Orta Doğu’daki Çağdaş Hıristiyan Topluluklarına Bir Bakış

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 470 - 502, 18.06.2023

Çevirmen: Celal Öney

https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.1309673

Öz

Bu çalışmada Ortadoğu’daki Hristiyanların kimler olduğu üzerinde durulmaktadır. Ortadoğu’daki kadim Ortodoks ve Katolik mezheplerin nasıl ortaya çıktığı ve kilise yapılanmasının nasıl şekillendiği konusuna açıklık getirilmektedir. Çalışmada bölgede Protestanlığın nasıl ortaya çıktığı ve diğer Hristiyan gruplar ile ne tür bir ilişki kurduğu açıklanmaktadır. Ortadoğu’daki Hristiyan nüfusun günümüzdeki istatistiğine de değinen çalışmada bölgeden Hristiyan nüfusun göç etme nedenleri üzerinde de durmaktadır. Çalışma aynı zamanda Ortadoğu Hristiyanları hakkında şimdiye kadar yapılmış literatürdeki önemli çalışmaların konu, yazar ve isimlerini de inceleyerek adeta yetkin bir kaynakça bilgisi de vermektedir. Çalışmada Ortadoğu Hristiyan çalışmalarının başlı başına bir araştırma alanı olmaya başladığı ve özellikle Kıptiler hakkındaki literatürün büyük gelişme gösterdiği vurgulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ortadoğu, Hristiyan, Süryani, Ermeni, Marunî, Kıpti

Christian Communities in the Contemporary Middle East: An Introduction

Öz

This study focuses on who the Christians in the Middle East are. It clarifies how the ancient Orthodox and Catholic sects in the Middle East emerged and how the church structure was shaped. The study explains how Protestantism emerged in the region and what kind of relationship it established with other Christian groups. The study also touches upon the current statistics of the Christian population in the Middle East and emphasizes the reasons for the migration of the Christian population from the region. The study also provides a competent bibliography by examining the subjects, authors, and titles of important studies in the literature on Middle Eastern Christians. It is also emphasized that Middle Eastern Christian studies have become a field of research in its own right and that the literature on Copts in particular has made great progress.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Middle East, Christian, Assyrian, Armenian, Maronite, Coptic

Kaynakça

• Matthew Baker, “Christian Traditions in the Contemporary Middle East: A Bibliographic Essay,” Theological Librarianship 4/1 (2011).
• Anthony O’Mahony, ed., The Christian Communities of Jerusalem and the Holy Land: Studies in History, Religion and Politics (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003).
• Betty Jane Bailey and J. Martin Bailey, Who Are The Christians in the Middle East? (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2003).
• John Joseph, The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers (Leiden: Brill, 2000).
• David Gaunt, Naures Atto, and Soner O. Barthoma, “Introduction: Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War,” in Let Them Not Return: Sayfo—The Genocide of the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire, (eds.). Gaunt, Atto, and Barthoma (New York: Berghahn Books, 2017).
• H.L. Murre-van den Berg, “The Church of the East in the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century: World Church or Ethnic Community?,” in Redefining Christian Identity: Cultural Interaction in the Middle East since the Rise of Islam, (ed.). Jan J. Van Ginkel, Heleen Murre-van den Berg, and Theo M. van Lint (Leuven: Peeters, 2005).
• Heleen Murre-van den Berg, “A Center of Transnational Syriac Orthodoxy: St. Mark’s Convent in Jerusalem,” Journal of Levantine Studies 3/1 (2013).
• Emma Loosley, “Peter, Paul and James of Jerusalem: The Doctrinal and Political Evolution of the Eastern and Oriental Churches,” in Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East, (eds.). Anthony O’Mahony and Emma Loosley (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010).
• Bruce Masters, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
• Dale T. Irvin and Scott W. Sunquist, History of the World Christian Movement, vol. 1: Earliest Christianity to 1453 (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2001).
• Rima Nasrallah and Ronelle Sonnenberg, “Oriental Orthodox Young Adults and Liturgical Participation: A Matter of Identity,” Exchange 49/3,4 (2020).
