Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Kubilay Han’ın Ordusu Karşısında Shikken (Naip) Hojo Tokimune

Yıl 2022, , 983 - 995, 22.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.1176957

Öz

Japonya, tarihinin ilk dönemlerinden itibaren klanlar arasındaki güç mücadelesinden önemli ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Kimi klanlar imparatora yakın olmak için karşı karşıya gelirken kimi imparatorlar da klanlar arasındaki mücadeleyi tahta çıkmak için kullanmıştır. Bu anlamda Japonya tarihinin önemli dönüm noktalarından biri Minamoto ve Taira klanları arasındaki mücadeleydi. Minamoto klanının zaferiyle sonuçlanan bu mücadele imparatoru sembolik bir konuma getirip “shogunluk” makamını ortaya çıkarmasının yanı sıra yeni bir merkez olan Kamakura’da devletin yönetimini elinde bulunduran bir “Bakufu” hükümeti kurulmasında etkili olmuştur. Ancak Minamoto klanı liderinin ölümüyle birlikte küçük yaştaki oğlunun yerine geçmesi, eşinin ailesi olan Hojo klanını shikken yani shogun vekili olarak Kamakura yönetimini eline geçirmesini sağlamıştır.
XIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar iç meselelerle uğraşan Hojo yöneticileri 1268 yılına gelindiğinde tarihlerinin ilk yabancı saldırısıyla karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Moğolların yarattığı ulusal kriz ile henüz 18 yaşında iken shikkenlik makamına gelen Hojo Tokimune mücadele etmiştir. Kamakura yönetiminin sekizinci shikkeni olan Tokimune, genç yaşına rağmen Moğol tehdidine boyun eğmeden verdiği emirlerle askerlerini doğru bir şekilde yönlendiren yetenekli bir liderdi. Japonların kendilerine kutsiyet atfettikleri bu saldırılar ve başarısıyla adından söz ettiren Hojo Tokimune sadece tarihi çalışmalara değil aynı zamanda şiirlere, marşlara da konu olmuştur. Bu çalışmada Japon tarihinin önemli şahsiyetlerinden biri olan Hojo Tokimune’nin hayatı, yöneticiliği ve Moğol saldırılarındaki tutumu hakkında bilgi verilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Asakawa, K., The History of Nations Japan v.7, P.F. Collier&Son Publishers, New York, 2014.
  • Beasley, W. G., The Japanese Experience, Wiedenfeld&Nicolson, London, 1999.
  • Brownlee, John, “Crisis as Reinforcement of The İmperial Institution, The Case of The Jokyu Incident, 1221”, Monument Nipponica, C. 30, S.2, 1975, ss.193-201.
  • Brownlee, John, “The Shokyu War and The Political Rise of The Warriors”, Monumenta Nipponica, C.24, S.1/2, 1969, ss.59-77.
  • Chase, Kenneth W., “Mongol Intentions Towards Japan in 1266: Evidence from A Mongol Letter to The Sung””, https://chinajapan.org/articles/09.2/09.2chase13-23.pdf, (05.10.2020).
  • Cobbing, Andrew, Kyushu Gateway to Japan, Global Orienting, Folkenstone, 2009.
  • Conlan, Thomas, In Little Need of Divine Intervention, Takezaki Suenaga’s Scrolls of The Mongol Invasions, East Asia Program Cornell University Ithaca, New York, 2001.
  • Davis, Paul K., 100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to The Present, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
  • Delgado, James, Kubilay Han’ın Kayıp Donanması, Çeviren Merve Tosun, Tarih&Kuram Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2017.
  • Eberhard, W., Uzakdoğu Tarihi, TTK Yayınları, Ankara, 1992.
  • Friday, Karl, “They Were Soldiers Once The Early Samurai and The İmperial Court”, War and State Building in Medieval Japan, Editör: John A. Freejohn and Frances McCall Resenbluth, Standford University Press, California, 2010.
  • Hane, Mikiso, Premodern Japan, Westviev Press, USA, 1991.
  • Henshall, Kenneth G., A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower, Palgrave Macmillan; New York, 2004.
  • Hosokawa, Shigeo, 鎌倉幕府の滅亡(Kamakura Bakufu no Metsubou- Kamakura Bakufu’nun Yıkılışı),Yoshikawa Publishing, Japan, 2011.
  • Kazuhiko, Sato- Sakae Taniguchi, 吾妻鏡事典(Azuma Kagami Jiten-Azuma Kagami Sözlüğü), Tokyoshuppan Publishing, Tokyo, 2017.
  • Kawazoe, Shoji, 元寇防塁編年史料(Genkoborui Hennen Shiryou- Genko Borui Tarihi Belgeleri), FukuokaKyouikuiinkai pub., Fukuoka, 1971.
