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Kadınların Akademik Kariyer Engelleri: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 121 - 125, 30.06.2022

Öz

Cinsiyet eşitsizliği, toplumların en büyük sorunlarından biri olup akademik kariyerin önündeki en büyük engeldir. Kadınlar yüksek akademik pozisyonlarda yeterince temsil edilmemektedir. Kadınların yeterince temsil edilememesinin nedeni hiyerarşide erkeklerin daha üstün olmasıdır. Akademide toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliklerinin azaltılmasındaki önemli gelişmelere rağmen, yeni yönetim biçimleri, akademik işgücü piyasalarının değişen yapıları ve yeni kariyer geliştirme kalıpları, erkekler ve kadınlar için yeni eşitsizlikler yarattı. Bu çalışma, cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin kadınların kariyer engellerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla planlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Hinton P. Implicit stereotypes and the predictive brain: cognition and culture in “biased” person perception. Palgrave Commun 2017;3(1):1–9.
  • 2. Norton L. Gender equality in academic science. FEBS Lett 2018;592(9):1461–3.
  • 3. Silander C, Haake U, Lindberg L, Riis U. Nordic research on gender equality in academic careers: a literature review. European Journal of Higher Education 2022;12(1):72–97.
  • 4. Messaoud O, Dajani R. Women in Science: What are the Bbarriers for women in senior career positions. Adv Appl Sociol 2021;11(10):492–9.
  • 5. Turan G. OECD Forum. Why quotas work for gender equality. 2015. https://www.oecd.org/belgium/quotas-gender-equality.htm. Erişim tarihi: 28.03.2022
  • 6. Bayeh E. The role of empowering women and achieving gender equality to the sustainable development of Ethiopia. Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social Sciences 2016;2(1):37–42. 7. World Economic Forum. Global gender gap report 2021 . World Economic Forum. 2021. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2021. Erişim tarihi: 28.03.2022.
  • 8. Mölders S, Brosi P, Bekk M, Spörrle M, Welpe IM. Support for quotas for women in leadership: The influence of gender stereotypes. Human Resource Management. 2018;57(4):869–82.
  • 9. Frutos MA, Anghel B, Dolado JJ, Rica SD LA, Madariaga IS DE. on the position of Women in Science in Spain. 2020. http://www.upm.es/sfs/Rectorado/Gerencia/Igualdad/Documentos/WhitePaper-Interactive.pdf. Er. Erişim tarihi:28.03.2022.
  • 10. European Commission. Achievements in gender equality. 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/gender-equality/gender.Erişim tarihi: 28.03.2022.
  • 11. Global Compact. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma amaçları. Dictionary of Global Bioethics. 2021.www.globalcompactturkiye.org/surdurulebilir-kalkinma. Erişim tarihi: 28.03.2022.
  • 12. Yousaf R, Schmiede R. Barriers to women’s representation in academic excellence and positions of power. Asian Journal of German and European Studies 2017;2(1):1-13.
  • 13. YÖK. Türkiye akademisinde kadınlar daha da güçleniyor. 2022. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2022/turk-akademisinde-kadinlar-daha-da-gucleniyor.aspx. Erişim tarihi:28.03.2022.
  • 14. da Silva TC, De Medeiros PM, Hanazaki N, Da Fonseca-Kruel VS, Hora JSL, De Medeiros SG. The role of women in Brazilian ethnobiology: Challenges and perspectives. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2019;15(1):1–11.
  • 15. Sarseke G. Under-representation of women in science: from educational, feminist and scientific views. J Women High Educ 2018;11(1):89–101.
  • 16. Lerchenmueller MJ, Sorenson O. The gender gap in early career transitions in the life sciences. Research Policy 2018;47(6):1007–17.
  • 17. Kalidasan M, Subraminan G, Poulpunitha S. Work life balance: Issues faced by working Women. Journal of Research, Extension and Development 2017;5(12):7–13. 18. Cochran A, Neumayer LA, Elder WB. Barriers to careers identified by women in academic surgery: A grounded theory model. Am J Surg 2019;218(4):780–5.