• Aho Shemunkasho, “Oriental Orthodox,” in Christianity in North Africa and West Asia, (eds.). Kenneth R. Ross, Mariz Tadros, and Todd M. Johnson (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2018).
• Jack Tannous, The Making of the Medieval Middle East: Religion, Society, and Simple Believers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018).
• Sebastian P. Brock, “The ‘Nestorian’ Church: A Lamentable Misnomer,” Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 78 (1996), 23-35; Sebastian P. Brock, “Miaphysite, Not Monophysite!,” Cristianesimo Nella Storia 37 (2016).
• Mar Sawirus Ishak Saka, “The West Syriacs,” in Christianity: A History in the Middle East, (eds.). Habib Badr, Suad Abou el Rouss Slim, and Joseph Abou Nohra (Beirut: Middle East Council of Churches, 2005), 235-253.
• Mar Bawai Soro, “The Assyrians (East Syriacs),” in Christianity: A History in the Middle East (eds.). Habib Badr, Suad Abou el Rouss Slim, and Joseph Abou Nohra (Beirut: Middle East Council of Churches, 2005), 255-270.
• Fr. Salim Daccache, “Catholic Missions in the Middle East,” in Christianity: A History in the Middle East (eds.). Habib Badr, Suad Abou el Rouss Slim, and Joseph Abou Nohra (Beirut: Middle East Council of Churches, 2005).
• Michel E. Andraos, “Christian Communities in the Middle East and Islam: A Shift in the Understanding of Mission among Eastern Catholic Churches,” in Mission for Diversity: Exploring Christian Mission in the Contemporary World, (eds.). Elochukwu E. Uzukwu, vol. 8, Interreligious Studies (Zürich: Lit Verlag, 2015), 171-86.
• Sidney H. Griffith, “The Church of Jerusalem and the ‘Melkites’: The Making of an ‘Arab Orthodox’ Christian Identity in the World of Islam (750-1050 CE),” in Christians and Christianity in the Holy Land: From the Origins to the Latin Kingdoms, (eds.). Ora Limor and Guy G. Strousma (Turnhout: Brepols, 2006), 175-204.
• Andrea Pacini, “The Rites of the Churches of the Middle East,” in Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future, (eds.). Andrea Pacini (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998).
• Lucette Valensi, “Inter-Communal Relations and Changes in Religious Affiliation in the Middle East (Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries),” Comparative Studies in Society and History 39/2 (1997), 251-269.
• Bernard Heyberger, “The Development of Catholicism in the Middle East (16th-19th Century),” in Christianity: A History in the Middle East (eds.). Habib Badr, Suad Abou el Rouss Slim, and Joseph Abou Nohra (Beirut: Middle East Council of Churches, 2005), 631-651.
• Reşat Kasaba, A Moveable Empire: Ottoman Nomads, Migrants, and Refugees (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009).
• Heather J. Sharkey, “Middle Eastern Christianity between the Local and the Global,” Ecumenical Trends 48/6 (2019).
• Ronald Grigor Suny, “They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else”: A History of the Armenian Genocide (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015).
• David Gaunt, Naures Atto, and Soner O. Barthoma, eds., Let Them Not Return: Sayfo—The Genocide of the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire (New York: Berghahn Books, 2017).
• Todd M. Johnson and Gina A. Zurlo, eds., World Christian Database (Leiden/Boston: Brill, accessed 30 July 2020).
• Todd M. Johnson and Gina A. Zurlo, World Christian Encyclopedia, 3rd edition (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2020).
• Stanley J. Valayil C. John, Transnational Religious Organization and Practice: A Contextual Analysis of Kerala Pentecostal Churches in Kuwait (Leiden: Brill, 2018).
• Heather J. Sharkey, “Middle Eastern and North African Christianity: Persisting in the Lands of Islam,” in Introducing World Christianity, (eds.). Charles E. Farhadian (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 7-20.
• Laura Robson, ed., Minorities and the Modern Arab World: New Perspectives (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2016).
• S.R. Goldstein-Sabbah and H.L. Murre-van den Berg, Modernity, Minority, and the Public Sphere: Jews and Christians in the Middle East (Leiden: Brill, 2016).