  • Kawazoe, Shoji, 蒙古襲来研究史論(Moko Shurai Kenkyu Shiron, Moğol İstilası Araştırmaları Tarihi), Yuzankaku Publishing, Tokyo, 1977.
  • Keigetsu, Ōmachi, 鎌倉武士(Kamakura Bushi, Kamakura Savaşçıları), Kogakukan Book Store, 1909.
  • Kitaoka, Masatoshi, 蒙古襲来の真実 (Mouko Shuurai no Shinjitsu-Moğol İstilasının Gerçekleri), V2 Solution Books, Japan, 2017.
  • Kitagawa, Joseph M., Some Reflections on Japanese Religion and Its Relationship to The İmperial System”, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, C.7, s.2/3, 1990, ss.128-178.
  • Kobayashi, Kazutake, 元寇と南北朝の動乱(Genko to Nanbokuchou no Douran-Moğol İstilası ve Kuzey-Güney Hanlıklarındaki Karışıklık),Yoshikawa Publishing, Tokyo, 2009.
  • Kure, Mitsuo, Samurai, Tuttle Publishing, Tokyo, 2001.
  • Küçükyalçın, Erdal, Samuraylar Çağı, İnkilap Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2013.
  • Küçükyalçın, Erdal, Kılıcın Efendileri 1, Samuray, Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul, 2019.
  • Mason, R.H.P.- J.G. Caiger, A History of Japan, Tuttle publishing, London, 1997.
  • Mass, Jeffrey P., “Kamakura Bakufu”, The Cambridge History of Japan, s.3, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
  • Mass, Jeffrey P., Lordship and Inheritance in Early-Medieval Japan, A Study of The Kamakura Soryo System, Stanford University Press, Stanford-California, 1989.
  • Meyer, Milton W., Japonya Tarihi, Çeviren: Lizet Decato, İnkilap Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2014.
  • Pang, Lo Jung, China as A Sea Power, 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of The Maritime Expansions and Naval Exploits of The Chinese People During The Southern Song and Yuan Period, Hong-Kong University Press, Singapore, 2012.
  • Rossabi, Morris, Kubilay Han, Çeviren. Özgür Özol, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2015.
  • Sansom, George, A History of Japan to 1334, Charles E. Tutle Company, Tokyo, 1990.
  • Sanyo, Rai, “蒙古来”, 愛国詩文二千六百年(Patriotic Poetry 2600 Years), Editör Yoshijiro Takasu, Bokukaku Publishing, 1942.
  • Sasaki, Randal James, The Origin of The Lost Fleet of The Mongol Empire, Texas A&M University Press, USA, 2015.
  • Shuho, Zuikei and Charlotte von Verschuer, “Japan’s Foreign Relations 1200 to 1392 A.D: A Translation from “Zenrin Kokuhoki””, Monumenta Nipponica, S. 57/4, 2002, ss.413-445.
  • Sources of Japanese Tradition 1600 to 2000, Derleyen WM. Theodore De Bary, Carol Gluck, Arthur E. Tiedeman, Columbia University Press, New York, 2005.
  • Suzuki, Daisetz T., Zen and Japanese Culture, Bollingen Series LXIV, Bollingen Paperback Printing, New York, 1973.
  • Şen, Huriye, Kubilay Döneminde Moğol-Japon İlişkileri, Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2019.
  • Takashige, Shiki, 元と高麗の侵攻( Gen to korai no shinkou-Moğol ve Kore’nin istilası), Daido Printing e-bunken, Tokyo, 2015.
  • Tanaka, Masaki, 元寇物語 (Genko Monogatari- Moğol Efsanesi), Seiun Shobo publishing, Tokyo, 1970.
  • Turnbull, Stephen, Samurai: The World of The Warrior, Osprey Yayınları, Great Britain, 2003.
  • Turnbull, Stephen, The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281, Osprey publishing, Oxford, 2010.
  • Victoria, Daizen, “Japanese Corporate Zen”, Bulletin of Concerned Asian Studies, 12/1, DOI:10.1080/14672715.1980.10405563.
  • Yamada, Nakaba, Ghenko: The Mongol Invasions of Japan, Smith, Elder&Co, London, 1916.
  • Yanaga, Chitoshi, “Source Materials in Japanese History: The Kamakura Period, 1192-1333”, Journal of The American Oriental Society, C. 59, S.1, Mart 1939, ss.38-55.
  • Yataro, Ogawa, 元寇と北条時宗(Ghenko to Hōjō Tokimune- Moğol istilası ve Hōjō Tokimune), Unebi Shobo, Tokyo, 1941.
  • Washio, Uko, 元冦:英雄時宗(Ghenko: Eiyuu Tokimune- Moğol İstilası ve Kahraman Tokimune), Futaba Shoin, Tokyo, 1943
  • 勘仲記(Kanchuki),cilt 1, Kadenokoji(Fujiwara) Kanenaka’nın Açıklaması 1281, Japon Tarihi Koleksiyonu, 1917.
  • 吾妻鏡 v.13 (Azuma Kagami-Modern Japanese Translation ) Editör. Gomi Fumihiko, Hongou Kazutou, Yoshikawa Hanbune Publishing, Tokyo, 2007.

