An Alternative Birth Method: Water Birth With Benefits And Risks

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 187 - 191, 01.10.2017

Özlem Uzunlar Şule Özel Aytekin Tokmak Yaprak Engin Üstün

Öz

Water birth which dates back to ancient times, has become an increasingly common alternative birth method in recent years. It has been proven that water birth significantly reduces first stage of labor and the need for analgesic and regional anesthesia. Although there has been no association with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, a complete consensus has not been reached among scientific institutions regarding the conditions of implementation due to some potential risks that might be occurred. If the necessary conditions are met, it seems to be a viable method in order to encourage the normal birth of mothers in countries with high cesarean rates like ours. However, in order to be able to settle in the practice of birth in water, it is necessary to establish legal arrangements in which the possible benefits and risks are balanced. In this review, our aim is to give general information about water birth, to talk about application technique, to share current data about possible benefits and risks, and to present future projections in this regard.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alternative delivery method, hydrotherapy, complications, maternal and fetal risks, water birth

Alternatif Bir Doğum Yöntemi; Faydaları ve Riskleri İle Suda Doğum

Öz

Tarihi çok eski zamanlara kadar dayanan suda doğum, son yıllarda popülaritesi giderek artan bir alternatif doğum yöntemi olmuştur. Doğum eyleminin birinci evresini kısalttığı, analjezik ve rejyonel anestezi ihtiyacını azalttığı kanıtlanmıştır. Her ne kadar olumsuz maternal ve neonatal sonuçlarla ilişkisi gösterilememişse de, meydana gelebilecek bazı potansiyel riskler nedeniyle uygulanma koşulları ile ilgili bilimsel kuruluşlar arasında tam bir fikir birliğine varılamamıştır. Gerekli koşulların sağlanması halinde bizim gibi sezaryen oranı yüksek seyreden ülkelerde anne adaylarını normal doğuma teşvik etmek amacıyla uygulanabilir bir yöntem olarak görünmektedir. Ancak, suda doğumun doğum pratiğine yerleşebilmesi için olası yarar ve riskler dengesinin kurulduğu yasal düzenlenmelerin oluşturulması gerekmektedir. Bu derlemede amacımız suda doğumla ilgili genel bilgiler vermek, uygulama tekniğinden bahsetmek, olası faydalar ve riskler hakkındaki güncel verileri paylaşmak ve bu konuda geleceğe yönelik projeksiyonlar sunmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alternatif doğum metodu, hidroterapi, komplikasyon, maternal ve fetal riskler, suda doğum

Kaynakça

• Barbara Harper, Gentle Birth Chioces, Water birth (Chapter 6), 2nd ed., VT, USA, Healing Art Press:2005.
• Embry M. Observation sur un accouchement termine dans le bain. Ann Soc Med Prat Montpellier 1805;5:13.
• Odent M. Birth under water. Lancet. 1983;2(8365-66):1476-7.
• Dianne Garland, Revisiting Waterbirth, International support and debate with waterbirths (Chapter 1), Professional and govermental support, 2nd ed, London, UK, Palgrave:2017:10.
• Lukasse M, Rowe R, Townend J, Knight M, Hollowell J. Immersion in water for pain relief and the risk of intrapartum transfer among low risk nulliparous women: secondary analysis of the Birthplace national pros- pective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:60.
• Taylor H, Kleine I, Bewley S, Loucaides E, Sutcliffe A. Neonatal outcomes of waterbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child Fe- tal Neonatal Ed. 2016;101:F357-65.
• Immersion in Water During Labour and Birth. RCOG/Royal College of Midwives Joint Statement No. 1. London, England: Royal College of Obs- tetricians and Gynaecologists, Royal College of Midwives; 2006. Erişim tarihi 26 Ekim 2017. Available from: www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/ clinical-guidance/immersion-water-during-labour-and-birth
• Batton DG, Blackmon LR, Adamkin DH, Bell EF, Denson SE, Engle WA, et al.; Committee on Fetus and Newborn, 2004-2005. Underwater births. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1413-4.
• National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Intrapartum Care for healthy women and babies. Clinical guideline, London, 2014. Eri- şim tarihi 26 Ekim 2017. Avaliable from: https://www.nice.org.uk/gui- dance/cg190/resources/intrapartum-care-for-healthy-women-and-ba- bies-pdf-35109866447557
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee Opinion No. 679: Immersion in Water Du- ring Labor and Delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128:e231-e6.
• Simkin PP, O’hara M. Nonpharmacologic relief of pain during labor: sys- tematic reviews of five methods. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:S131.
• Cluett ER, Burns E. Immersion in water in labour and birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD000111.
• Osborne C, Ecker JL, Gauvreau K, et al. Maternal temperature elevation and occiput posterior position at birth among low-risk women receiving epidural analgesia. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2011;56:446.
• Jezová D, Vigas M, Tatár P, Jurcovicová J, Palát M. Rise in plasma be- ta-endorphin and ACTH in response to hyperthermia in sauna. Horm Metab Res. 1985;17:693-4.
• Mollamahmutoğlu L, Moraloğlu O, Ozyer S, Su FA, Karayalçın R, Hançer- lioğlu N, et al. The effects of immersion in water on labor, birth and new- born and comparison with epidural analgesia and conventional vaginal delivery. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2012;13:45-9.
• Vanderlaan J. Retrospective Cohort Study of Hydrotherapy in Labor. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2017;46:403.
• Davies R, Davis D, Pearce M, Wong N. The effect of waterbirth on neona- tal mortality and morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2015;13:180-231.
• Odent M. Can water immersion stop labor? J Nurse Midwifery. 1997;42:414.
• Benfield RD, Hortobágyi T, Tanner CJ, Swanson M, Heitkemper MM, Newton ER. The effects of hydrotherapy on anxiety, pain, neuroendoc- rine responses, and contraction dynamics during labor. Biol Res Nurs. 2010;12:28-36.
• Arizona Department of Health Services. Guidelines for Water Immersi- on and Water Birth. 2016. Erişim tarihi 27 Ekim 2017. Avaliable from: http://www.azdhs.gov/documents/licensing/special/midwives/training/ guidelines-for-water-immersion-water-birth.pdf
• Johnson P. Birth under water - to breathe or not to breathe. BJOG. 1996;103:202–8.
• Fritschel E, Sanyal K, Threadgill H, Cervantes D. Fatal legionellosis after water birth, Texas, USA, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:130-2.
• Byard RW, Zuccollo JM. Forensic issues in cases of water birth fatalities. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2010;31:258-60.
• Zanetti-Dällenbach RA, Holzgreve W, Hösli I. Neonatal group B strepto- coccus colonization in water births. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007;98:54- 5.
• Gilbert R. Water birth--a near-drowning experience. Pediatrics. 2002;110(2 Pt 1):409.
• Bowden K, Kessler D, Pinette M, Wilson E. Underwater birth: missing the evidence or missing the point? Pediatrics. 2003;112:972-3.
• Burns EE, Boulton MG, Cluett E, Cornelius VR, Smith LA. Characteristics, interventions, and outcomes of women who used a birthing pool: a pros- pective observational study. Birth. 2012;39:192-202.
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2015. Erişim tarihi 26 Ekim 2017. Available from http://www.saglikistatistikleri.gov.tr/dosyalar/ SIY_2015.pdf