• Fiona McCallum, “Christians in the Middle East: A New Subfield?,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 42 (2010).
• Proche Orient Chretién and Parole D’Orient. Nelly van Doorn-Harder, “Finding a Platform: Studying the Copts in the 19th and 20th Centuries,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 42 (2010).
• Febe Armanios, “Approaches to Coptic History after 641,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 42 (2010).
• Paul Rowe, “The Middle Eastern Christian as Agent,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 42 (2010).
• Deanna Ferree Womack, “Middle Eastern Christianity in the Context of World Christianity,” in Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East, (eds.). Mitri Raheb and Mark A. Lamport (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, forthcoming 2020).
• Heleen Murre-van den Berg, “The Study of Western Missions in the Middle East (1820-1920): An Annotated Bibliography,” in The Social Dimension of Christian Missions in the Middle East: Historical Studies of the 19th and 20th Centuries, (eds.). Norbert Friedrich, Uwe Kaminsky, and Roland Löffler (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2010), 35-53.
• Bernard Heyberger, Les Chrétiens du Proche-Orient: De la compassion à la comprehension (Paris: Payot & Rivages, 2013).
• Bernard Heyberger, ed., Chrétiens du Monde Arabe: Un Archipel en Terre d’Islam (Paris: Autrement, 2003).
• Marie-Thérèse Urvoy, Les Chrétiens d’Orient: Histoire et Identité (Versailles: Éditions de Paris, 2014).
• Martin Tamcke, Das Orthodoxe Christentum (München: Beck, 2017).
• Martin Tamcke, Christen in der Islamischen Welt: von Mohammed bis zur Gegenwart (München: Beck, 2008).
• Herman G.B. Teule and Alfons Brüning, Handboek Oosters Christendom (Leuven: Peeters, 2018).
• Herman Teule and Antonie Wessels, eds., Oosterse Christenen binnen de Wereld van de Islam (Kampen: Kok, 1997).
• Andrea Pacini, ed., Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998).
• Habib Badr, Suad Abou el Rouss Slim, and Joseph Abou Nohra, eds., Christianity: A History in the Middle East (Beirut: Middle East Council of Churches, 2005).
• Anthony O’Mahony and Emma Loosley, eds., Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010).
• Anthony O’Mahony, ed., Christianity in the Middle East: Studies in Modern History, Theology and Politics (London: Melisende, 2008).
• Jan J. Van Ginkel, Heleen Murre-van den Berg, and Theo M. van Lint, eds., Redefining Christian Identity: Cultural Interaction in the Middle East since the Rise of Islam, (Leuven: Peeters, 2005).
• Mitri Raheb and Mark A. Lamport, eds., Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, önümüzdeki 2020).
• Stephan Stetter and Mitra Moussa Nabo, eds., Middle Eastern Christianity: Local Practices, World Societal Entanglements (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020).
• Anthony O’Mahoney, Gören Gunner, and Kevork Hintlian, eds., The Christian Heritage in the Holy Land (London: Scorpion Cavendish, 1995).
• Norman A. Horner, A Guide to Christian Churches in the Middle East: Present-Day Christianity in the Middle East and North Africa (Elkhart, IN: Mission Focus, 1989).
• Kenneth Cragg, The Arab Christian: A History in the Middle East (Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1991). Betty Jane Bailey and J. Martin Bailey, Who Are The Christians in the Middle East? (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2003).
• Heather Sharkey, A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).
• Ussama Makdisi, Age of Coexistence: The Ecumenical Frame and the Making of the Modern Arab World (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019).
• Mitri Raheb, ed., Shifting Identities: Changes in the Social, Political, and Religious Structures in the Arab World (Bethlehem: Diyar Publishing, 2016).
• Andrea Zaki Stephanos, ed., Arabic Christian Theology: A Contemporary Global Evangelical Perspective (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2019).
• Andrea Zaki Stephanos, ed., Nahwa Lahut ʿArabi Muʿasir (Beirut: Dar al-Thaqafa, 2008). Kenneth R. Ross, Mariz Tadros, and Todd M. Johnson, eds., Christianity in North Africa and West Asia (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2018).