Shikken Hojo Tokimune Against Khublai Khan’s Army

Yıl 2022, , 983 - 995, 22.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.1176957

Öz

Japan was significantly affected by the power struggle between the clans from the earliest times of its history. While some clans fought to be close to the emperor, some emperors used the struggle between the clans to gain the throne. In this sense, one of the significant turning points in the history of Japan was the struggle between the Minamoto and Taira clans. This struggle, which resulted in the victory of the Minamoto clan, brought the emperor a symbolic position and revealed the “shogunate” position, as well as being influential in the establishment of a “Bakufu” government, which held the state’s administration in a new center Kamakura. However, with the death of the Minamoto clan leader, his young son’s succession enabled his wife’s family, the Hojo clan, to take over the Kamakura administration as the shikken, that is, the shogun’s regent.
Hojo rulers, were dealing with domestic issues until the second half of the XIII. century, faced the first foreign attack in their history in 1268. Hojo Tokimune, who became shikken at 18, struggled with the national crisis created by the Mongols. The eight shikken of the Kamakura government, Tokimune was a talented leader who, despite his young age, guided his soldiers correctly by giving orders without succumbing to the Mongol threat. Hojo Tokimune, who made a name for himself with these attacks, which the Japanese ascribed holiness to them and success, has been the subject of not only historical research but also poems and marches. This study will give information about the life, management, and attitude of Hojo Tokimune, one of the significant figures of Japanese history, during the Mongol attacks.

