Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 6, 1366 - 1372, 29.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1354354

Abstract

References

  • Mann DC, Rajmaira S. Distribution of physeal and nonphyseal fractures in 2,650 long-bone fractures in children aged 0-16 years. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(6):713-716.
  • Chung KC, Spilson SV. The frequency and epidemiology of hand and forearm fractures in the United States. J Hand Surg Am. 2001;26(5):908-915.
  • Mehlman CT, Wall EJ. Injury to the shafts of the radius and ulna. In: Rockwood CA, Wilkins KE, Beaty JH, et al, eds. Rockwood and Wilkins’ Fractures in Children. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006:347-404.
  • Franklin CC, Robinson J, Noonan K, Flynn JM. Evidence-based medicine: management of pediatric forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32 Suppl 2:S131-S134.
  • Zionts LE, Zalavras CG, Gerhardt MB. Closed treatment of displaced diaphyseal both-bone forearm fractures in older children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(4):507-512.
  • Flynn JM, Jones KJ, Garner MR, Goebel J. Eleven years experience in the operative management of pediatric forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010;30(4):313-319.
  • Van der Reis WL, Otsuka NY, Moroz P, Mah J. Intramedullary nailing versus plate fixation for unstable forearm fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1998;18(1):9-13.
  • Myers GJ, Gibbons PJ, Glithero PR. Nancy nailing of diaphyseal forearm fractures. single bone fixation for fractures of both bones. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86(4):581-584.
  • Jubel A, Andermahr J, Isenberg J, Issavand A, Prokop A, Rehm KE. Outcomes and complications of elastic stable intramedullary nailing for forearm fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2005;14(5):375-380.
  • Kang SN, Mangwani J, Ramachandran M, Paterson JM, Barry M. Elastic intramedullary nailing of paediatric fractures of the forearm: a decade of experience in a teaching hospital in the United Kingdom. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93(2):262-265.
  • Loder RT, Feinberg JR. Orthopaedic implants in children: survey results regarding routine removal by the pediatric and nonpediatric specialists. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(4):510-519.
  • Raney EM, Freccero DM, Dolan LA, Lighter DE, Fillman RR, Chambers HG. Evidence-based analysis of removal of orthopaedic implants in the pediatric population. J Pediatr Orthop. 2008;28(7):701-704.
  • Simanovsky N, Tair MA, Simanovsky N, Porat S. Removal of flexible titanium nails in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(2):188-192.
  • Peterson HA. Metallic implant removal in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(1):107-115.
  • Kahle WK. The case against routine metal removal. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994;14(2):229-237.
  • Lascombes P, Prevot J, Ligier JN, Metaizeau JP, Poncelet T. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing in forearm shaft fractures in children: 85 cases. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(2):167-171.
  • Kelly BA, Miller P, Shore BJ, Waters PM, Bae DS. Exposed versus buried intramedullary implants for pediatric forearm fractures: a comparison of complications. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;34(8):749-755.
  • Das De S, Bae DS, Waters PM. Displaced humeral lateral condyle fractures in children: should we bury the pins?. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(6):573-578.
  • Dinçer R, Köse A, Topal M, Öztürk İA, Engin MÇ. Surgical treatment of pediatric forearm fractures with intramedullary nails: is it a disadvantage to leave the tip exposed?. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2020;29(2):158-163.
  • Price CT. Acceptable alignment of forearm fractures in children: open reduction indications. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010; 30:S82–S84.
  • Segev E, Hemo Y, Wientroub S, et al. Intra- and interobserver reliability analysis of digital radiographic measurements for pediatric orthopedic parameters using a novel PACS integrated computer software program. J Child Orthop. 2010;4(4):331-341.
  • Köse A, Aydın A, Ezirmik N, Can CE, Topal M, Tipi T. Alternative treatment of forearm double fractures: new design intramedullary nail. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2014;134(10):1387-1396.
  • Price CT, Scott DS, Kurzner ME, Flynn JC. Malunited forearm fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(6):705-712.
  • Daruwalla JS. A study of radioulnar movements following fractures of the forearm in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;(139):114-20.
  • Demirtaş İ, Asfuroğlu ZM, Çolak M. Technical aspects that may affect the outcomes of pediatric patients with both-bone forearm diaphyseal fractures treated using elastic stable intramedullary nails [published online ahead of print, 2023 May 29]. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2023;10.1097/BPB.0000000000001093.
  • Chan LW, Siow HM. Exposed versus buried wires for fixation of lateral humeral condyle fractures in children: a comparison of safety and efficacy. J Child Orthop. 2011;5(5):329-333.
  • Adamczyk MJ, Riley PM. Delayed union and nonunion following closed treatment of diaphyseal pediatric forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(1):51-55.
  • Ogonda L, Wong-Chung J, Wray R, Canavan B. Delayed union and non-union of the ulna following intramedullary nailing in children. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2004;13(5):330-333.
  • Bohm ER, Bubbar V, Yong Hing K, Dzus A. Above and below-the-elbow plaster casts for distal forearm fractures in children. a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(1):1-8.
  • Cullen MC, Roy DR, Giza E, Crawford AH. Complications of intramedullary fixation of pediatric forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 1998;18(1):14-21.
  • Sommerfeldt DW, Schmittenbecher PP. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) in the adolescent patient-perils, pearls, and pitfalls. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2014;40(1):3-13.
  • Kutsikovich JI, Hopkins CM, Gannon EW 3rd, et al. Factors that predict instability in pediatric diaphyseal both-bone forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2018;27(4):304-308.
  • Qairul IH, Kareem BA, Tan AB, Harwant S. Early remodeling in children's forearm fractures. Med J Malaysia. 2001;56 Suppl D:34-37.
  • Kong JS, Huang Y, Chen T, et al. Comparison of open reduction and internal fixation with plate and titanium elastic intramedullary nail in treating pediatric humeral fracture. Orthop Surg. 2021;13(2):434-441.

