Avrasya Bağlamında Hastalık ve Sağlığı Anlamak: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Erken Kolera Pandemileri (1817–1860)

Öz

Çevre tarihi, tarih disiplininin içinde gelişmekte olan bir alandır; insan toplumlarının doğayla ilişkisi bağlamında tarihsel değişim ve sürekliliği incelemeye yardımcı olur. Ulus-devlet sınırlarını, millî tarih anlatılarını ve siyasî olarak çerçevelenmiş tarihsel zaman çizelgelerini aşabilen bir araştırma aracı olarak, hem zamansal hem de mekânsal açıdan geniş toprak alanlarının incelenmesinde de yararlıdır. Tarih boyunca salgın hastalıklar insan nüfuslarını derinden etkilemiş, demografik yapıları değiştirmiş ve medeniyetlerin yükselişine ve çöküşüne katkıda bulunmuştur. Bunlar arasında, 14. yüzyıldaki Kara Ölüm olarak da bilinen hıyarcıklı veba ile 19. yüzyılda yaşanan altı kolera pandemisi sayılabilir. Bu arka plan çerçevesinde, bu makale iki noktaya odaklanacaktır: Hastalığı Osmanlı tarihinin önemli bir unsuru olarak nasıl hayal edebileceğimiz ve erken kolera pandemileri —özellikle birinci (1817–1824), ikinci (1826–1837) ve üçüncü (1846–1860) kolera pandemileri— üzerine bir vaka incelemesi sunmak. Bu makale aracılığıyla, 19. yüzyılın başlarında hastalıklar, insan toplulukları ve toplumsal yapılar arasındaki etkileşim incelenecek; böylece coğrafyanın ve iletişim ağlarının Avrasya toplumlarının —özellikle Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun— küresel bir salgın karşısında halk sağlığı sorunlarıyla nasıl başa çıktığını belirlemedeki rolü anlaşılmaya çalışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çevre tarihi
• kolera
• Avrasya
• on dokuzuncu yüzyıl

Understanding Disease and Health in a Eurasian Context: Early Cholera Pandemics in the Ottoman Empire (1817-1860)

Öz

Environmental history is an emerging field within the history discipline that helps in looking at historical change and continuity of human societies in relation with nature. As a tool of enquiry that is able to transcend nation-state borders, national histories and politically framed historical timelines, it is also helpful in the study of vast expanses of land, both temporally and spatially. Throughout various periods, epidemics have significantly impacted human populations, altering demographic patterns and contributing to the rise and fall of civilizations, among them the bubonic plague, better known as the Black Death, in the 14th century, and the six cholera pandemics of the 19th century. With this backdrop in mind, this paper will focus on two aspects, how to imagine disease as an important aspect of Ottoman history, as well as look at the case study of early cholera pandemics, especially the first cholera pandemic (1817-24), second cholera pandemic (1826-1837), and third cholera pandemic (1846-1860). Through this paper, aspects of the interplay between diseases, human populations, and societal structures of the early nineteenth century will be explored in order to understand the role that geography and communication networks determined how Eurasian societies like in the Ottoman empire dealt with public health challenges amidst a global pandemic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Environmental history
• cholera
• Eurasia
• nineteenth century

Kaynakça

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