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The Knights Templar’s Roadmap: The 1129 Statute and its Considerations

Yıl 2019, , 670 - 687, 27.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.652947

Öz

The Knights of the Temple was founded in Jerusalem in 1119/1120 to protect the Christian pilgrims coming to

Jerusalem after the conquest of Jerusalem by the Crusaders in 1099. The Templars, which emerged as a non-governmental organization by taking a vow of poverty, obedience and chastity by a group of nine knights lived a life of St.

Augustin laws from the Nablus Council, which officially founded, to the Troyes Council, which was officially recognized by the Papacy in 1129.

After of the Nablus Council, the Knights Templar, with the initiative of its founder Hugh de Payens, who aim to

announce its existence to a wider audience and to seat its legitimacy on a more solid ground, and with the support of

Saint Bernard, who was considered one of the most influential clergy of the time, became an organization recognized by the Papacy. The fact that the Knights Templar was recognized by the Papacy and gained an official status, and that

it played an active role in the Crusades, created the need for a sequence of rules to ensure the functioning of such an

organization. In order to give the Knights Templar official status and to legitimize their function in the Crusades, the

first statutes of the order were introduced the in Troyes Council held in France in 1129. These regulations, which will

determine the roadmap of the organization in the future, were first written in Latin and translated into French shortly

after the council was convened. In our study, we will evaluate the “First Regulation” articles translated from French

into English by J. M. Upton-Ward in 1992 in the light of relevant studies and interpret the effects of this regulation on

the functioning of the organization

Kaynakça

  • Addison, Charles G., The History of Knights Templars: The Temple Church And The Temple, Printed by G. J. Palmer, Savoy Street, London 1842.
  • Albert of Aachen, Historia Jerosolimitona: History of the Journey to Jerusalem, Edited and Translated by Susan B. Edigington, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2007.
  • Asbridge, Thomas, Haçlı Seferleri, (Çev: Ekin Duru), Say Yayınları, İstanbul 2014.
  • Augustinus, İtiraflar, Çev: Dominik Pamir, Kaknüs Yayınları, İstanbul 1999.
  • Barber, Malcolm, Yeni Şövalyelik; Tapınak Tarikatının Tarihi, (Çev., Berna Ülner), Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2006.
  • Bernard de Clairvaux, Êloge de la Nouvelle Chevalerie: Vie de Saint Malachie Êpitaphe, Hymene, Lettres, İntroductions, Traductions, Notes et İndex Par, Pierre-Yves Emery, ouvrage Publiê le concours du Centre National Lettres ed de la Delegation Gênêrale â la Langue Française, Paris, 1990.
  • Boas, Adrian J., Jerusalem İn The Time Of The Crusades: Society, Landscape And Art İn The Holy City Under Frankish Rule, Published by Routledge, London 2001.
  • Burgtorf, Jochen, The Centrol Convent of Hospitallers and Templers History, Organization and Personnel (1099/1120-1310) Brill Publishing, Baston, 2008.
  • Burman, Edward, The Templars: Knights of God, Destiny Books, printed and bound in the United States, 1986. Campbell, G. A., The Knights Templars: Their Rise and Fall, River Press, London, 1937
  • Carnotenses, Fulcherius, Kudüs Seferi, Çev: İlcan Bihter Barlas, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 2009.
  • The Confession of St. Augustine, Translated by j. G. Pilkington, İnternational Collectors Library, New York, 2004.
  • Curzon, Henri De, La Regle Du Temple, Publıee Pour La Socıete De L’hıstoıre De France, Paris 1886.
  • Çeken, Muhittin, Tapınak Şövalyeleri (Kuruluşu, Yükselişi, Kurumsal Yapısı ve Düşüşü), (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi), Manisa, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Manisa, 2018
  • Eco, Umberto, Ortaçağ: Katedraller-Şövalyeler-Şehirler, Çev: Leyla Tonguç Basmacı, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul 2014.
  • Fuller, Thomas, The Historie Of The Holy Warre, Colledge in Cambridge, Cambrdige 1640.
  • Jacques de Vitry’s, History of Jerusalem, Translated From The Original Latin By Aubrey Stewart, Palestine Pilgrims Text Society, London 1896.
  • Read, Piers Paul, Tapınak Şövalyeleri, Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara, 2003.
  • Relation Des Voyages De Saewulf: A Jerusalem Et En Terre-Sainte, Publiee Pour La Premiere Fois, Paris, 1839.
  • The Rule of Our Most Holy Father St. Benedict, Edited in Latin and English By One of The Benedictine Fathers of St. Michael’s, R. Wahsbourne, 18 Paternoster Row, London 1875.
  • The Rule of St. Benedict in English, Editor Timothy Fry, The Liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota, 1982.
  • The Rule of The Templars: The French Text of The Rule of The Order of The Knights Templaer, Translated and İntroduced by J. M. Upton-Ward, Studies in The History of Medieval Religion, V. 6, Boydell Press, USA 1992.
  • The Rule of St. Benedict, Translated by W. K. Lowther Clarke, London 1931. Runciman, Steven, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, Cilt: 2, (Çev., Fikret Işıltan), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 2008.
  • Stebbing, Henry, The History of Chilvary and the Crusades, Vol. 2, Printed For Constanble and Co., Edinburgh, 1830.
  • The Syriac Chronicle of Michael Rabo (The Great): A Universal History From The Creation, Translation and İntroduction by Matti Moosa, Beth Antioch Press, USA 2014.
  • Torsello, Marino Sanudo, The Book of the Secrets of the Faithfull of the Cross: Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis, Translated by Peter Lock, Crusade Text in Translation 21, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, Loondon and New York, 2016. Wasserman, James, The Templars And The Assasins: The Milita of Heaven, Translated by Lisa Coffin, İnner Traditions, Rochester, Vermont 2001.
  • William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond The Sea, Translated and Annotated by Emily Atwater Babcock and A.C. Krey, Volume One, Columbia University Press, New York, 1943.
  • Wojtowicz, Robert T., The Original Rule of the Knights Templar: A Translation with İntroduction, Unpublished Degree of Master of Art Thesis, Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1991.

