The use of social media in outbreak communication

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 340 - 348, 18.06.2020

Yiğit Şenol Kadriye Avcı

https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.725257

Cited By: 2

Öz

Nowadays, outbreaks have an important place in public health emergencies both with emerging novel infectious agents and spreading around the world. Outbreaks in the times when people’s need for information increased. This is where risk communication comes into play. With the information provided during the epidemic, people are made to make informed decisions for themselves and those around them. Informed decisions made by people play a key role in limiting the outbreak. Technological developments since the beginning of the 21st century have led to changes in risk communication. The widespread use of the Internet, mobile phones and social media has enabled the use of new communication technologies in risk communication. Since the beginning of the 21st century, this change can be observed in SARS, influenza (H1N1), zika and ebola outbreaks. This article examines how the risk communication during outbreaks is provided by national and international institutions through social media and the internet, using the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

communication, risk, outbreaks, social media

Salgın iletişiminde sosyal medyanın kullanımı

Öz

Günümüzde salgınlar hem ortaya çıkan yeni etkenler hem de tüm dünyaya yayılabilmeleri nedeniyle halk sağlığı acilleri içerisinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Salgınlar insanların bilgi ihtiyacının arttığı dönemlerdir. Burada risk iletişimi devreye girmektedir. Salgın sırasında verilen bilgiler ile insanların kendileri ve çevresinde bulunanlar için bilinçli karar vermeleri sağlanır. İnsanlar tarafından alınan bilinçli kararlar salgının sınırlandırılmasında anahtar rol oynar. Yirmi birinci yüzyılın başından itibaren meydana gelen teknolojik gelişmeler risk iletişiminde değişiklikler olmasına yol açmıştır. İnternetin, mobil telefonların ve sosyal medyanın kullanımın yaygınlaşması, risk iletişimde yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin kullanılmasını sağlamıştır. Yirmi birinci yüzyılın başından bu yana meydana gelen SARS, influenza (H1N1), zika ve ebola salgınlarında bu değişim gözlenebilmektedir. Bu makalede salgınlar sırasında risk iletişiminin sosyal medya ve internet aracılığı ile ulusal ve uluslararası kurumlar tarafından nasıl sağlandığı literatür gözden geçirilerek incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