Kaynakça

  • Asakawa, K., The History of Nations Japan v.7, P.F. Collier&Son Publishers, New York, 2014.
  • Beasley, W. G., The Japanese Experience, Wiedenfeld&Nicolson, London, 1999.
  • Brownlee, John, “Crisis as Reinforcement of The İmperial Institution, The Case of The Jokyu Incident, 1221”, Monument Nipponica, C. 30, S.2, 1975, ss.193-201.
  • Brownlee, John, “The Shokyu War and The Political Rise of The Warriors”, Monumenta Nipponica, C.24, S.1/2, 1969, ss.59-77.
  • Chase, Kenneth W., “Mongol Intentions Towards Japan in 1266: Evidence from A Mongol Letter to The Sung””, https://chinajapan.org/articles/09.2/09.2chase13-23.pdf, (05.10.2020).
  • Cobbing, Andrew, Kyushu Gateway to Japan, Global Orienting, Folkenstone, 2009.
  • Conlan, Thomas, In Little Need of Divine Intervention, Takezaki Suenaga’s Scrolls of The Mongol Invasions, East Asia Program Cornell University Ithaca, New York, 2001.
  • Davis, Paul K., 100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to The Present, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
  • Delgado, James, Kubilay Han’ın Kayıp Donanması, Çeviren Merve Tosun, Tarih&Kuram Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2017.
  • Eberhard, W., Uzakdoğu Tarihi, TTK Yayınları, Ankara, 1992.
  • Friday, Karl, “They Were Soldiers Once The Early Samurai and The İmperial Court”, War and State Building in Medieval Japan, Editör: John A. Freejohn and Frances McCall Resenbluth, Standford University Press, California, 2010.
  • Hane, Mikiso, Premodern Japan, Westviev Press, USA, 1991.
  • Henshall, Kenneth G., A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower, Palgrave Macmillan; New York, 2004.
  • Hosokawa, Shigeo, 鎌倉幕府の滅亡(Kamakura Bakufu no Metsubou- Kamakura Bakufu’nun Yıkılışı),Yoshikawa Publishing, Japan, 2011.
  • Kazuhiko, Sato- Sakae Taniguchi, 吾妻鏡事典(Azuma Kagami Jiten-Azuma Kagami Sözlüğü), Tokyoshuppan Publishing, Tokyo, 2017.
  • Kawazoe, Shoji, 元寇防塁編年史料(Genkoborui Hennen Shiryou- Genko Borui Tarihi Belgeleri), FukuokaKyouikuiinkai pub., Fukuoka, 1971.
  • Kawazoe, Shoji, 蒙古襲来研究史論(Moko Shurai Kenkyu Shiron, Moğol İstilası Araştırmaları Tarihi), Yuzankaku Publishing, Tokyo, 1977.
  • Keigetsu, Ōmachi, 鎌倉武士(Kamakura Bushi, Kamakura Savaşçıları), Kogakukan Book Store, 1909.
  • Kitaoka, Masatoshi, 蒙古襲来の真実 (Mouko Shuurai no Shinjitsu-Moğol İstilasının Gerçekleri), V2 Solution Books, Japan, 2017.
  • Kitagawa, Joseph M., Some Reflections on Japanese Religion and Its Relationship to The İmperial System”, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, C.7, s.2/3, 1990, ss.128-178.
  • Kobayashi, Kazutake, 元寇と南北朝の動乱(Genko to Nanbokuchou no Douran-Moğol İstilası ve Kuzey-Güney Hanlıklarındaki Karışıklık),Yoshikawa Publishing, Tokyo, 2009.
  • Kure, Mitsuo, Samurai, Tuttle Publishing, Tokyo, 2001.
  • Küçükyalçın, Erdal, Samuraylar Çağı, İnkilap Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2013.
  • Küçükyalçın, Erdal, Kılıcın Efendileri 1, Samuray, Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul, 2019.
  • Mason, R.H.P.- J.G. Caiger, A History of Japan, Tuttle publishing, London, 1997.
  • Mass, Jeffrey P., “Kamakura Bakufu”, The Cambridge History of Japan, s.3, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
  • Mass, Jeffrey P., Lordship and Inheritance in Early-Medieval Japan, A Study of The Kamakura Soryo System, Stanford University Press, Stanford-California, 1989.
  • Meyer, Milton W., Japonya Tarihi, Çeviren: Lizet Decato, İnkilap Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2014.
