Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health

Öz

Sexual and reproductive rights of adolescents are international human rights and should be respected.As a result of risky sexual behaviors in this period, they are confronted with some problems affecting the reproductive health including too-early pregnancy and childbearing, unsafe and illegal abortions, sexually transmitted infections and infertility. Adolescent have unique sexual and reproductive health needs. These needs cannot be fully met due to lack of information, social pressure, insufficientand laws and policies that prevent the provision of contraception for unmarried adolescents, and judicial attitudes between law enforcement agencies and service providers. Systematic reviews suggest comprehensive interventions in adolescents that include sexual health education, counseling and support for continuing contraceptive methods to control and prevent adverse outcomes associated with risky sexual behaviors.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adolescent sexual health,reproductive health,sexual health education,adolescent pregancy,contraception

Adolesanlarda Cinsel Sağlık ve Üreme Sağlığı

Öz

Adolesanların cinsel ve üreme hakları, uluslararası insan haklarıdır ve saygı gösterilmelidir. Bu dönemde riskli cinsel davranışlar sonucu oluşan çok erken yaşta gebelikler ve çocuk doğurma, güvenli ve yasal olmayan abortuslar, cinsel yolla bulaşan infeksiyonlar ve infertilite gibi üreme sağlığını etkileyen bazı problemlerle karşı karşıya kalmaktadırlar. Adolesanlar özel cinsel ve üreme sağlığı ihtiyaçlarına sahiptirler. Bu ihtiyaçlar bilgi eksikliği, toplumsal baskı, evlenmemiş adolesanlar için yetersiz ve kontrasepsiyonun sağlanmasını engelleyen yasa ve politikalar ile hizmet sağlayıcılar arasındaki yargılayıcı davranışlardan dolayı tam olarak karşılanamamaktadır. Sistematik derlemeler adolesanlarda, riskli cinsel davranışlarla ilgili olumsuz sonuçların kontrolü ve önlenmesi için cinsel sağlık eğitimi, danışmanlık ve devamlılık gösteren doğum kontrol metotlarının desteklenmesini içeren kapsamlı müdahaleleri önermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adolesan cinsel sağlığı,üreme sağlığı,cinsel sağlık eğitimi,adolesan gebelik,kontrasepsiyon

Kaynakça

1. World Health Organization. Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent he- alth, 2012. http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/ ado- lescence/development/en/
2. Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2015. http://www.saglikistatistikleri.gov.tr/ dos- yalar/SIY_2015.pdf
3. Morris JL, Rushwan H. Adolescent sexual and reproductive health: The global challenges. Intern J Gynecol Obstet. 2015; 131 (Suppl. 1):S40-S42.
4. Erikson, E. H. & Erikson, J. M. The life cycle completed. New York, NY: W. W: Norton & Company, 1998.
5. Bailey, L. D. Adolescent girls: A vulnerable population. Advances in Neo- natal Care. 2012;12:102–6.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV and substance use in the United States. 2015a. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/riskbehaviors/ subs- tanceuese.html
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013 Sexually transmitted diseases surveillance. 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats13/ adol.htm
8. Chandra-Mouli V, McCarraher DR, Phillips SJ, Williamson NE, Hainsworth G. Contraception for adolescents in low and middle income countries: Needs, barriers, and access. Reprod Health 2014;11:1.

9. United Nations: We can end poverty: Millennium development goals and beyond 2015. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/childhealth. shtml.
10. United Nations Fund for Population Activities. Adolescent and youth de- mographics: A brief overview; 2013.
11. World Health Organization: Health for the world’s adolescents: A second chance in the second decade. http://public.tableausoftware. com/profile/ digitalteam# /vizhome/shared/3JW3RBSZ3.
12. Haldre K, Rahu K, Karro H, Rahu M. Is a poor pregnancy outcome related to young maternal age? A study of teenagers in Estonia during the period of major socio-economic changes (from 1992 to 2002). Eur J Obstetrics Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007;131:45e51.
13. United Nations Population Fund. Motherhood in childhood: Facing the challenge of adolescent pregnancy. http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/ site/ global/shared/
14. Berg RC, Denison E. Interventions to reduce the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting in African countries. Campbell Systematic Re- views. 2012:9.
15. Berg RC, Denison E. Does female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) af- fectwomen’s sexual functioning? A systematic review of the sexual con- sequences of FGM/C. Sex Res Soc Pol. 2012;9:41e56.
16. Hamilton, B. E., Martin, J. A., Osterman, M. J. K., & Curtin, S. C. Birt- hs: Preliminary data for 2013. National Center for Health Statistics. 2014 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr63/nvsr63˙02.pdf
17. March of Dimes. Teenage pregnancy. 2012.http://www.marchofdimes. org/materials/teenage-pregnancy.pdf
18. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. Coun- ting it up: The public costs of teen childbearing: Key data. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. 2013.http://thenationalcampaign.org/sites/default/files/ mary-download/counting-it-up-key-data-2013-update. pdf resource-pri
19. Cleland K, Peipert J F, Westhoff C, Spear S,Trussell, J. Family planning as a cost-saving preventive health service. New England Journal of Medici- ne. 2011; 364: 1–3.
20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexual risk behavior: HIV, STD, & teen pregnancy prevention. 2015b. http://www.cdc.gov/healthy- youth/ sexualbehaviors/
21. Kuzma EK, Peters RM.Adolescent vulnerability, sexual health, and the NP’s role in health advocacy. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2016;28:353-61.
22. Report of the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva, Joint United Nations Prog- ramme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), 2004.
23. Barr EM, Goldfarb ES, Russell S, Seabert D, Wallen M, Wilson KL. Impro- ving sexuality education: the development of teacher-preparation standar- ds.J Sch Health. 2014 ;84:396-415.
24. Barr EM, Moore MJ, Johnson T, Forrest J, Jordan M. New evidence: data documenting parental support for earlier sexuality education.J Sch He- alth. 2014;84:10-7.
25. Future of Sex Education Initiative. National sexuality education stan- darts: core content and skills, K-12 (a special publication of the Journol of School Health). 2013. http://www.futureofsexualeduction.org/ docu- ments/josh-fose-standarts-web.pdf
26. Olumide AO, Ojengbede OA. The media as a critical determinant of the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2016;8:63-74.
27. Tolman DL, Kim JL, Schooler D, Sorsoli CL. Rethinking the associations between television viewing and adolescent sexuality development: brin- ging gender into focus. J Adolesc Health. 2007;40:84. e9-16.
28. World Health Organization. Documents on adolescent health, 2011. http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/adolescent/ en/
29. International Conference on Population and Development, Caioro, 1994http://www.unfpa.org/icpd
30. Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 1995.http://www. un.org/ womenwatch/daw/beijing/fwcwn.html
31. International Planned Parenthood Federation. IPPF Framework for Comp- rehensive Sexuality Education (CSE), 2010.
32. https://www.ippf.org/sites/default/files/ippf_framework_for_comprehen- sive_ sexuality_education.pdf
33. Ayşe Akın, Şevkat Bahar Özvarış. Adolesanların cinsel ve üreme sağlığı- nı etkileyen fktörler, 2013. http://www.huksam.hacettepe.edu.tr/ Turkce/ SayfaDosya/adolesan.pdf
34. Salam RA, Faqqah A, Sajjad N, Lassi ZS, Das JK, Kaufman M, et al. Impro- ving Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Systematic Review of Potential Interventions.J Adolesc Health. 2016;59(Suppl. 4):S11-S28.