iletişim, risk, salgınlar, sosyal medya

Kaynakça

• 1. Humanitarian Health Action: Definitions: emergencies. https://www.who.int/hac/about/ definitions/en/. Accessed December 12, 2019.
• 2. Akın L. Salgın incelmesi ve kontrolü. In: Güler Ç, Akın L, eds. Halk Sağlığı Temel Bilgiler 3. 3. Baskı. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Basımevi, 2015: 1441-54.
• 3. Last JM. A Dıctıonary of Epıdemıology. 4th editio. New Yor: OXTORD UNIVERSITY PRESS; 2001.
• 4. Holmes BJ. Communicating about emerging infectious disease: The importance of research. Health Risk Soc 2008; 10: 349-60.
• 5. Racaniello VR. Emerging infectious diseases. J Clin Invest 2004; 113: 796-8.
• 6. Veil S, Reynolds B, Sellnow TL, Seeger MW. CERC as a Theoretical Framework for Research and Practice. Health Promot Pract 2008; 9(4_suppl): 26S-34S.
• 7. World Health Organization. Communicating risk in public health emergencies: A WHO guideline for emergency risk communication (ERC) policy and practice. World Heal Organ. 2017.
• 8. Abrams EM, Greenhawt M. Risk Communication During COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020; 8: 1791-4. Doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.012
• 9. WHO. Checklist and Indicators for Monitoring Progress in the Development of IHR Core Capacities in States Parties. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2013. https://www.who.int/ihr/checklist /en/.
• 10. REYNOLDS B, W. SEEGER M. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication as an Integrative Model. J Health Commun 2005;10: 43-55.
• 11. World Health Organization. Risk communication: Frequently asked questions. https://www.who. int/risk-communication/faq/en/. Accessed October 31, 2019.
• 12. Seeger MW. Best Practices in Crisis Communication: An Expert Panel Process. J Appl Commun Res 2006; 34: 232-44.
• 13. Abraham T. Lessons from the pandemic: the need for new tools for risk and outbreak communication. Emerg Health Threats J 2011; 4: 7160.
• 14. Framework IHRCCM. checklist and indicators for monitoring progress in the development of IHR core capacities in States Parties. World Heal Organ http//www who int/ihr/IHR_Monitoring_ Framework_Checklist_and_Indicators pdf. 2013.
• 15. WHO. World Health Organization Outbreak Communication Planning Guide.; 2008.
• 16. Härtl G. Novel coronavirus: the challenge of communicating about a virus which one knows little about. East Mediterr J 2013;19(Suppl 1): 26-30.
• 17. Rubin GJ, Chowdhury AK, Amlôt R. How to Communicate with the Public About Chemical, Biological, Radiological, or Nuclear Terrorism: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Biosecurity Bioterrorism Biodefense Strateg Pract Sci 2012;10: 383-95.
• 18. O’Malley P, Rainford J, Thompson A. Transparency during public health emergencies: from rhetoric to reality. Bull World Health Organ 2009;87: 614-8.
• 19. Lundgren RE, McMakin AH. Risk Communication: A Handbook for Communicating Environmental, Safety, and Health Risks. Sixth Edit. (Lundgren RE, McMakin AH, eds.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2018.
• 20. Abraham T. Risk and outbreak communication: lessons from alternative paradigms. Bull World Health Organ 2009; 87: 604-7.
• 21. Casman EA, Fischhoff B. Risk Communication Planning for the Aftermath of a Plague Bioattack. Risk Anal 2008; 28: 1327-42.
• 22. Williams DE, Olaniran BA. Expanding the crisis planning function: Introducing elements of risk communication to crisis communication practice. Public Relat Rev 1998; 24: 387-400.
• 23. Latonero M, Shklovski I. Emergency Management, Twitter, and Social Media Evangelism. Int J Inf Syst Cris Response Manag 2011; 3: 1-16.
• 24. Monahan B, Ettinger M. News Media and Disasters: Navigating Old Challenges and New Opportunities in the Digital Age. In: Rodríguez H, Donner W, Trainor JE, eds. Handbook of Disaster Research. second edi. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2018: 479-96.
• 25. Henrich N, Holmes B. Communicating During a Pandemic. Health Promot Pract 2011; 12: 610-9.
• 26. Gesser-Edelsburg A, Shir-Raz Y, Walter N, et al. The Public Sphere in Emerging Infectious Disease Communication: Recipient or Active and Vocal Partner? Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2015; 9: 447-58.
• 27. Henrich NJ. Increasing pandemic vaccination rates with effective communication. Hum Vaccin 2011; 7: 663-6.
• 28. Mixed uptake of social media among public health specialists. Bull World Health Organ 2011; 89: 784-5.
• 29. World Health Organization. Pandemic Influenza Risk Management WHO Interim Guidance. WHO. 2013.
• 30. WHO. Pandemic Influenza Risk Management WHO Guidance. 2017.
• 31. Lazard AJ, Scheinfeld E, Bernhardt JM, Wilcox GB, Suran M. Detecting themes of public concern: A text mining analysis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Ebola live Twitter chat. Am J Infect Control 2015; 43: 1109-11.
• 32. Fidler DP. Germs, governance, and global public health in the wake of SARS. J Clin Invest 2004; 113: 799-804.
• 33. Gordon J. The Mobile Phone and the Public Sphere. Converg Int J Res into New Media Technol 2007; 13: 307-19.
• 34. Ma R. Media, Crisis, and SARS: An Introduction. Asian J Commun 2005; 15: 241-6.
