Pregnancy And Eating Behavior Disorders

Öz

Pregnancy is a time when social, psychological and physical change. This can be a turning point for eating disorder recovery or in a negative way in the beginning/ recurrence. Pregorexia is an eating disorder in pregnant women that is based on controlling weight gain by reducing energy intake and excessively exercising. Eating disorders in adolescence and young adulthood is associated with psychiatric and medical comorbidities and has a significant impact on pregnancy as well. Obvious symptoms of eating disorder include the person's body dissatisfaction, the fear to gain weight and disordered eating behaviors and may affect women at different times during the life cycle, including pregnancy and postpartum. Many women experience discomfort in their normal eating habits during pregnancy. The pica seen during pregnancy is a eating disorder characterized by the consumption of substances not identified as nutrients. The presence of pica behavior may result in a high-risk pregnancy with increased risk of perinatal and life-threatening consequences and undesirable consequences for the fetus and the mother.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pregnancy,eating disorder,pica

Gebelik ve Yeme Davranış Bozuklukları

Öz

Gebelik; sosyal, psikolojik ve fiziksel değişimleri içeren bir süreçtir. Bu değişim süreci yeme davranış bozukluklarının iyileşmesi ya da olumsuz bir şekilde başlangıcı/nüksetmesi için bir dönüm noktası olabilmektedir. Pregoreksiya, gebe kadınlarda görülen enerji alımını azaltıp aşırı egzersiz yaparak kilo artışını kontrol edilmesine dayanan bir yeme davranış bozukluğudur. Yeme bozuklukları ergenlik ve genç erişkinlikte psikiyatrik ve medikal komorbiditeler ile ilişkili olup gebelik üzerine önemli etkileri vardır. Yeme bozukluğunun belirgin belirtileri; kişinin vücudundan memnuniyetsizliği, kilo alma korkusu ve bozulmuş yeme davranışı olup gebelik ve postpartum dahil olmak üzere yaşam döngüsünün farklı zamanlarında kadınları etkileyebilmektedir Gebelik sırasında çoğu kadın normal yeme alışkanlıklarından rahatsızlık duyabilmektedir. Gebelik döneminde görülebilen pika; besin olarak tanımlanmayan maddelerin tüketilmesi ile karakterize bir yeme bozukluğudur. Pika davranışının varlığı, perinatal ve yaşamı tehdit eden sonuçların olasılığının arttığı, fetüs ve anne için istenmeyen sonuçları içeren yüksek riskli gebelikle sonuçlanabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gebelik,yeme bozukluğu,pika

Kaynakça

1. Watson HJ, Holle AV, Knoph C,Hamer RM, Torgersen L, Reichborn-Kjen- nerud T, et al. Psychosocial Factors Associated with Bulimia Nervosa during Pregnancy: An Internal Validation Study. Int J Eat Disord 2014; 48: 654–662.
2. CBS News. “Pregorexia” inspired by thin celebs. CBS News Web site. Erişim tarihi: 14.06.2017.http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/08/11/ earlyshow/health/main4337521.shtml.
3. Abraham L. The perfect little bump. New York Magazine Web site. Erişim tarihi: 14.06.2017. http://nymag.com/nymetro/ health/features/9909/.
4. Mathieu J. What is pregorexia?. Journal of the American Dietetic Associ- ation 2009; 109(6): 976-79.
5. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) . Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Associ- ation. 1994.
6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.2013.
7. Lowes H, Kopeika J, Micali N, Ash A. Anorexia nervosa in pregnancy. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2012; 14: 179–187.
8. Linna MS, Raevuori A, Haukka J, Suvisaari JM, Suokas JT, Gissler M. Pregnancy, Obstetric, And Perinatal Health Outcomes İn Eating Disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211: 392.e1-8.

