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George Orwell’in Hayvan Çiftliği Romanında Din İstismarı Eleştirisi

Yıl 2021, , 623 - 635, 22.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.905558

Öz

Birinci Dünya Savaşının devam ettiği 1917 yılında Rusya’da gerçekleşen halk ayaklanmaları sonucu Çarlık Rusya’sı sona ermiş, Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği (SSCB) adıyla Bolşevikler tarafından komünizm temelinde geniş bir coğrafyada yeni bir devlet kurulmuştur. Yeni devletin kuruluşundan önce Rus Ortodoks Kilisesi başlangıçta Çarlık Rusya’sından yana tavır almış, dinin halk üzerindeki etkisinden yararlanarak Bolşeviklere karşı propaganda başlatmıştır. Rus Devriminin başarılı bir şekilde gerçekleşmesinin ardından, yeni yönetim tarafından kilise devletten tasfiye edilmiş, faaliyetleri önemli ölçüde yasaklanmış, birçok din adamı tutuklanarak, sürgün edilerek ya da öldürülerek cezalandırılmıştır. Ancak İkinci Dünya Savaşının başlamasına kısa bir süre kala Stalin yönetimi dine olan ihtiyacı hissetmiş, kilisenin faaliyetlerine yeniden aşamalı bir şekilde izin vermiştir. Daha önce devrim karşıtı olan kilisenin bu kez yeni yönetimle siyasi çıkarlar doğrultusunda uyumlu olması Orwell’in romanında dinin politik çıkarlar doğrultusunda kullanılması konusunu dolaylı olarak gündemine getirmiştir.
Bu çalışmada Hayvan Çiftliği romanı örneği üzerinden Rus Ortodoks Kilisesi’nin önce devrim karşıtları tarafından daha sonra devrimciler tarafından nasıl suiistimal edildiği incelenmiş, ardından dinin politik istismarının nedenleri ve sonuçları ele alınmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Addicott, Jeffrey F. ‘The Misuse of Religion in the Global War on Terrorism’. Barry Law Review 7 (2006): 109.
  • Apaydın, H.Yunus. İlmihal-II-İslam ve Toplum. 21st ed. Vol. II. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2013.
  • Batar, Yusuf. ‘“Dini” Manipülasyonlar Karşısında İmam Hatip Okullarının Misyonu’. Journal of Education in Muslim Societies and Communities, 2017.
  • Bradford Telegraph and Argus. ‘Bishop “Outraged” after Tear Gas Used on Crowds before Trump Church Photo Op’. Accessed 29 March 2021. https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/national/18489990.bishop-outraged-tear-gas-used-crowds-trump-church-photo-op/.
  • Certel, Hüseyin. ‘Din İstismarı Üzerine’. Journal of Islamic Research 22, no. 1 (2011).
  • Çiftçi, Adil. ‘Din Istismarı: Kavramsal ve Kuramsal Bir Çalışma-Sosyolojik Bir Yaklaşım’. İslamiyat III, no. III (2000).
  • Çi̇ftci̇, Gülden. ‘Kitap İncelemesi: Animal Farm (Hayvan Çiftliği)’. Journal of International Management, 2013, 2. Davis, Nathaniel. ‘A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy’. (Westview Press, Boulder, Co., 1995.
  • Dickinson, Anna. ‘Quantifying Religious Oppression: Russian Orthodox Church Closures and Repression of Priests 1917‐41’. Religion, State and Society 28, no. 4 (1 December 2000): 327–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/713694776.