• 35. Tai Z, Sun T. Media dependencies in a changing media environment: the case of the 2003 SARS epidemic in China. New Media Soc 2007; 9: 987-1009.
• 36. Wei J, Zhao D, Yang F, Du S, Marinova D. Timing crisis information release via television. Disasters 2010; 34: 1013-30.
• 37. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Pandemik İnfluenza Ulusal Hazırlık Planı. Ankara, 2019.
• 38. Government Organizations Responded to the 2009 Flu Pandemic. J Public Relations Res 2012; 24: 69-85.
• 39. Ding H, Zhang J. Social Media and Participatory Risk Communication during the H1N1 Flu Epidemic: A Comparative Study of the United States and China. China Media Res 2010; 6: 80-91.
• 40. Murphy T. How the CDC uses social media to inform Americans about Ebola outbreak. Www. Humanosphere.Org. http://www.humanosphere.org/global-health/2014/09/cdc-uses-social-media-inform-americans-ebola-outbreak/. Published 2014. Accessed September 27, 2019.
• 41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. https:// www. cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html? Accessed September 25, 2019.
• 42. Zarocostas J. Ebola outbreak declared a PHEIC, world waits for next steps. Lancet 2019; 394: 287-8.
• 43. World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. Ebola Vırus Dısease Democratic Republic of The Congo External Situation Report 59.; 2019. file:///C:/Users/yiğit/Downloads/SITREP _EVD _DRC_20190915-eng.pdf.
• 44. Househ M. Communicating Ebola through social media and electronic news media outlets: A cross-sectional study. Health Informatics J 2016; 22: 470-8.
• 45. Fung IC-H, Tse ZTH, Cheung C-N, Miu AS, Fu K-W. Ebola and the social media. Lancet 2014; 384: 2207.
• 46. Towers S, Afzal S, Bernal G, et al. Mass Media and the Contagion of Fear: The Case of Ebola in America. Ouzounis CA, ed. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0129179.
• 47. Kilgo DK, Yoo J, Johnson TJ. Spreading Ebola Panic: Newspaper and Social Media Coverage of the 2014 Ebola Health Crisis. Health Commun 2019; 34: 811-7.
• 48. Dalrymple KE, Young R, Tully M. “Facts, Not Fear.” Sci Commun 2016;38: 442-67.
• 49. Wong R, Harris JK, Staub M, Bernhardt JM. Local Health Departments Tweeting About Ebola. J Public Heal Manag Pract 2017; 23: e16-e24.
• 50. Wang Y, McKee M, Torbica A, Stuckler D. Systematic Literature Review on the Spread of Health-related Misinformation on Social Media. Soc Sci Med 2019; 240: 112552.
• 51. Adebimpe WO, Adeyemi DH, Faremi A, Ojo JO, Efuntoye AE. The relevance of the social networking media in Ebola virus disease prevention and control in Southwestern Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2015; 22 Suppl 1: 7.
• 52. Oyeyemi SO, Gabarron E, Wynn R. Ebola, Twitter, and misinformation: a dangerous combination? BMJ 2014; 349: g6178-g6178.
• 53. Pathak R, Poudel D, Karmacharya P, et al. Youtube as a source of information on Ebola virus disease. N Am J Med Sci 2015; 7: 306.
• 54. Basch CH, Basch CE, Ruggles K V, Hammond R. Coverage of the Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic on YouTube. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2015; 9: 531-5.
• 55. Fauci AS, Morens DM. Zika Virus in the Americas — Yet Another Arbovirus Threat. N Engl J Med 2016; 374: 601-4.
• 56. Chen S, Xu Q, Buchenberger J, et al. Dynamics of Health Agency Response and Public Engagement in Public Health Emergency: A Case Study of CDC Tweeting Patterns During the 2016 Zika Epidemic. JMIR Public Heal Surveill 2018; 4: e10827.
• 57. Glowacki EM, Lazard AJ, Wilcox GB, Mackert M, Bernhardt JM. Identifying the public’s concerns and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s reactions during a health crisis: An analysis of a Zika live Twitter chat. Am J Infect Control 2016; 44: 1709-11.
• 58. Sharma M, Yadav K, Yadav N, Ferdinand KC. Zika virus pandemic—analysis of Facebook as a social media health information platform. Am J Infect Control 2017; 45: 301-2.
• 59. Nazer TH, Liu H, Xue G. Information Filtering in Social Media During Disasters. https://www.mei .edu/publications/information-filtering-social-media-during-disasters. Published 2016. Accessed November 15, 2019.
• 60. Wu L, Morstatter F, Hu X, Liu H. Mining Misinformation in Social Media. In: Thai MT, Wu W, Xiong H, eds. Big Data in Complex and Social Networks. Chapman & Hall/CRC; 2006: 1-35.
• 61. Bode L, Vraga EK. See Something, Say Something: Correction of Global Health Misinformation on Social Media. Health Commun 2018; 33: 1131-40.
• 62. Baker DE. Zika Virus and the Media. Hosp Pharm 2016; 51: 275-6.
• 63. Ioannidis JPA. Neglecting Major Health Problems and Broadcasting Minor, Uncertain Issues in Lifestyle Science. JAMA. October 2019: 1.doi:10.1001/jama.2019.17576
• 64. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 ENFEKSİYONU) REHBERİ Bilim Kurulu Çalışması.Ankara;2020.https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf? type=file.
• 65. Koca F. @drfahrettinkoca. https://twitter.com/drfahrettinkoca. Accessed May 11, 2021.
• 66. CDC. @CDCgov. https://twitter.com/cdcgov. Accessed May 13, 2020.
• 67. WHO. WHO Health Alert brings COVID-19 facts to billions via WhatsApp. https://www.who.int/ news-room/feature-stories/detail/who-health-alert-brings-covid-19-facts-to-billions-via-whatsapp. Published 2020. Accessed May 13, 2020.