9. Nguyen AN, de Barse LM, Tiemeier H, Jaddoe VW, Franco OH, Jansen PW, et al. Maternal history of eating disorders: Diet quality during preg- nancy and infant feeding. Appetite. 2017; 109:108-14.
10. Easter A, Solmi F, Bye A, Taborelli E, Corfield F, Schmidt U. Antenatal and Postnatal Psychopathology Among Women with Current and Past Eating Disorders: Longitudinal Patterns. Eur. Eat. Disorders Rev 2015; 19–27.
11. Kimmel MC, Ferguson EH, Zerwas S, Bulik CM, Meltzer Brody S. Obstetric and gynecologic problems associated with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2015.
12. Kolko RP, Emery RL, Marcus MD, Levine MD. Loss of control over ea- ting before and during early pregnancy among community women with overweight and obesity. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2016.
13. Czech-Szczapa B, Szczapa T, Merritt TA, Wysocki J, Gadzinowski J, Ptaszysk T, Drews K. Disordered eating attitudes during pregnancy in mothers of newborns requiring Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission: a case control study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 28(14): 1711– 1715.
14. Erginbas Kender E, Yüksel G, Ger C, Özer U. Eating attitudes, depression and anxiety levels of patients with hyperemesis gravidarum hospitalized in an obstetrics and gynecology clinic. Düşünen Adam The Journal o f Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 2015; 28: 119-126.
15. Bulik CM, Von Holle A, Hamer R, Knoph Berg C, Torgersen L, Magnus P, et al. Patterns of remission, continuation and incidence of broadly defined eating disorders during early pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Psychological Medicine 2007;37(8):1109– 1118.
16. Micali N, Treasure J, Simonoff E. Eating disorders symptoms in pregnan- cy: a longitudinal study of women with recent and past eating disorders and obesity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2007;63(3):297–303.
17. Coker EL, Mitchell-Wong LA, Abraham SF. Is pregnancy a trigger for reco- very from an eating disorder? Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandina- vica 2013;92(12):1407–1413.
18. Conrad R, Schablewski J, Schilling G, Liedtke R. Worsening of symptoms of bulimia nervosa during pregnancy. Psychosomatics 2003;44(1):76– 78.
19. Watson HJ, Holle AV, Knoph C,Hamer RM, Torgersen L, Reichborn-Kjen- nerud T, et al. Psychosocial Factors Associated with Bulimia Nervosa during Pregnancy: An Internal Validation Study. Int J Eat Disord 2014; 48: 654–662.
20. Zerwas SC, Holle AV, Perrin EM, Skinner AC, Reba-Harrelson L, Hamer RM at al. Gestational and Postpartum Weight Change Patterns in Mothers with Eating Disorders. Eur. Eat. Disorders Rev 2014; 397–404.
21. Mazzeo, S. E., Slof-Op’t Landt,M. C., Jones, I.,Mitchell,K., Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., et al. Associations among postpartum depression, eating disorders, and perfectionism in a population-based sample of adult wo- men. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2006; 39(3):202–211.
22. Nunes MA, Pinheiro AP, Hoffmann JF, Schmidt MI. Eating Disorders Sy- mptoms in Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Prospective Study in a Disad- vantaged Population in Brazil. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2014; 47: 426-430.
23. Fawcett EJ, Fawcett JM , Mazmanian D. A Meta-Analysis Of The Worl- dwide Prevalence Of Pica During Pregnancy And The Postpartum Period. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2016; 133: 277–283.
24. Ezzeddin N, Zavoshy R, Noroozi M, Jahanihashemi H, Riseh SH. Pre- valence and risk factors for pica during pregnancy in Tehran, Iran. Eat Weight Disord 2015; 20: 457–463.
25. Lin JW, Temple L, Trujillo C, Mejia-Rodriquez F, Rosas LG, Fernald L, Young SL. Pica During Pregnancy Among Mexican-Born Women: A For- mative Study. Maternal And Child Nutrition 2015; 11: 550–558.
26. Santos AM, Benute GRG, Nomura1 RMY, Santos NO, Lucia MCSD, Fran- cisco RPV. Pica and Eating Attitudes: A Study of High-Risk Pregnancies. Matern Child Health J 2016; 20: 577–582.
27. dos Santos, AM, Benute GRG, dos Santos NO, Nomura RMY, de Lucia MCS, Francisco RPV. Presence of eating disorders and its relationship to anxiety and depression in pregnant women. Midwifery 2017;51,:12-15.
28. Knoph C, Von Holle A, Zerwas S, Torgersen L, Tambs K, Stoltenberg C, et al. Course and predictors of maternal eating disorders in the postpartum period. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46(4):355-68.
29. Coker E, Abraham S. Body weight dissatisfaction before, during and after pregnancy: a comparison of women with and without eating disorders. Eat Weight Disord 2015; 20: 71–79.