  • 19. Juraqulova ZH, Byington TC, Kmec JA. The impacts of marriage on perceived academic career success: Differences by gender and discipline. Int J Gender Sci Technol 2015;7(3):369–92.
  • 20. Akın Acuner Ş. Kadın çalışanların kariyer geliştirme sürecinde karşılaştıkları sorunlar. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi 2019;35–52.
  • 21. Zacher H, Rudolph CW, Todorovic T, Ammann D. Academic career development: A review and research agenda. J Vocat Behav 2019;110:357–73.
  • 22. Ng TWH, Feldman DC. Subjective career success: A meta-analytic review. J Vocat Behav 2014;85(2):169–79.
  • 23. Henkel M. Gender equality in academic career progression: A matter of time? In: The changing role of women in higher education. Springer, Cham; 2017. p. 195–207.
  • 24. Santos GG. Career barriers influencing career success. Career Development International 2016;21(1):60–84.
  • 25. Zakaras JM, Sarkar U, Bibbins-Domingo K, Mangurian C V. not Just surviving, but thriving: Overcoming barriers to career advancement for women junior faculty clinician-researchers. Acad Psychiatry 2020;45(2):180–4.
  • 26. Hosseini M, Sharifzad S. Gender disparity in publication records: a qualitative study of women researchers in computing and engineering. Res Integr Peer Rev 2021;6(1):1–14.
  • 27. Pico T, Bierman P, Doyle K, Richardson S. First authorship gender gap in the geosciences. Earth and Space Science 2020;7(8): e2020EA001203.
  • 28. Chatterjee P, Werner RM. Gender disparity in citations in high-impact journal articles. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4(7): e2114509.
  • 29. Lerchenmüller C, Lerchenmueller MJ, Sorenson O. Long-term analysis of sex differences in prestigious authorships in cardiovascular research supported by the national institutes of health. Circulation 2018;137(8):880–2.
  • 30. Lerback J, Hanson B. Journals invite too few women to referee. Nature 2017;541(7638):455–7.
  • 31. Van Der Lee R, Ellemers N, Fiske ST. Gender contributes to personal research funding success in The Netherlands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015;112(40):12349–53.
  • 32. Crompton R, Lyonette C. Women’s career success and work-life adaptations in the accountancy and medical professions in Britain. Gender Work Organ 2011;18(2):231–54. 33. Maxwell N, Connolly L, Ní Laoire C. Informality, emotion and gendered career paths: The hidden toll of maternity leave on female academics and researchers. Gender Work & Organ 2019;26(2):140–57.
  • 34. Bertrand M, Goldin C, Katz LF. Dynamics of the gender gap for young professionals in the financial and corporate sectors. Am Econ J Appl Econ 2010;2(3):228–55.
  • 35. van Helden DL, den Dulk L, Steijn B, Vernooij MW. Gender, networks and academic leadership: A systematic review. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. 2021;1–18.
  • 36. Maharjan S. Socio-cultural, organizational factor and career development of female employees: A study on school teachers. Contemporary Research An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal 2020;4(1):140–52.
  • 37. Cross M, Lee S, Bridgman H, Thapa DK, Cleary M, Kornhaber R. Benefits, barriers and enablers of mentoring female health academics: An integrative review. PLoS One 2019;14(4): e0215319.
  • 38. Baker M. Women graduates and the workplace: continuing challenges for academic women. Studies in Higher Education 2016;41(5):887–900.
  • 39. Franco-Orozco CM, Franco-Orozco B. Women in academia and research: An overview of the challenges toward gender equality in Colombia and how to move forward. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences 2018;5:24.
  • 40. Conesa Carpintero E, González Ramos AM. Accelerated researchers: Psychosocial risks in gendered institutions in academia. Front Psychol 2018;9:1077.
  • 41. Huang J, Gates AJ, Sinatra R, Barabási AL. Historical comparison of gender inequality in scientific careers across countries and disciplines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020;117(9):4609–16.
  • 42. Huyer S. Is the gender gap narrowing in science and engineering? In: UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030. Paris: UNESCO; 2015. p. 85–103.