  • Dualı, Şir Muhammed. ‘Siyasetin Dine Etkisi Bağlamında Stalin’in Kilise Politikaları’. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Degisi 21, no. 2 (2017).
  • Fi̇dan, İsmail. ‘Hayvan Çiftliği’. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 3, no. 6 (30 December 2018): 184–89.
  • Guocheng, Ma. ‘Symbolism in the Absurdity of Animal Farm’. The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology 2, no. 3 (22 May 2020). https://doi.org/10.25236/FSST.2020.020308.
  • Inch, James. Communism and the Betrayal of the Revolution : A Marxist Critique of the Post-Revolutionary Manipulation of the Proletariat in Animal Farm, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23167. Kenworthy, Scott M. ‘Rethinking the Russian Orthodox Church and the Bolshevik Revolution’ 31, no. 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2018.1480893.
  • Marx, Karl. Hegel’in Hukuk Felsefesinin Eleştirisi. Translated by Kenan Somer. 2nd ed. Ankara: Sol Yayınları, 2009.
  • ........................Opalinska, Wanda. Animal Farm. York Press, 2010.
  • ...........................Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Penguin Books, 1951.
  • Orwell, George, and Russell Baker. Animal Farm: 75th Anniversary Edition. 50th Anniversary edition. New York, NY: Signet, 2004.
  • Öztürk, Yaşar Nuri. ‘İnsanlık komünizmi yeniden sahneye çağıracaktır!’ http://www.aydinlikgazete.com/, 2015.
  • https://www.aydinlikgazete.com/insanlik-komunizmi-yeniden-sahneye-cagiracaktir-makale,61635.html. Reese, Roger R. ‘The Russian Orthodox Church and “Patriotic” Support for the Stalinist Regime during the Great Patriotic War’. School of Humanities & Social Sciences, The University of New South Wales, 2014. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1179/0729247314Z.00000000035.
  • Şimşek, Gülsüm. Reklam Etiğinde Din İstismarı Örnek Olay İncelemesi, 2016.
  • Russiau. ‘The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour of Moscow: You Will Not Believe Its Story’, 30 January 2019.
  • https://russiau.com/cathedral-christ-saviour-moscow/.
  • Walters, Philip. ‘The Russian Orthodox Church and the Soviet State’. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 483, no. 1 (1 January 1986): 135–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716286483001012. Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. ‘How Churches in the Soviet Union Were Desecrated and Repurposed | DW | 22.09.2016’. DW.COM. Accessed 3 February 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/how-churches-in-the-soviet-union-were-desecrated-and-repurposed/g-19565103.
  • Yalçın, Durmuş, Yaşar Akbıyık, and Gülnihal Bozkurt. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi II. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2011.