• Chantal Verdeil, La Misison Jésuite du Mont-Liban et de Syrie (1830-1864) (Paris: Les Indes Savantes, 2011).
• Chantal Verdeil, ed., Missions Chrétiennes en Terre d’Islam, Moyen-Orient, Afrique du Nord (XVIIe-XXe Siècles): Anthologie de Textes Missionnaires (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2013).
• Esther Möller, Orte der Zivilisierungsmission: Französische Schulen im Libanon 1909-1943 (Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013).
• Haim Goren, “Echt Katholisch und gut Deutsch”: Die Katholiken Deutschlands und Palästina 1838-1910, trans. by Markus Lemke (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2009).
• Dominique Trimbur, ed., Europäer in der Levante: Zwischen Politik, Wissenshaft und Religion (19.-20. Jahrhundert) (München: R. Oldenbourg, 2004).
• Eleanor H. Tejirian and Reeva Spector Simon, Conflict, Conquest, and Conversion: Two Thousand Years of Christian Missions in the Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012).
• Alistair Hamilton, The Copts and the West, 1439-1822: The European Discovery of the Egyptian Church (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
• Laura Robson, Colonialism and Christianity in Mandate Palestine (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011).
• Aron Engberg, Walking on the Pages of the Word of God: Self, Land, and Text among Evangelicals in Jerusalem (Leiden: Brill, 2019).
• Heleen Murre-van den Berg, ed., New Faith in Ancient Lands: Western Missions in the Middle East in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (Boston, MA: Brill, 2006).
• Heather J. Sharkey, American Evangelicals in Egypt: Missionary Encounters in an Age of Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).
• Ussama Makdisi, Artillery of Heaven: American Missionaries and the Failed Conversion of the Middle East (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008).
• Reeva S. Simon and Eleanor Harvey Tejirian, eds., Altruism and Imperialism: Western Cultural and Religious Missions in the Middle East (New York: Middle East Institute of Columbia University, 2002).
• Martin Tamcke and Michael Marten, eds., Christian Witness between Continuity and New Beginnings: Modern Historical Missions in the Middle East (Berlin: Lit, 2006).
• Uwe Kaminsky and Roland Löffler, eds., The Social Dimension of Christian Missions in the Middle East: Historical Studies of the 19th and 20th Centuries (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2010).
• Mehmet Ali Doğan and Heather J. Sharkey, eds., American Missionaries and the Middle East: Foundational Encounters (Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, 2011).
• Heather J. Sharkey, ed., Cultural Conversions: Unexpected Consequences of Christian Missionary Encounters in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2013).
• Inger Marie Okkenhaug, The Quality of Heroic Living, of High Endeavour and Adventure: Anglican Mission, Women and Education in Palestine, 1998-1948 (Leiden: Brill, 2002).
• Deanna Ferree Womack, Protestants, Gender and the Arab Renaissance in Late Ottoman Syria (Edinburgh University Press, 2019).
• Christine B. Lindner, “Negotiating the Field: American Protestant Missionaries in Ottoman Syria, 1823 to 1860” (PhD diss., University of Edinburgh, 2009).
• Paul Sedra, From Mission to Modernity: Evangelicals, Reformers and Education in Nineteenth-Century Egypt (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2011).
• Adam H. Becker, Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2015).
• Melanie E. Trexler, Evangelizing Lebanon: Baptists, Missions, and the Question of Cultures (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2016).
• Samir Boulos, European Evangelicals in Egypt (1900-1956) (Leiden: Brill, 2016).
• Uta Zeuge-Buberl, The Mission of the American Board in Syria: Implications of a Transcultural Dialogue, trans. by Elizabeth Janik (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2017).
• Emrah Şahin, Faithful Encounters: Authorities and American Missionaries in the Ottoman Empire (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2018).
• Beth Baron, The Orphan Scandal: Christian Missionaries and the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014).
• Barbara Reeves-Ellington, Domestic Frontiers: Gender, Reform, and American Interventions in the Ottoman Balkans and the Near East (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013).