Barriers to Women’s Academic Career Progression: Gender Inequality

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 121 - 125, 30.06.2022

Öz

Among the major problems societies face, gender inequality is the biggest barrier to academic career progression. Women are underrepresented in higher academic positions. The reason why women are underrepresented is that men are hierarchically superior. Despite significant advances in reducing gender inequalities in academia, new forms of governance, the changing structure of the academic labor market and new patterns of career development have created new forms of gender inequality. This study was planned to determine the impact of gender inequality on the barriers to women’s career progression.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Hinton P. Implicit stereotypes and the predictive brain: cognition and culture in “biased” person perception. Palgrave Commun 2017;3(1):1–9.
  • 2. Norton L. Gender equality in academic science. FEBS Lett 2018;592(9):1461–3.
  • 3. Silander C, Haake U, Lindberg L, Riis U. Nordic research on gender equality in academic careers: a literature review. European Journal of Higher Education 2022;12(1):72–97.
  • 4. Messaoud O, Dajani R. Women in Science: What are the Bbarriers for women in senior career positions. Adv Appl Sociol 2021;11(10):492–9.
  • 5. Turan G. OECD Forum. Why quotas work for gender equality. 2015. https://www.oecd.org/belgium/quotas-gender-equality.htm. Erişim tarihi: 28.03.2022
  • 6. Bayeh E. The role of empowering women and achieving gender equality to the sustainable development of Ethiopia. Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social Sciences 2016;2(1):37–42. 7. World Economic Forum. Global gender gap report 2021 . World Economic Forum. 2021. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2021. Erişim tarihi: 28.03.2022.
  • 8. Mölders S, Brosi P, Bekk M, Spörrle M, Welpe IM. Support for quotas for women in leadership: The influence of gender stereotypes. Human Resource Management. 2018;57(4):869–82.
  • 9. Frutos MA, Anghel B, Dolado JJ, Rica SD LA, Madariaga IS DE. on the position of Women in Science in Spain. 2020. http://www.upm.es/sfs/Rectorado/Gerencia/Igualdad/Documentos/WhitePaper-Interactive.pdf. Er. Erişim tarihi:28.03.2022.
  • 10. European Commission. Achievements in gender equality. 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/gender-equality/gender.Erişim tarihi: 28.03.2022.
  • 11. Global Compact. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma amaçları. Dictionary of Global Bioethics. 2021.www.globalcompactturkiye.org/surdurulebilir-kalkinma. Erişim tarihi: 28.03.2022.
  • 12. Yousaf R, Schmiede R. Barriers to women’s representation in academic excellence and positions of power. Asian Journal of German and European Studies 2017;2(1):1-13.
  • 13. YÖK. Türkiye akademisinde kadınlar daha da güçleniyor. 2022. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2022/turk-akademisinde-kadinlar-daha-da-gucleniyor.aspx. Erişim tarihi:28.03.2022.
  • 14. da Silva TC, De Medeiros PM, Hanazaki N, Da Fonseca-Kruel VS, Hora JSL, De Medeiros SG. The role of women in Brazilian ethnobiology: Challenges and perspectives. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2019;15(1):1–11.
  • 15. Sarseke G. Under-representation of women in science: from educational, feminist and scientific views. J Women High Educ 2018;11(1):89–101.
  • 16. Lerchenmueller MJ, Sorenson O. The gender gap in early career transitions in the life sciences. Research Policy 2018;47(6):1007–17.
  • 17. Kalidasan M, Subraminan G, Poulpunitha S. Work life balance: Issues faced by working Women. Journal of Research, Extension and Development 2017;5(12):7–13. 18. Cochran A, Neumayer LA, Elder WB. Barriers to careers identified by women in academic surgery: A grounded theory model. Am J Surg 2019;218(4):780–5.
  • 19. Juraqulova ZH, Byington TC, Kmec JA. The impacts of marriage on perceived academic career success: Differences by gender and discipline. Int J Gender Sci Technol 2015;7(3):369–92.
  • 20. Akın Acuner Ş. Kadın çalışanların kariyer geliştirme sürecinde karşılaştıkları sorunlar. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi 2019;35–52.
  • 21. Zacher H, Rudolph CW, Todorovic T, Ammann D. Academic career development: A review and research agenda. J Vocat Behav 2019;110:357–73.
  • 22. Ng TWH, Feldman DC. Subjective career success: A meta-analytic review. J Vocat Behav 2014;85(2):169–79.
  • 23. Henkel M. Gender equality in academic career progression: A matter of time? In: The changing role of women in higher education. Springer, Cham; 2017. p. 195–207.
  • 24. Santos GG. Career barriers influencing career success. Career Development International 2016;21(1):60–84.
  • 25. Zakaras JM, Sarkar U, Bibbins-Domingo K, Mangurian C V. not Just surviving, but thriving: Overcoming barriers to career advancement for women junior faculty clinician-researchers. Acad Psychiatry 2020;45(2):180–4.
  • 26. Hosseini M, Sharifzad S. Gender disparity in publication records: a qualitative study of women researchers in computing and engineering. Res Integr Peer Rev 2021;6(1):1–14.
  • 27. Pico T, Bierman P, Doyle K, Richardson S. First authorship gender gap in the geosciences. Earth and Space Science 2020;7(8): e2020EA001203.
  • 28. Chatterjee P, Werner RM. Gender disparity in citations in high-impact journal articles. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4(7): e2114509.
  • 29. Lerchenmüller C, Lerchenmueller MJ, Sorenson O. Long-term analysis of sex differences in prestigious authorships in cardiovascular research supported by the national institutes of health. Circulation 2018;137(8):880–2.
  • 30. Lerback J, Hanson B. Journals invite too few women to referee. Nature 2017;541(7638):455–7.
  • 31. Van Der Lee R, Ellemers N, Fiske ST. Gender contributes to personal research funding success in The Netherlands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015;112(40):12349–53.
  • 32. Crompton R, Lyonette C. Women’s career success and work-life adaptations in the accountancy and medical professions in Britain. Gender Work Organ 2011;18(2):231–54. 33. Maxwell N, Connolly L, Ní Laoire C. Informality, emotion and gendered career paths: The hidden toll of maternity leave on female academics and researchers. Gender Work & Organ 2019;26(2):140–57.
  • 34. Bertrand M, Goldin C, Katz LF. Dynamics of the gender gap for young professionals in the financial and corporate sectors. Am Econ J Appl Econ 2010;2(3):228–55.
  • 35. van Helden DL, den Dulk L, Steijn B, Vernooij MW. Gender, networks and academic leadership: A systematic review. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. 2021;1–18.
  • 36. Maharjan S. Socio-cultural, organizational factor and career development of female employees: A study on school teachers. Contemporary Research An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal 2020;4(1):140–52.
  • 37. Cross M, Lee S, Bridgman H, Thapa DK, Cleary M, Kornhaber R. Benefits, barriers and enablers of mentoring female health academics: An integrative review. PLoS One 2019;14(4): e0215319.
  • 38. Baker M. Women graduates and the workplace: continuing challenges for academic women. Studies in Higher Education 2016;41(5):887–900.
  • 39. Franco-Orozco CM, Franco-Orozco B. Women in academia and research: An overview of the challenges toward gender equality in Colombia and how to move forward. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences 2018;5:24.
  • 40. Conesa Carpintero E, González Ramos AM. Accelerated researchers: Psychosocial risks in gendered institutions in academia. Front Psychol 2018;9:1077.
  • 41. Huang J, Gates AJ, Sinatra R, Barabási AL. Historical comparison of gender inequality in scientific careers across countries and disciplines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020;117(9):4609–16.
  • 42. Huyer S. Is the gender gap narrowing in science and engineering? In: UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030. Paris: UNESCO; 2015. p. 85–103.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Leyla Kaya 0000-0002-2199-0854

