The Mobilization of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War and the Military Training in Istanbul with Memories (1914)

Öz

Defeated in the Balkan War and its existence in Europe limited to the Eastern Thrace, The Ottoman Empire started to mobilize in military preparations and military recruitment processes in order to get rid of the severe defeat and not to experience the same disaster again. In this direction, while the Ottoman Empire was reorganizing movements within the army with the aid of Germany, the killing of the Austro-Hungarian throne caused European countries to declare war against each other in the race for industrialization and arms. While the European countries declared war on each other, the Ottoman Empire declared its mobilization in the face of these developments and began recruiting troops. Those who had compulsory military service in Istanbul and its vicinity went to the military camps where they were affiliated to mobilization, and after taking their military training, they set out to serve in Dardanelles. In this article, the preparations for the mobilization of the Ottoman Empire for World War One, the recruitment process and military training in Istanbul will be explained through the published memoirs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mobilization
• Ottoman
• Memories
• World War I
• Soldier

Anılarla Birinci Dünya Savaşi’nda Osmanlı Devleti Seferberliği ve İstanbul’da Verilen Askeri Eğitimler (1914)

Öz

Balkan Savaşı’ndan yenik ayrılan ve Avrupa’daki varlığı Doğu Trakya ile sınırlı kalan Osmanlı Devleti, aldığı ağır yenilginin altından kalkmak ve bir daha aynı faciayı yaşamamak için seferberlik hazırlıklarında ve asker alım usullerinde yenileşme hareketlerine girişti. Bu doğrultuda Osmanlı Devleti, Almanya’nın yardımlarıyla ordu içerisinde yenileşme hareketlerini gerçekleştirirken, Avusturya-Macaristan veliahdının öldürülmesi, sanayileşme ve silahlanma yarışında olan Avrupa ülkelerinin birbirlerine savaş ilan etmesine neden oldu. Avrupa ülkeleri birbirlerine savaş ilan ederken Osmanlı Devleti de yaşanan bu gelişmeler karşısında seferberliğini ilan etti ve asker alımlarına başladı. İstanbul ve çevresinde zorunlu askerlik görevi bulunanlar da seferberliğe uygun olarak bağlı bulundukları askeri kamplara gidip, askeri eğitimlerini aldıktan sonra Çanakkale’de görev yapmak üzere yola çıktılar. Bu makalede I. Dünya Savaşı’nın başlamasıyla birlikte Osmanlı Devleti’nin seferberlik hazırlıkları, asker alma işlemlerinin yapılması ve İstanbul’daki askeri eğitimler yayınlanmış anılar üzerinden anlatılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Seferberlik
• Osmanlı
• Anılar
• Birinci Dünya Savaşı
• Asker

Kaynakça

1. III. Memoirs Arıkan, İbrahim, Memories of Dardanelles-Galicia-Palestinian Front of a Turkish soldier, Memories of War, 2. Issue, İstanbul: Timaş Publishing, 2007.
2. Ataman, Halil, Years of captivity, World War memories of a reserve officer of the Eastern Front, Editted by: Ferhat Ecer, İstanbul: Kardeşler Publishing, 1990.
3. Arslan, Emir Sekip, Ottoman History and World War I Memories from the Eyes of an Arab Intelectual, Translated by: Selda Meydan-Ahmet Meydan, İstanbul: Çatı Books, 2005.
4. Atay, Falih Rıfkı Atay, Zeytindağı, Edited by: Nurer Uğurlu, İstanbul: Yenigün News Agency Press and Publishing, 1998. Bülkat, Mehmet Esat (Pasha), Esat Pasha's Memories of the Dardanelles War, Editted by: İhsan Ilgar, Nurer Uğurlu, 2. Issue, İstanbul Örgün Publishing, 2004.
5. Baytın, Arif, Caucasian Front in the First World War, 29th Division and 3rd Regiment Standard (Memories), İstanbul Vakit Publishing, 1946.
6. Cemal, Ahmed (Paşa), Memories Union and Progress World War I Memories Cemal Pasha, Navy Secretary and Commander of the 4th Army, 4. Issue, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Cultural Publishing, 2010.
7. Cemal, Hüseyin, New Harbiye Again, Edirne War, Damage, Survival and Reasons of Disaster, Edited by:Aziz Korkmaz, Ankara: Turkish History Association, 2014.
8. Conk, Cemil (Pasha), “Dardanelles Campaign’’, Dardanelles Memories Volume:II, Edited by: Metin Martı, İstanbul: Arma Publishing, 2002.

