The determinants of sleep effectiveness: a survey study in young adult Turkish population

Yıl 2022, , 954 - 960, 20.07.2022

Hakan Şilek , Ferda Kartufan

https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1100677

Öz

Aim: In this study, we aimed to reveal the major parameters and sleeping habits such as sleep onset, duration, frequency of night awakenings on sleep in a healthy active population.
Material and Method: This survey study included a total of 1033 volunteer participants, The survey form included demographic data such as age and gender, and questions about the sleep quality and sleep quantity to measure sleep effectiveness via both subjective and objective assessment. In addition, among the questioned conditions, those that could be associated with having night sleep problems were determined with a logistic regression analysis.
Results: Of all participants, 38.2% experienced problems related to night sleep. The sleep duration was reported as <6 hours by 17.6%, between 6-8 hours by 51.4% and >8 hours by 31% of the participants. The COVID-19 pandemic affected sleep patterns in 66.9% of the participants. Age (p=0.007), gender (p=0.038), falling asleep immediately when going to bed at night (p<0.001), waking up from sleep, even for a short time at night (p<0.001), time to go to bed to sleep at night (p<0.001) and affected sleep patterns after the COVID-19 pandemic (p<0.001) were found as the determinants of sleep effectiveness.
Conclusion: The most important determinants of sleep problems were sleep latency, nocturnal awakenings, time to go to bed and affected sleep patterns after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study can be a reference for preparation of programs to increase sleep quality of employees and guidance for further more comprehensive epidemiological studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sleep, sleep effectiveness, sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep patterns, COVID-19

Kaynakça

• Hobson JA. Sleep is of the brain, by the brain and for the brain. Nature 2005; 437: 1254-6.
• Irwin MR. Why sleep is important for health: A psychoneuroimmunology perspective. Annu Rev Psychol 2015; 66: 143–72.
• Tassi P, Schimchowitsch S, Rohmer O, et al. Effects of acute and chronic sleep deprivation on daytime alertness and cognitive performance of healthy snorers and non-snorers. Sleep Med 2012; 13: 29-35.
• Virtanen M, Ferrie JE, Gimeno D, et al. Long working hours and sleep disturbances: the Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Sleep 2009; 32: 737-45.
• Lim J, Dinges DF. A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables. Psychol Bull 2010; 136: 375-89.
• Thorarinsdottir EH, Bjornsdottir E, Benediktsdottir B, et al. Definition of excessive daytime sleepiness in the general population: Feeling sleepy relates better to sleep-related symptoms and quality of life than the Epworth Sleepiness Scale score. Results from an epidemiological study. J Sleep Res 2019; 28: e12852.
• Kohyama J. Which is more important for health: sleep quantity or sleep quality?. Children (Basel) 2021; 8: 542.
• Khubchandani J, Price JH. Short sleep duration in working American adults, 2010-2018. J Community Health 2020; 45: 219-27.
• Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF. The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation [published correction appears in Sleep 2004; 27: 600]. Sleep 2003; 26: 117-26.
• Chaput JP, Dutil C, Sampasa-Kanyinga H. Sleeping hours: what is the ideal number and how does age impact this?. Nat Sci Sleep 2018; 10: 421-30.
• Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, et al. National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health 2015; 1: 40-3.
• Alqahtani SS, Banji D, Banji OJF. A survey assessing sleep efficiency among Saudis during COVID-19 home confinement using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A call for health education. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29: 692-8.
• O'Donnell D, Silva EJ, Münch M, Ronda JM, Wang W, Duffy JF. Comparison of subjective and objective assessments of sleep in healthy older subjects without sleep complaints. J Sleep Res 2009; 18: 254-63.
• Zavecz Z, Nagy T, Galkó A, Nemeth D, Janacsek K. The relationship between subjective sleep quality and cognitive performance in healthy young adults: Evidence from three empirical studies. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 4855.
• Ramaswamy G, Premarajan KC, Kar SS, Narayan SK, Thekkur P. Prevalence and determinants of sleep disorders in a community in rural southern India. Natl Med J India. 2020; 33(3): 132-6.
• Crivello A, Barsocchi P, Girolami M, Palumbo F. The meaning of sleep quality: a survey of available technologies. IEEE Access 2019; 7: 167374–90.
• Safarzade S, Tohidinik H. Investigating sleep quality and epidemiology of sleep disorders in adolescents. J Research & Health 2019; 9: 471-9.
• Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep 2015; 38: 843-4.
• Chen X, Gelaye B, Williams MA. Sleep characteristics and health-related quality of life among a national sample of American young adults: assessment of possible health disparities. Qual Life Res 2014; 23: 613–25.
• Jean-Louis G, Grandner MA, Youngstedt SD, et al. Differential increase in prevalence estimates of inadequate sleep among black and white Americans. BMC Public Health 2015; 15: 1185.
• Akerstedt T, Hume K, Minors D, Waterhouse J. Good sleep--its timing and physiological sleep characteristics. J Sleep Res 1997; 6: 221-9.
• Zilli I, Ficca G, Salzarulo P. Factors involved in sleep satisfaction in the elderly. Sleep Med 2009; 10: 233-9.
• Silva M, Chaves C, Duarte J, Amaral O, Ferreira M. Sleep quality determinants among nursing students. Procedia - Soc Behav Sci 2016; 217: 999–1007.
• Wesselius HM, van den Ende ES, Alsma J, et al. Quality and quantity of sleep and factors associated with sleep disturbance in hospitalized patients. JAMA Intern Med 2018; 178: 1201-8.
• Da Rocha PC, Barroso MT, Dantas AA, Melo LP, Campos TF. Predictive factors of subjective sleep quality and insomnia complaint in patients with stroke: implications for clinical practice. An Acad Bras Cienc 2013; 85: 1197-206.
• Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020; 395: 912-20.
• Cellini N, Canale N, Mioni G, Costa S. Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. J Sleep Res 2020; 29: e13074.
• Li Y, Qin Q, Sun Q, Sanford LD, Vgontzas AN, Tang X. Insomnia and psychological reactions during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. J Clin Sleep Med 2020; 16:1 417-8.
• Marelli S, Castelnuovo A, Somma A, et al. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep quality in university students and administration staff. J Neurol 2021; 268: 8-15.