Pediatric forearm fractures: evaluating implant removal timing and complications with exposed titanium-elastic nail tips

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 6, 1366 - 1372, 29.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1354354

Abstract

Aims: The current study investigates complication rates, timing of implant removal, and correlations between removal timing and complications/refractures in pediatric forearm fracture patients who had exposed titanium-elastic nail (TEN) tips.
Methods: This retrospective single-center study analyzed pediatric forearm fractures in patients who underwent TEN with exposed tips. Inclusion criteria covered cases between August 2018 and January 2022, focusing on children with both-bone forearm fractures and unsuccessful conservative treatment. Data included demographics, fracture details, reduction type, implant removal timing, complications, and refracture rates.
Results: Between August 2018 and August 2022, the study involved 65 children (54 boys, 11 girls), aged 4 to 15 years. Implant removal occurred at 4 to 11 weeks, on average at 7.17±1.52 weeks. Fracture location was distal 1/3 (9.2%), middle 1/3 (78.5%), proximal 1/3 (12.3%). The predominant causes of fractures were falls (89.2%). Fracture types consisted of open fractures (6.2%) and closed fractures (93.8%). Reduction methods included mini-open reduction (9.2%) and closed reduction (90.8%). Implant removal occurred at or before 6 weeks for 43.1% of cases, while it exceeded 6 weeks for 56.9% of cases. Complications were noted in 21.5% of cases, encompassing delayed union (14.3%), hypertrophic granuloma (7.1%), infection (21.4%), skin irritation (42.9%), and refracture (14.3%). Clinical outcomes were classified as excellent in 83.1% of cases and good in 16.9% of cases. No statistically significant differences were observed in complications (p=0.351) or clinical outcomes (p=0.441) based on implant removal timing.
Conclusion: Contrary to belief, exposing nail tips, not burying them, is safe, cost-effective, and leads to minimal complications with positive clinical outcomes. Implant removal timing did not significantly impact clinical outcomes or complications. TENs used in forearm fractures can be removed before 6 weeks when adequate union is observed.

Ethical Statement

The study was initiated with the approval of the Fırat University Medical Faculty Clinical Researches Ethics Committee (Date: 2023, Decision No: 11-16).