The Criticism of Abuse of Religion in the Novel of Animal Farm by George Orwell

Yıl 2021, , 623 - 635, 22.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.905558

Öz

After Tsarist Russia had come to an end as a result of the popular uprisings in Russia in 1917, when the First World War continued, a new state named the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was established by the Bolsheviks in a wide geography on the basis of communism. Before the establishment of the new state, the Russian Orthodox Church initially favoured the Tsarist Russia and made propaganda against the Bolsheviks by taking advantage of the influence of religion on masses. After the success of the Russian Revolution, the church was purged of the state, its activities were significantly banned, and lots of clergymen were punished by being arrested, exiled, or murdered. However, shortly before the start of the Second World War, the Stalin administration had felt the need for religion and gradually allowed the activities of the church again. The fact that the previously anti-revolutionary church was compatible with the new regime in line with political interests made George Orwell put the issue of religious abuse indirectly on the agenda of his novel Animal Farm.
In this study through the example of the novel Animal Farm, how the Russian Orthodox Church used first by anti-revolutionists, then by revolutionists has been examined. Then, the causes of political exploitation of religion and its consequences have been discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Addicott, Jeffrey F. ‘The Misuse of Religion in the Global War on Terrorism’. Barry Law Review 7 (2006): 109.
  • Apaydın, H.Yunus. İlmihal-II-İslam ve Toplum. 21st ed. Vol. II. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2013.
  • Batar, Yusuf. ‘“Dini” Manipülasyonlar Karşısında İmam Hatip Okullarının Misyonu’. Journal of Education in Muslim Societies and Communities, 2017.
  • Bradford Telegraph and Argus. ‘Bishop “Outraged” after Tear Gas Used on Crowds before Trump Church Photo Op’. Accessed 29 March 2021. https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/national/18489990.bishop-outraged-tear-gas-used-crowds-trump-church-photo-op/.
  • Certel, Hüseyin. ‘Din İstismarı Üzerine’. Journal of Islamic Research 22, no. 1 (2011).
  • Çiftçi, Adil. ‘Din Istismarı: Kavramsal ve Kuramsal Bir Çalışma-Sosyolojik Bir Yaklaşım’. İslamiyat III, no. III (2000).
  • Çi̇ftci̇, Gülden. ‘Kitap İncelemesi: Animal Farm (Hayvan Çiftliği)’. Journal of International Management, 2013, 2. Davis, Nathaniel. ‘A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy’. (Westview Press, Boulder, Co., 1995.
  • Dickinson, Anna. ‘Quantifying Religious Oppression: Russian Orthodox Church Closures and Repression of Priests 1917‐41’. Religion, State and Society 28, no. 4 (1 December 2000): 327–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/713694776.
  • Dualı, Şir Muhammed. ‘Siyasetin Dine Etkisi Bağlamında Stalin’in Kilise Politikaları’. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Degisi 21, no. 2 (2017).
  • Fi̇dan, İsmail. ‘Hayvan Çiftliği’. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 3, no. 6 (30 December 2018): 184–89.
  • Guocheng, Ma. ‘Symbolism in the Absurdity of Animal Farm’. The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology 2, no. 3 (22 May 2020). https://doi.org/10.25236/FSST.2020.020308.
  • Inch, James. Communism and the Betrayal of the Revolution : A Marxist Critique of the Post-Revolutionary Manipulation of the Proletariat in Animal Farm, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23167. Kenworthy, Scott M. ‘Rethinking the Russian Orthodox Church and the Bolshevik Revolution’ 31, no. 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/09546545.2018.1480893.
  • Marx, Karl. Hegel’in Hukuk Felsefesinin Eleştirisi. Translated by Kenan Somer. 2nd ed. Ankara: Sol Yayınları, 2009.
  • ........................Opalinska, Wanda. Animal Farm. York Press, 2010.
  • ...........................Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Penguin Books, 1951.
  • Orwell, George, and Russell Baker. Animal Farm: 75th Anniversary Edition. 50th Anniversary edition. New York, NY: Signet, 2004.
  • Öztürk, Yaşar Nuri. ‘İnsanlık komünizmi yeniden sahneye çağıracaktır!’ http://www.aydinlikgazete.com/, 2015.
  • https://www.aydinlikgazete.com/insanlik-komunizmi-yeniden-sahneye-cagiracaktir-makale,61635.html. Reese, Roger R. ‘The Russian Orthodox Church and “Patriotic” Support for the Stalinist Regime during the Great Patriotic War’. School of Humanities & Social Sciences, The University of New South Wales, 2014. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1179/0729247314Z.00000000035.
  • Şimşek, Gülsüm. Reklam Etiğinde Din İstismarı Örnek Olay İncelemesi, 2016.
  • Russiau. ‘The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour of Moscow: You Will Not Believe Its Story’, 30 January 2019.
  • https://russiau.com/cathedral-christ-saviour-moscow/.
  • Walters, Philip. ‘The Russian Orthodox Church and the Soviet State’. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 483, no. 1 (1 January 1986): 135–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716286483001012. Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. ‘How Churches in the Soviet Union Were Desecrated and Repurposed | DW | 22.09.2016’. DW.COM. Accessed 3 February 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/how-churches-in-the-soviet-union-were-desecrated-and-repurposed/g-19565103.
  • Yalçın, Durmuş, Yaşar Akbıyık, and Gülnihal Bozkurt. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi II. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2011.
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyal Bilimlerin Tarihi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ahmet Şahin 0000-0001-8422-3735

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Şahin, Ahmet. “The Criticism of Abuse of Religion in the Novel of Animal Farm by George Orwell”. Tarih Ve Gelecek Dergisi 7, sy. 2 (Haziran 2021): 623-35. https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.905558.

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