Tapınak Şövalyeleri’nin Yol Haritası: 1129 Tarihli Tüzük ve Düşündürdükleri

Yıl 2019, , 670 - 687, 27.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.652947

Öz

Tapınak Şövalyeleri, 1099’da Kudüs’ün Haçlılar tarafından zaptından sonra, Kudüs’e gelen Hristiyan hacıları korumak ve bölgenin güvenliğini sağlamak amacıyla 1119/1120 yılında Kudüs’te kuruldu. Dokuz kişilik bir şövalye gurubu tarafından yoksulluk, itaat ve erdenlik (bekâret) yemini ederek bir sivil toplum kuruluşu hüviyetinde ortaya çıkan örgüt/tarikat, resmi olarak kurulduğu kabul edilen Nablus Konsili’nden, 1129 yılında Papalık tarafından resmi olarak tanındığı Troyes Konsili’ne kadar, St. Augustin yasalarına bağlı bir yaşam sürdü.
Tapınak Şövalyeleri, Nablus Konsili’ndeki kuruluşunun ardından, varlığını daha geniş kesimlere duyurmak ve meşruiyetini daha sağlam bir zemine oturtma amacı güden, kurucusu Hugh de Payens’in girişimleri ve dönemin en etkili din adamlarından biri kabul edilen Aziz Bernard’ın desteğiyle, Troyes Konsili’nde Papalık tarafından tanınan bir örgüt oldu. Tapınak Şövalyelerinin Papalık tarafından tanınıp resmi bir statü elde etmesi ve Haçlı Seferlerinde etkin role kavuşturulması, böyle bir örgütün işleyişini sağlayacak kurallar silsilesi ihtiyacını meydana getirdi. Tapınak Şövalyelerine resmi bir statü kazandırmak ve Haçlı Seferlerindeki fonksiyonunu meşrulaştırmak amacıyla 1129 yılında Fransa’da düzenlenen Troyes Konsili’nde, Tapınak Şövalyelerinin ilk tüzük maddeleri ortaya kondu. Örgütün bundan sonraki süreçte yol haritasını belirleyecek bu tüzükler, ilk olarak Latince ele alınmış, konsilin toplanma tarihinden kısa bir süre sonra ise Fransızcaya çevrilmiştir. Çalışmamızda, Fransızcadan 1992 yılında J. M. Upton-Ward tarafından İngilizceye çevrilmiş “İlk Tüzük” maddelerini, konuyla alakalı çalışmalar ışığında değerlendirerek, bu tüzüğün örgütün işleyişindeki etkilerini yorumlayacağız.