9. Çöl, Emin, Dardanelles-Sina Battles, 2. Issue, İstanbul: Nöbetçi Publishing, 2009.
10. Ege, Abidin, War Diaries from the Çanakkale, Iraq and Iranian Fronts, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Cultural Publishing, 2011.
11. Genişol, Hüseyin Fehmi, From Dardanelles to Baghdad, From Captivity to the War of Independence 8 Years 8 Months on the Front (1914-1923), Edited by: Mustafa Yeni, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Cultural Publishing, 2014.
12. Güler, Zafer, Gallipoli Battalion Captain Mustafa Tevfik's Death and Survival Challenge, İstanbul: Truva Publishing, 2007.
13. Gücüyener, Şükrü Fuad, “Heroes I Know in World War I, Major Şevki Bey, Taşköprülü Aloş, Bursali Mehmet Onbasi, Çerkesli Ömer”, Çanakkale Memories Volume: III, İstanbul: Arma Publishing, 2003.
14. Hochwachter, Gustav Von, Balkan War Diary, Translated by: Sumru Toydemir, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Cultural Publishing, 2008.
15. Kalkan, Reşit Güngör, The Dardanelles Heroes of Gaziantep, İstanbul: Yarımada Publishing,2007.
16. Karabekir, Kâzım, World War I Memories Why Have We Entered the War? How did we enter the War? How We Administered the World War: Iraq Front Erzincan and Erzurum's Liberation Sarıkamış, Kars and Beyond, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Publishing, 2011.
17. Mühlman, Carl, Çanakkale War, Memoirs of a German Officer, Translated by: Sedat Umran 9. Issue, İstanbul: Timaş Publishing, 2009.
18. Münim, Mustafa, “From Front to Front (1914-1918) My Memoirs of World War and the Dardanelles During My Time As A Reserve Officer’’, Dardanelles Memories Volume:III, İstanbul: Arma Publishing, 2003.
19. Mehmet, Talat (Pasha), Talat Pasha’s Memoirs, Edited by: Alpay Kabacalı, 6.Issue, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Cultural Publishing, 2011.
20. Sabis, Ali İhsan, First World War, The Events Before the First World War, The Continuum of the War and The Declaration of Mobilization, how we were dragged into the war, İstanbul: Nehir Yayınları, 1991.
21. Sunata, İ. Hakkı, World War I Memories from Gallipoli to the Caucasus, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Cultural Publishing, 2008.
22. Said Halim Pasha, All Works of Said Halim Pasha, Editted by: N. Ahmet Özalp, Ankara: Anka Publishing,2003. Seçer, Turhan, Çanakkale Front with the Memories and the Result, Ankara: General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Publishing, 2008.
23. Selahâttin, Mehmet, What I Know, Opposition Memories, Ankara: Vadi Publishing, 2006.
24. Şakir, Ziya, 1914-1918 How We Administered the First World War?, İstanbul: Muallim Fuat Gücüyener Anadolu Turkish Book Depot, 1944.
25. Tonguç, Faik, The Memoirs of a Reserve Officer in the First World War, Issue 4, Türkiye İş Bankası Cultural Publishing, İstanbul 2008.
26. Uz, Behçet, Atatürk’s İzmir, Rebirth of a City, Editted by: L. Ece Sakar, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Cultural Publishing, 2007.
27. Özata, Metin, A Doctor's War and Homeland Memoirs, Ankara: Chief of Staff Printing, 2009.
28. Ünaydın, Ruşen Eşref, Interview with Mustafa Kemal, Anafartalar Commander, İstanbul: İstanbul State Publishing, 1930.
29. William, M. Pickthall, In the War with Turks, Translated by: Kemallettin Yiğiter, İstanbul: Yeditepe Publishing, 2009. Von Sanders, Liman, Five Years in Turkey, Translated by: Eşref Bengi Özbilen, 2. Issue, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Cultural Publishing, 2010.
30. Yılmaz, Fikret, Letters from Gallipoli (1912-1915), İstanbul: Başakşehir University Publishing 2014.
31. Yazman, Mehmet Şevki, If You Don't Have Ammunition, You Have Your Bayonets, “Turkish Dardanelles” Written by An Officer, Editted by: Tuncay Yılmazer, İstanbul: Yeditepe Publishing, 2008.
32. Internet Resources http://s.arkaguverte.com/2016/08/tev.jpg https://www.beyaztarih.com/makale/suikast-ittifak-ve-seferberlik-birinci-dunya-savasi-nasil-basladi https://onedio.com/haber/10-maddede-sene-1914-415615