• Theresia Hainthaler, Christliche Araber vor dem Islam: Verbreitung und Konfessionelle Zugehörigkeit: Eine Hinführung, Eastern Christian Studies 7 (Leuven: Peeters, 2007).
• Wassilios Klein, ed., Syrische Kirchenväter (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2004).
• Wolfram Reiss, Erneuerung in der Koptisch-Orthodoxen Kirche: Die Geschichte der Koptisch-Orthodoxen Sonntagschulbewegung und die Aufnahme ihre Reformsätzein den Erneuerungs bewegungen der Koptisch-Orthodoxen Kirche der Gegenwart (Hamburg, Germany: Lit Verlag, 1998).
• Martin Tamcke, Die Christen vom Tur Abdin: Hinführung zur Syrisch-Orthodoxen Kirche (Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Otto Lembeck, 2009).
• Georg G. Blum, Geschichte der Begegnung Christlich-Orientalischer Mystik mit der Mystik des Islams (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2009).
• Heike Behlmer, ed., Christen in Ägypten (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2015).
• Françoise Briquel Chatonnet and Muriel Debié, Le Monde Syriaque: Sur les Routes d’un Christianisme Ignoré (Paris: Belles Lettres, 2017).
• Françoise Briquel Chatonnet and Muriel Debié, eds., Sur les Pas des Araméens Crétiens: Mélanges offerts à Alain Desreumaux (Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 2010).
• Bernard Heyberger, Les Chrétiens du Proche-Orient au Temps de la Réforme Catholique: Syrie,Liban, Palestine, XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles (Rome: École française de Rome, 1994).
• Guido Bellatti Ceccoli, Tra Toscana e Medioriente: La Storia degli Arabi Cattolici a Livorno (sec. XVII-XX) (Livorno: Editasca, 2008).
• Marta Woźniak-Bobińska, Współczesna diaspora asyryjsko-aramjska w Szwecji (Modern Assyrian-Aramean Diaspora in Sweden) (Łoźd, Poland: University of Łoźd Press, 2018).
• Valèrie Assan, Bernard Heyberger, and Jakob Vogel, eds., Minorités en Méditerranée au XIXe Siècle: Identités, Identifications, Circulations (Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2019).
• Pieternella van Doorn-Harder, Contemporary Coptic Nuns (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
• Rebecca Krawiec, Shenoute and the Women of the White Monastery: Egyptian Monasticism in Late Antiquity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
• Van Doorn-Harder and Kari Vogt, eds., Between Desert and City: The Coptic Orthodox Church Today (Oslo: Novus Forlag, 1997).
• David Frankfurter, ed., Pilgrimage & Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt (Leiden: Brill, 1998).
• Mark Swanson, The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517) (Cairo: American University Press, 2010).
• Febe Armanios, Coptic Christianity in Ottoman Egypt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
• Mariz Tadros, Copts at the Crossroads: The Challenges of Building Inclusive Democracy in Egypt (Cairo: American University Press, 2013).
• Louis M. Farag, ed., The Coptic Christian Heritage: History, Faith and Culture (Abingdon: Routledge, 2014).
• Sebastian Elsässer, The Coptic Question in the Mubarak Era (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).
• Gawdat Gabra, ed., Coptic Civilization: Two Thousand Years of Christianity in Egypt (Cairo: American University of Cairo Press, 2014).
• Nelly van Doorn-Harder, ed., Copts in Context: Negotiating Identity, Tradition, and Modernity (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2017).
• Fiona McCallum, Christian Religious Leadership in the Middle East: The Political Role of the Patriarch (Lampeter, UK: Edwin Mellen Press, 2010).
• Saba Mahmood, Religious Difference in a Secular Age: A Minority Report (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016).
• Angie Heo, The Political Lives of Saints: Christian-Muslim Mediation in Egypt (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2018).
• Anthony George Shenoda, “Cultivating Mystery: Miracles and A Coptic Moral Imaginary” (PhD diss., Harvard University, 2010).
• Joseph Youssef, “From the Blood of St. Mina to the Martyrs of Maspero: Commemoration, Identity, and Social Memory in the Coptic Orthodox Church,” Journal of the Canadian Society for Coptic Studies 5 (2013), 61-73.