References

  • Mann DC, Rajmaira S. Distribution of physeal and nonphyseal fractures in 2,650 long-bone fractures in children aged 0-16 years. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(6):713-716.
  • Chung KC, Spilson SV. The frequency and epidemiology of hand and forearm fractures in the United States. J Hand Surg Am. 2001;26(5):908-915.
  • Mehlman CT, Wall EJ. Injury to the shafts of the radius and ulna. In: Rockwood CA, Wilkins KE, Beaty JH, et al, eds. Rockwood and Wilkins’ Fractures in Children. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006:347-404.
  • Franklin CC, Robinson J, Noonan K, Flynn JM. Evidence-based medicine: management of pediatric forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32 Suppl 2:S131-S134.
  • Zionts LE, Zalavras CG, Gerhardt MB. Closed treatment of displaced diaphyseal both-bone forearm fractures in older children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(4):507-512.
  • Flynn JM, Jones KJ, Garner MR, Goebel J. Eleven years experience in the operative management of pediatric forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010;30(4):313-319.
  • Van der Reis WL, Otsuka NY, Moroz P, Mah J. Intramedullary nailing versus plate fixation for unstable forearm fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1998;18(1):9-13.
  • Myers GJ, Gibbons PJ, Glithero PR. Nancy nailing of diaphyseal forearm fractures. single bone fixation for fractures of both bones. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86(4):581-584.
  • Jubel A, Andermahr J, Isenberg J, Issavand A, Prokop A, Rehm KE. Outcomes and complications of elastic stable intramedullary nailing for forearm fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2005;14(5):375-380.
  • Kang SN, Mangwani J, Ramachandran M, Paterson JM, Barry M. Elastic intramedullary nailing of paediatric fractures of the forearm: a decade of experience in a teaching hospital in the United Kingdom. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93(2):262-265.
  • Loder RT, Feinberg JR. Orthopaedic implants in children: survey results regarding routine removal by the pediatric and nonpediatric specialists. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(4):510-519.
  • Raney EM, Freccero DM, Dolan LA, Lighter DE, Fillman RR, Chambers HG. Evidence-based analysis of removal of orthopaedic implants in the pediatric population. J Pediatr Orthop. 2008;28(7):701-704.
  • Simanovsky N, Tair MA, Simanovsky N, Porat S. Removal of flexible titanium nails in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(2):188-192.
  • Peterson HA. Metallic implant removal in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(1):107-115.
  • Kahle WK. The case against routine metal removal. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994;14(2):229-237.
  • Lascombes P, Prevot J, Ligier JN, Metaizeau JP, Poncelet T. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing in forearm shaft fractures in children: 85 cases. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(2):167-171.
  • Kelly BA, Miller P, Shore BJ, Waters PM, Bae DS. Exposed versus buried intramedullary implants for pediatric forearm fractures: a comparison of complications. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;34(8):749-755.
  • Das De S, Bae DS, Waters PM. Displaced humeral lateral condyle fractures in children: should we bury the pins?. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(6):573-578.
  • Dinçer R, Köse A, Topal M, Öztürk İA, Engin MÇ. Surgical treatment of pediatric forearm fractures with intramedullary nails: is it a disadvantage to leave the tip exposed?. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2020;29(2):158-163.
  • Price CT. Acceptable alignment of forearm fractures in children: open reduction indications. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010; 30:S82–S84.
  • Segev E, Hemo Y, Wientroub S, et al. Intra- and interobserver reliability analysis of digital radiographic measurements for pediatric orthopedic parameters using a novel PACS integrated computer software program. J Child Orthop. 2010;4(4):331-341.
  • Köse A, Aydın A, Ezirmik N, Can CE, Topal M, Tipi T. Alternative treatment of forearm double fractures: new design intramedullary nail. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2014;134(10):1387-1396.
  • Price CT, Scott DS, Kurzner ME, Flynn JC. Malunited forearm fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(6):705-712.
  • Daruwalla JS. A study of radioulnar movements following fractures of the forearm in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;(139):114-20.
  • Demirtaş İ, Asfuroğlu ZM, Çolak M. Technical aspects that may affect the outcomes of pediatric patients with both-bone forearm diaphyseal fractures treated using elastic stable intramedullary nails [published online ahead of print, 2023 May 29]. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2023;10.1097/BPB.0000000000001093.
  • Chan LW, Siow HM. Exposed versus buried wires for fixation of lateral humeral condyle fractures in children: a comparison of safety and efficacy. J Child Orthop. 2011;5(5):329-333.
  • Adamczyk MJ, Riley PM. Delayed union and nonunion following closed treatment of diaphyseal pediatric forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(1):51-55.
  • Ogonda L, Wong-Chung J, Wray R, Canavan B. Delayed union and non-union of the ulna following intramedullary nailing in children. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2004;13(5):330-333.
  • Bohm ER, Bubbar V, Yong Hing K, Dzus A. Above and below-the-elbow plaster casts for distal forearm fractures in children. a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(1):1-8.
  • Cullen MC, Roy DR, Giza E, Crawford AH. Complications of intramedullary fixation of pediatric forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 1998;18(1):14-21.
  • Sommerfeldt DW, Schmittenbecher PP. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) in the adolescent patient-perils, pearls, and pitfalls. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2014;40(1):3-13.
  • Kutsikovich JI, Hopkins CM, Gannon EW 3rd, et al. Factors that predict instability in pediatric diaphyseal both-bone forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2018;27(4):304-308.
  • Qairul IH, Kareem BA, Tan AB, Harwant S. Early remodeling in children's forearm fractures. Med J Malaysia. 2001;56 Suppl D:34-37.
  • Kong JS, Huang Y, Chen T, et al. Comparison of open reduction and internal fixation with plate and titanium elastic intramedullary nail in treating pediatric humeral fracture. Orthop Surg. 2021;13(2):434-441.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Orthopaedics
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Fatih Gölgelioğlu 0000-0002-1715-3471

Mustafa Yalın 0000-0001-8281-9885

Early Pub Date October 28, 2023
Publication Date October 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 6

Cite

AMA Gölgelioğlu F, Yalın M. Pediatric forearm fractures: evaluating implant removal timing and complications with exposed titanium-elastic nail tips. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. October 2023;6(6):1366-1372. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1354354

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