Association of IgE elevation with blood group in COVID-19 patients

Abstract

Aim : All parameters that are thought to be efficient in getting sick and follow-up of the disease should be investigated because of COVID-19 disease has serious consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between the AB0 blood group with Rh factor systems and the frequency of catching COVID-19 infection and between IgE elevation according to blood groups and COVID-19 positivity. Material and Method: Blood groups and IgE levels of the control group (2690 patients) were compared retrospectively with 7300 patients who were admitted to our hospital between March 10, 2020, and March 31, 2021, and confirmed as COVID-19 positive with viral ribonucleic acid reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: It was found that among the blood groups, the highest COVID-19 positivity belonged to the A blood group (46.17%) and the lowest belonged to the AB blood group (9.04%). The increase in IgE elevation was found statistically significant in COVID-19 positive patients (P<0.001) when compared to the control group(P<0.001). All blood groups, except AB Rh (-), had a statistically significant increase in IgE level when blood groups were evaluated together with Rh factors (P<0.001). AB Rh (-) blood group had an increase in IgE level that is not statistically significant (P=0.171). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the risk of COVID -19 disease may be associated with the AB0 blood group and Rh factor systems, and high IgE level may be observed in patients during the disease. Therefore, investigation of IgE levels may be beneficial in the follow-up of COVID-19 patients

Keywords

• COVID-19
• blood group
• IgE

References

1. Bahceci I, Yildiz IE, Duran OF, et al. Secondary bacterial ınfection rates among patients with COVID-19. Cureus 2022; 14: 2
2. Kazancıoglu L, Erdivanlı B, Kazdal H, et al. Effectiveness of laboratory parameters as morbidity and mortality ındicators in patients with coronavirus disease admitted to the ıntensive care unit. Turk J Intensive Care 2021; 19: 33-43.
3. Şenol FF, Bahçeci İ, Arslan N, Aytaç Ö, Öner P, Aşcı Toraman Z. Comparison of respiratory tract pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with pre-COVID-19. J Health Sci Med 2022; 5: 510-6.
4. WHO: Clinical Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection When Novel Coronavirus (nCoV) Infection Is Suspected: Interim Guidance. WHO website. Updated March 13, 2020. Accessed April 6, 2020. https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratoryinfection-when-novel-coronavirus- (ncov)-infection-is-suspected
5. Reid ME, Mohandas N. Red blood cell blood group antigens: structure and function. Semin Hematol 2004; 41: 93-117.
6. Yu H, Hu N, Li Z, et al. Association of ABO blood groups and risk of gastric cancer. Scand J Surg, 2020; 109: 309-13.
7. He M, Wolpin B, Rexrode K, et al. ABO blood group and risk of coronary heart disease in two prospective cohort studies. Arterioscler Th romb Vasc Biol 2012; 32: 2314-20.
8. Bhandari P, Durrance RJ, Bhuti P, Salama C. Analysis of ABO and Rh blood type association with acute COVID-19 infection in hospitalized patients: a superficial association among a multitude of established confounders. J Clin Med Res 2020; 12: 809-15.

9. Wu BB, Gu DZ, Yu JN, Yang J, Shen WQ. Association between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 infection, severity and demise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Genet Evol 2020; 84: 104485.
10. Arslan Ş, Çalışkaner A. Yüksek serum immünglobulin E düzeyi her zaman allerjiye bağlı değildir: etiyolojik değerlendirmede ipuçları. Asthma Allergy Immunol 2017; 15: 115-22.
11. Stone KD, Prussin C, Metcalfe DD. IgE, mast cells, basophils,and eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125: S73-80.
12. Mulu A, Kassu A, Legesse M, et al. Helminths and malaria co-infections are associated with elevated serum IgE. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7: 240.
13. Xia D WD, Preas C, Schnurr D. Serologic (Antibody Detection) Methods. In: Loeffelholz M HR, Young S, Pinsky B, editor. Clinical Virology Manual. 50 ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2016. p. 105-16.
14. Avivar C. Strategies for the successful implementation of viral laboratory automation. Open Virol J. 2012; 6: 115-21.
15. Ozdemir O. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): diagnosis and management (Narrative Review). Erciyes Med J 2020; 42: 3.
16. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395: 497–9.
17. AbdelMassih AF, Mahrous R, Taha A, et al. The potential use of ABO blood group system for risk stratification of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 2020; 145: 110343.
18. Fan Q, Zhang W, Li B, Li Dj, Zhang J, Zhao F. association between abo Blood Group System and COVID-19 susceptibility in Wuhan. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10: 404.
19. Chen J, Subbarao K. The immunobiology of SARS. Ann Rev Immunol 2007; 25: 443–72.
20. Guillon P, Clément M, Sébille V, et al. Inhibition of the interaction between the SARS-CoV Spike protein and its cellular receptor by anti-histo-blood group antibodies. Glycobiology 2008; 18: 1085-93.
21. Zaidi FZ, Zaidi ARZ, Abdullah SM, Zaidi SZA. COVID-19 and the ABO blood group connection. Transfus Apher Sci 2020; 59: 102838.
22. Juyi L, Xiufang W, Jian C, et al. Association between ABO blood groups and risk of SARS-CoV2 pneumonia. Br J Haematol 2020; 190: 24-7.
23. Wu Y, Feng Z, Li P, Yu Q. Relationship between ABO blood group distribution and clinical characteristics in patients with COVID-19. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 509: 220-3
24. Arac E, Solmaz I, Akkoc H, et al. Association between the Rh blood group and the COVID-19 susceptibility. Int J Hematol Oncol 2020; 30: 81-6.
25. Gür A, Ekmekyapar M, Şahin I. The relationship between AB0 blood groups and COVID-19 J Surg Med 2020; 4: 956-3.
26. Abdollahi A, Mahmoudi-Aliabadi M, Mehrtash V, Jafarzadeh B, Salehi M. The Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 vulnerability association with ABO/Rh blood types. Iran J Pathol 2020; 15: 156-4.
27. Bhandari P, Durrance RJ, Bhuti P, et al. Analysis of ABO and Rh blood type association with acute COVID-19 ınfection in hospitalized patients: a superficial association among a multitude of established confounders. J Clin Med Res 2020; 12: 809-6.
28. Latz CA, DeCarlo C, Boitano L, et al. Blood type and outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Ann Hematol 2020; 99: 2113-5
29. Zietz M, Zucker J, Tatonetti NP. Testing the association between blood type and COVID-19 infection, intubation, and death. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020: 2020.04.08.20058073.
30. Kirisci O, Ozluk S, Topalca U, et al. Relationship of ABO Blood Groups to SARS-COV-2 Infection Causing COVID-19 Disease Konuralp Medical Journal 2021; 13: 18-5 .
31. Sidorchuk A, Wickman M, Pershagen G, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection and development of allergicdiseases in early childhood: Interaction with EBV infection?J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114: 1434–40.
32. Nilsson C, Larsson Sigfrinius AK, Montgomery SM, et al. Epstein-Barrvirus and cytomegalovirus are differentially associated withnumbers of cytokine-producing cells and early atopy. ClinExp Allergy 2009; 39: 509-17.
33. Janson C, Asbjornsdottir H, Birgisdottir A, et al. The effect ofinfectious burden on the prevalence of atopy and respiratoryallergies in Iceland, Estonia, and Sweden. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120: 673-9.
34. Da Silva L, Kweku Sagoe Amoah S, Da Silva J. Relationshipbetween atopy, allergic diseases and total serum IgE levelsamong HIV-infected children. Eur Ann Allergy ClinImmunol 2013; 45: 155-9.