• Carolyn M. Ramzy, “To Die is Gain: Singing a Heavenly Citizenship among Egypt’s Coptic Christians,” Ethnos 8/5 (2015), 649-670.
• Candace Lukasik, “Conquest of Paradise: Secular Binds and Coptic Political Mobilization,” Middle East Critique 25/2 (2016), 107-125.
• Andreas Bandak, “Of Refrains and Rhythms in Contemporary Damascus: Urban Space and Christian–Muslim Coexistence,” Current Anthropology 55/S10 (2014), 248-261.
• Andreas Bandak, “Repeated Prayers: Saying the Rosary in Contemporary Syria,” Religion 47/1 (2017), 92-110.
• .S. Hasan, Christian versus Muslims in Modern Egypt: The Century-Long Struggle for Coptic Equality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
• Peter Makari, Conflict and Cooperation: Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Egypt (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2007).
• Rachel Scott, The Challenge of Political Islam: Non-Muslims and the Egyptian State (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010).
• Elizabeth Iskander, Sectarian Conflict in Egypt: Coptic Media, Identity, and Representation (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012).
• Laure Guirguis, Copts and the Security State: Violence, Coercion, and Sectarianism in Contemporary Egypt (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016).
• Heidi Hirvonen, Christian-Muslim Dialogue: Perspectives of Four Lebanese Thinkers (Leiden: Brill, 2012).
• Sidney H. Griffith, The Beginnings of Christian Theology in Arabic (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2002).
• Sidney Griffith, The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).
• Sebastian Brock, Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006).
• Sebastian Brock, An Introduction to Syriac Studies, 3rd edition (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2006).
• Sebastian Brock, The Luminous Eye: The Spiritual World of Saint Ephrem, revised edition (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1992).
• Martin Tamcke, ed., Christians and Muslims in Dialogue in the Islamic Orient of the Middle Ages/Christlich-muslimische Gespräche im Mittelalter (Würzburg: Ergon Verlag/Beirut: Orient-Institut, 2007).
• David Thomas, ed., Syrian Christians Under Islam: The First Thousand years (Leiden: Brill, 2001).
• Philip M. Forness, Preaching Christology in the Roman Near East: A Study of Jacob of Serugh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).
• Jack Tannous, The Making of the Medieval Middle East: Religion, Society, and Simple Believers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018).,
• Antoine Borrut and Fred M. Donner, Christians and Others in the Umayyad State (Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2016).
• Asa A. Eger, The Islamic-Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange among Muslim and Christian Communities (London: I.B. Tauris, 2015).
• Michelle U. Campos, Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth- Century Palestine (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010).
• Noah Haiduc-Dale, Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism, 1917-1948 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013).
• Erik Freas, Muslim-Christian Relations in Late-Ottoman Palestine: Where Nationalism and Religion Intersect (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).
• Laura Robson, Colonialism and Christianity in Mandate Palestine (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011).
• Aron Engberg, Walking on the Pages of the Word of God: Self, Land, and Text among Evangelicals in Jerusalem (Leiden: Brill, 2019).
• Elizabeth Marteijn, “The Revival of Palestinian Christianity: The Development of Palestinian Theology,” Exchange 49/3,4 (2020).
• Paul S. Rowe, John H.A. Dyck, and Jens Zimmerman, Christians and the Middle East Conflict (Abingdon: Routledge, 2014).
• Ronald Grigor Suny, “They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else”: A History of the Armenian Genocide (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015).
• Fatma Müge Göçek, Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present, and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
• David Gaunt, Naures Atto, and Soner O. Barthoma, eds., Let Them Not Return: Sayfo—The Genocide of the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire (New York: Berghahn Books, 2017).
• Heleen Murre-van den Berg, Scribes and Scriptures: The Church of the East in the Eastern Ottoman Provinces (1500-1850) (Louvain: Peeters, 2015).
• Bernard Heyberger, Hindiyya, Mystic and Criminal, 1720-1798: A Political and Religious Crisis in Lebanon, trans. by Renée Champion (Cambridge, UK: James Clark, 2013).
