), 334. [CrossRef]
  • 22. Gable, R.S. (2007). Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids. Addiction, 102(1), 24-34.
  • 23. Shepard, G. (2005). Psychoactive botanicals in ritual, religion and shamanism. Ethnopharmacology: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), 2, 128-182.
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Farmakognozi, Farmasotik Botanik
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Merve Akdoğan 0000-0003-4670-3118

Enes Tekman 0000-0002-1226-7218

Hafize Yuca 0000-0002-0857-4776

Songül Karakaya 0000-0002-3268-721X

Gülnur Ekşi Bona 0000-0002-6869-8703

Cavit Kazaz 0000-0002-5249-0895

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 13 Ocak 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 17 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 49 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akdoğan, M., Tekman, E., Yuca, H., Karakaya, S., vd. (2025). EXPLORATION OF HALLUCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS IN PEGANUM HARMALA, A POPULAR INCENSE IN FOLK CULTURE, COUPLED WITH ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 49(1), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1532753
AMA Akdoğan M, Tekman E, Yuca H, Karakaya S, Ekşi Bona G, Kazaz C. EXPLORATION OF HALLUCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS IN PEGANUM HARMALA, A POPULAR INCENSE IN FOLK CULTURE, COUPLED WITH ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS. Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg. Ocak 2025;49(1):79-90. doi:10.33483/jfpau.1532753
Chicago Akdoğan, Merve, Enes Tekman, Hafize Yuca, Songül Karakaya, Gülnur Ekşi Bona, ve Cavit Kazaz. “EXPLORATION OF HALLUCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS IN PEGANUM HARMALA, A POPULAR INCENSE IN FOLK CULTURE, COUPLED WITH ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS”. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University 49, sy. 1 (Ocak 2025): 79-90. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1532753.
EndNote Akdoğan M, Tekman E, Yuca H, Karakaya S, Ekşi Bona G, Kazaz C (01 Ocak 2025) EXPLORATION OF HALLUCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS IN PEGANUM HARMALA, A POPULAR INCENSE IN FOLK CULTURE, COUPLED WITH ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University 49 1 79–90.
IEEE M. Akdoğan, E. Tekman, H. Yuca, S. Karakaya, G. Ekşi Bona, ve C. Kazaz, “EXPLORATION OF HALLUCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS IN PEGANUM HARMALA, A POPULAR INCENSE IN FOLK CULTURE, COUPLED WITH ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS”, Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg., c. 49, sy. 1, ss. 79–90, 2025, doi: 10.33483/jfpau.1532753.
ISNAD Akdoğan, Merve vd. “EXPLORATION OF HALLUCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS IN PEGANUM HARMALA, A POPULAR INCENSE IN FOLK CULTURE, COUPLED WITH ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS”. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University 49/1 (Ocak 2025), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1532753.
JAMA Akdoğan M, Tekman E, Yuca H, Karakaya S, Ekşi Bona G, Kazaz C. EXPLORATION OF HALLUCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS IN PEGANUM HARMALA, A POPULAR INCENSE IN FOLK CULTURE, COUPLED WITH ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS. Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg. 2025;49:79–90.
MLA Akdoğan, Merve vd. “EXPLORATION OF HALLUCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS IN PEGANUM HARMALA, A POPULAR INCENSE IN FOLK CULTURE, COUPLED WITH ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS”. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, c. 49, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 79-90, doi:10.33483/jfpau.1532753.
Vancouver Akdoğan M, Tekman E, Yuca H, Karakaya S, Ekşi Bona G, Kazaz C. EXPLORATION OF HALLUCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS IN PEGANUM HARMALA, A POPULAR INCENSE IN FOLK CULTURE, COUPLED WITH ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS. Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg. 2025;49(1):79-90.

Kapsam ve Amaç

Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, açık erişim, hakemli bir dergi olup Türkçe veya İngilizce olarak farmasötik bilimler alanındaki önemli gelişmeleri içeren orijinal araştırmalar, derlemeler ve kısa bildiriler için uluslararası bir yayım ortamıdır. Bilimsel toplantılarda sunulan bildiriler supleman özel sayısı olarak dergide yayımlanabilir. Ayrıca, tüm farmasötik alandaki gelecek ve önceki ulusal ve uluslararası bilimsel toplantılar ile sosyal aktiviteleri içerir.