Kaynakça

  • Addison, Charles G., The History of Knights Templars: The Temple Church And The Temple, Printed by G. J. Palmer, Savoy Street, London 1842.
  • Albert of Aachen, Historia Jerosolimitona: History of the Journey to Jerusalem, Edited and Translated by Susan B. Edigington, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2007.
  • Asbridge, Thomas, Haçlı Seferleri, (Çev: Ekin Duru), Say Yayınları, İstanbul 2014.
  • Augustinus, İtiraflar, Çev: Dominik Pamir, Kaknüs Yayınları, İstanbul 1999.
  • Barber, Malcolm, Yeni Şövalyelik; Tapınak Tarikatının Tarihi, (Çev., Berna Ülner), Kabalcı Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2006.
  • Bernard de Clairvaux, Êloge de la Nouvelle Chevalerie: Vie de Saint Malachie Êpitaphe, Hymene, Lettres, İntroductions, Traductions, Notes et İndex Par, Pierre-Yves Emery, ouvrage Publiê le concours du Centre National Lettres ed de la Delegation Gênêrale â la Langue Française, Paris, 1990.
  • Boas, Adrian J., Jerusalem İn The Time Of The Crusades: Society, Landscape And Art İn The Holy City Under Frankish Rule, Published by Routledge, London 2001.
  • Burgtorf, Jochen, The Centrol Convent of Hospitallers and Templers History, Organization and Personnel (1099/1120-1310) Brill Publishing, Baston, 2008.
  • Burman, Edward, The Templars: Knights of God, Destiny Books, printed and bound in the United States, 1986. Campbell, G. A., The Knights Templars: Their Rise and Fall, River Press, London, 1937
  • Carnotenses, Fulcherius, Kudüs Seferi, Çev: İlcan Bihter Barlas, IQ Kültür Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul 2009.
  • The Confession of St. Augustine, Translated by j. G. Pilkington, İnternational Collectors Library, New York, 2004.
  • Curzon, Henri De, La Regle Du Temple, Publıee Pour La Socıete De L’hıstoıre De France, Paris 1886.
  • Çeken, Muhittin, Tapınak Şövalyeleri (Kuruluşu, Yükselişi, Kurumsal Yapısı ve Düşüşü), (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi), Manisa, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Manisa, 2018
  • Eco, Umberto, Ortaçağ: Katedraller-Şövalyeler-Şehirler, Çev: Leyla Tonguç Basmacı, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul 2014.
  • Fuller, Thomas, The Historie Of The Holy Warre, Colledge in Cambridge, Cambrdige 1640.
  • Jacques de Vitry’s, History of Jerusalem, Translated From The Original Latin By Aubrey Stewart, Palestine Pilgrims Text Society, London 1896.
  • Read, Piers Paul, Tapınak Şövalyeleri, Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara, 2003.
  • Relation Des Voyages De Saewulf: A Jerusalem Et En Terre-Sainte, Publiee Pour La Premiere Fois, Paris, 1839.
  • The Rule of Our Most Holy Father St. Benedict, Edited in Latin and English By One of The Benedictine Fathers of St. Michael’s, R. Wahsbourne, 18 Paternoster Row, London 1875.
  • The Rule of St. Benedict in English, Editor Timothy Fry, The Liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota, 1982.
  • The Rule of The Templars: The French Text of The Rule of The Order of The Knights Templaer, Translated and İntroduced by J. M. Upton-Ward, Studies in The History of Medieval Religion, V. 6, Boydell Press, USA 1992.
  • The Rule of St. Benedict, Translated by W. K. Lowther Clarke, London 1931. Runciman, Steven, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, Cilt: 2, (Çev., Fikret Işıltan), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 2008.
  • Stebbing, Henry, The History of Chilvary and the Crusades, Vol. 2, Printed For Constanble and Co., Edinburgh, 1830.
  • The Syriac Chronicle of Michael Rabo (The Great): A Universal History From The Creation, Translation and İntroduction by Matti Moosa, Beth Antioch Press, USA 2014.
  • Torsello, Marino Sanudo, The Book of the Secrets of the Faithfull of the Cross: Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis, Translated by Peter Lock, Crusade Text in Translation 21, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, Loondon and New York, 2016. Wasserman, James, The Templars And The Assasins: The Milita of Heaven, Translated by Lisa Coffin, İnner Traditions, Rochester, Vermont 2001.
  • William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond The Sea, Translated and Annotated by Emily Atwater Babcock and A.C. Krey, Volume One, Columbia University Press, New York, 1943.
  • Wojtowicz, Robert T., The Original Rule of the Knights Templar: A Translation with İntroduction, Unpublished Degree of Master of Art Thesis, Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1991.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Muhittin Çeken 0000-0003-4999-8214

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Çeken, Muhittin. “Tapınak Şövalyeleri’nin Yol Haritası: 1129 Tarihli Tüzük Ve Düşündürdükleri”. Tarih Ve Gelecek Dergisi 5, sy. 3 (Aralık 2019): 670-87. https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.652947.

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