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya, L. (2022). Kadınların Akademik Kariyer Engelleri: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi, 4(2), 121-125.
AMA Kaya L. Kadınların Akademik Kariyer Engelleri: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği. Sağlık Pro Arş Dergisi. Haziran 2022;4(2):121-125.
Chicago Kaya, Leyla. “Kadınların Akademik Kariyer Engelleri: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği”. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi 4, sy. 2 (Haziran 2022): 121-25.
EndNote Kaya L (01 Haziran 2022) Kadınların Akademik Kariyer Engelleri: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi 4 2 121–125.
IEEE L. Kaya, “Kadınların Akademik Kariyer Engelleri: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği”, Sağlık Pro Arş Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 121–125, 2022.
ISNAD Kaya, Leyla. “Kadınların Akademik Kariyer Engelleri: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği”. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi 4/2 (Haziran 2022), 121-125.
JAMA Kaya L. Kadınların Akademik Kariyer Engelleri: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği. Sağlık Pro Arş Dergisi. 2022;4:121–125.
MLA Kaya, Leyla. “Kadınların Akademik Kariyer Engelleri: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği”. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 121-5.
Vancouver Kaya L. Kadınların Akademik Kariyer Engelleri: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği. Sağlık Pro Arş Dergisi. 2022;4(2):121-5.

SAĞLIK PROFESYONELLERİ ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ / JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS RESEARCH /J HEALTH PRO RES