  • Pang, Lo Jung, China as A Sea Power, 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of The Maritime Expansions and Naval Exploits of The Chinese People During The Southern Song and Yuan Period, Hong-Kong University Press, Singapore, 2012.
  • Rossabi, Morris, Kubilay Han, Çeviren. Özgür Özol, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2015.
  • Sansom, George, A History of Japan to 1334, Charles E. Tutle Company, Tokyo, 1990.
  • Sanyo, Rai, “蒙古来”, 愛国詩文二千六百年(Patriotic Poetry 2600 Years), Editör Yoshijiro Takasu, Bokukaku Publishing, 1942.
  • Sasaki, Randal James, The Origin of The Lost Fleet of The Mongol Empire, Texas A&M University Press, USA, 2015.
  • Shuho, Zuikei and Charlotte von Verschuer, “Japan’s Foreign Relations 1200 to 1392 A.D: A Translation from “Zenrin Kokuhoki””, Monumenta Nipponica, S. 57/4, 2002, ss.413-445.
  • Sources of Japanese Tradition 1600 to 2000, Derleyen WM. Theodore De Bary, Carol Gluck, Arthur E. Tiedeman, Columbia University Press, New York, 2005.
  • Suzuki, Daisetz T., Zen and Japanese Culture, Bollingen Series LXIV, Bollingen Paperback Printing, New York, 1973.
  • Şen, Huriye, Kubilay Döneminde Moğol-Japon İlişkileri, Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2019.
  • Takashige, Shiki, 元と高麗の侵攻( Gen to korai no shinkou-Moğol ve Kore’nin istilası), Daido Printing e-bunken, Tokyo, 2015.
  • Tanaka, Masaki, 元寇物語 (Genko Monogatari- Moğol Efsanesi), Seiun Shobo publishing, Tokyo, 1970.
  • Turnbull, Stephen, Samurai: The World of The Warrior, Osprey Yayınları, Great Britain, 2003.
  • Turnbull, Stephen, The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281, Osprey publishing, Oxford, 2010.
  • Victoria, Daizen, “Japanese Corporate Zen”, Bulletin of Concerned Asian Studies, 12/1, DOI:10.1080/14672715.1980.10405563.
  • Yamada, Nakaba, Ghenko: The Mongol Invasions of Japan, Smith, Elder&Co, London, 1916.
  • Yanaga, Chitoshi, “Source Materials in Japanese History: The Kamakura Period, 1192-1333”, Journal of The American Oriental Society, C. 59, S.1, Mart 1939, ss.38-55.
  • Yataro, Ogawa, 元寇と北条時宗(Ghenko to Hōjō Tokimune- Moğol istilası ve Hōjō Tokimune), Unebi Shobo, Tokyo, 1941.
  • Washio, Uko, 元冦:英雄時宗(Ghenko: Eiyuu Tokimune- Moğol İstilası ve Kahraman Tokimune), Futaba Shoin, Tokyo, 1943
  • 勘仲記(Kanchuki),cilt 1, Kadenokoji(Fujiwara) Kanenaka’nın Açıklaması 1281, Japon Tarihi Koleksiyonu, 1917.
  • 吾妻鏡 v.13 (Azuma Kagami-Modern Japanese Translation ) Editör. Gomi Fumihiko, Hongou Kazutou, Yoshikawa Hanbune Publishing, Tokyo, 2007.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Huriye Şen 0000-0001-7032-624X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Şen, Huriye. “Kubilay Han’ın Ordusu Karşısında Shikken (Naip) Hojo Tokimune”. Tarih Ve Gelecek Dergisi 8, sy. 4 (Aralık 2022): 983-95. https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.1176957.

Tarih ve Gelecek (Journal of History and Future) Uluslararası Hakemli Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi

DRJIResearchBib,  AcarindexERIH PLUSASOS IndexSindex, SOBİADTürk Eğitim İndeksi, Open Access Library (oalib)Eurasian Scientific Journal Index, Google ScholarAcademic Keys, Journal FactorIndex Copernicus, CiteFactoridealonlineSciLit, Road, CrosreffJournal TOC, MAKTABA, INTERNATIONAL ISSN, CORE, PAPERITY, INGENTA, OPENAIRE

Creative Commons License
16275 Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi Açık Erişim politikasını benimsemektedir.