• Akram Fouad Khater, Embracing the Divine: Passion and Politics in the Christian Middle East (New York: Syracuse University Press, 2011).
• Deanna Ferree Womack, Protestants, Gender and the Arab Renaissance in Late Ottoman Syria (Edinburgh University Press, 2019).
• Hindiyya (1720-1798), Mystique et Criminelle (Paris: Aubier, 2001).
• Matti Moosa, The Maronites in History (New York: Syracuse University press, 1986).
• Sargon George Donabed, Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the 20th Century (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015);
• Tsolin Nabantian, Armenians Beyond Diaspora: Making Lebanon Their Own (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019).
• Fiona McCallum, Christian Communities in the Middle East: Faith, Identity and Integration (Abingdon: Routledge, forthcoming 2021).
• Andreas Schmoller, ed., Middle Eastern Christians and Europe: Historical Legacies and Present Challenges (Vienna: Lit, 2018).
• Naures Atto, Hostages in the Homeland, Orphans in the Diaspora: Identity Discourses among the Assyrians/Syriac Elites in the European Diaspora (Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2011).
• Lise Paulsen Galal, Alistair Hunter, Fiona McCallum, Sara Lei Sparre, and Marta Woźniak-Bobińska, “Middle Eastern Christian Spaces in Europe: Multi-sited and Super-diverse,” Journal of Religion in Europe 9 (2016).
• Fiona McCallum, “Shared Religion but Still Marginalized Other: Middle Eastern Christians’ Encounters with Political Secularism in the United Kingdom,” Journal of Church and State 61/2 (2019), 242-261.
• Alistair Hunter, “Staking a Claim to Land, Faith and Family: Burial Location Preferences of Middle Eastern Christian Migrants,” Journal of Intercultural Studies 37/2 (2016), 179-194.
• Yvonne Haddad and Joshua Donovan, “Good Copt, Bad Copt: Competing Narratives on Coptic Identity in Egypt and the United States,” Studies in World Christianity 19/3 (2013), 208-232.
• Sargon Donabed, “Neither ‘Syriac-speaking’ nor ‘Syrian Orthodox Christians’: Harput Assyrians in the United States as a Model for Ethnic Self-Categorization and Expression,” in Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context, (eds.). Herman Teule, et al. (Louvain: Peeters, 2017).
• Alfaro-Velcamp, So Far from Allah, So Close to Mexico: Middle Eastern Immigrants in Modern Mexico (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007).
• Linda K. Jacobs, Strangers No More: Syrians in the United States, 1880- 1900 (New York: Kalima Press, 2019).
• Stanley J. Valayil C. John, Transnational Religious Organization and Practice: A Contextual Analysis of Kerala Pentecostal Churches in Kuwait (Leiden: Brill, 2018).
• Jose Francisco, “Migration and New Cosmopolitanism in Asian Christianity,” in The Oxford Handbook of Christianity in Asia, (eds.). Felix Wilfred (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 576-92.
• Naomi Hosoda, “Kababayan Solidarity? Filipino Communities and Class Relations in United Arab Emirates Cities,” Journal of Arabian Studies 3/1 (2013), 18-35.
• Watanabe Akiko, “Does Religious Conversion Transcend the Boundaries of Multiple Hierarchies? Filipino Migrant Workers Embracing Islam in the UAE and Qatar,” in Asian Migrant Workers in the Arab Gulf States: The Growing Foreign Population and Their Lives, (eds.). Masako Ishii, Naomi Hosoda, Masaki Matsuo, and Koji Horinuki (Leiden: Brill, 2020), 194-217.
• Shlomit Kanari, “Music, Musicians and Migration in African Migrant Churches in Israel,” in Religion in the Context of African Migration, (eds.). Afe Adogame and Cordula Weissköppel (Beirut: Eckhardt Breitinger, 2005), 267-84.
• Galia Sabar and Shlomit Kanari, “‘I’m Singing My Way Up’: The Significance of Music Amongst African Christian Migrants in Israel,” Studies in World Christianity 12/2 (2006), 101-25.