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Çocuklarda ortodontik maloklüzyonların prevalansı ve belirleyicileri: çok faktörlü bir analiz

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 5, 889 - 895, 16.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1760149

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, çocuklar ve ergenlerde ortodontik maloklüzyonların görülme sıklığını belirlemek ve bu maloklüzyonlar ile meziodistal boyut kaybı, çürük ve eksik diş sayısı, ağız hijyeni alışkanlıkları ve beslenme davranışları arasındaki ilişkileri çok faktörlü bir yaklaşımla değerlendirmektir.
Yöntem: Bu tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel çalışma, XXX Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi’nde 4–15 yaş aralığında yer alan 1.092 çocuk üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılar yaş gruplarına göre sınıflandırılmış, maloklüzyon tipi, eksik ve çürük diş sayısı, ağız hijyeni indeksleri (Gingival İndeks, Plak İndeksi, Basitleştirilmiş Ağız Hijyeni İndeksi), bireysel ağız hijyeni ve beslenme alışkanlıkları klinik muayenelerle değerlendirilmiştir. Kategorik değişkenler için Ki-kare testi; grup karşılaştırmaları için normal dağılıma bağlı olarak ANOVA veya Kruskal–Wallis testleri; ikili karşılaştırmalar için ise Mann–Whitney U testi ve İki Oran Z testi kullanılmıştır. Anlamlılık düzeyi p < .05 olarak belirlenmiştir.
Bulgular: Ortodontik maloklüzyonların prevalansı yaşla birlikte anlamlı düzeyde artmış, bu artış en fazla 10–12 ve 13–15 yaş gruplarında gözlemlenmiştir (p < .001). Tüm malokluzyon tipleri, meziodistal boyut kaybı yaşayan bireylerde anlamlı düzeyde daha sık görülmüş, özellikle Sınıf IV malokluzyon yalnızca bu grupta tespit edilmiştir (p < .001). Sınıf II malokluzyona sahip çocuklarda ortalama eksik diş sayısı en yüksek olup, bu değer malokluzyon bulunmayanlara kıyasla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede fazladır (p < .001). Benzer şekilde, çürük diş ortalaması Sınıf II ve Sınıf III malokluzyon gruplarında, malokluzyonu olmayanlara göre anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur (p < .001 ve p = .042, sırasıyla). Ağız hijyeni ve beslenme alışkanlıkları da malokluzyon tipleri ile anlamlı ilişki göstermektedir. Diş fırçalama sıklığının düşük olması, arayüz temizliğinin yapılmaması ve asidik-şekerli gıda tüketiminin fazla olması, malokluzyon bulunan bireylerde daha yaygın olarak tespit edilmiştir (p < .001). Ayrıca, yetersiz ağız hijyeni ve sağlıksız beslenme alışkanlıkları, artan çürük oranları (p < .001) ve eksik diş varlığı ile (p < .05) güçlü bir şekilde ilişkili bulunmuştur.
Sonuç: Ortodontik malokluzyonlar yaşla birlikte giderek artmakta olup, diş çürükleri, diş kaybı, yetersiz ağız hijyeni ve sağlıksız beslenme alışkanlıkları ile anlamlı düzeyde ilişkilidir. Erken yaşlarda uygulanacak çok disiplinli ağız sağlığı stratejileri, hem ortodontik anomalilerin hem de diş çürüklerinin görülme sıklığını azaltmada etkili olabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Salim NA, Alamoush RA, Al-Abdallah MM, Al-Asmar AA, Satterthwaite JD. Relationship between dental caries, oral hygiene, and malocclusion among Syrian refugee children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):629. doi:10.1186/s12903-021-01993-3
  • De Ridder L, Aleksieva A, Willems G, Declerck D, Cadenas de Llano-Pérula M. Prevalence of orthodontic malocclusions in healthy children and adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(12):7446. doi:10.3390/ijerph19127446
  • Londono J, Ghasemi S, Moghaddasi N, et al. Prevalence of malocclusion in Turkish children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2023;9(4):689-700. doi:10.1002/cre2.771
  • Adanero A, Baquero L, Berasategui M, et al. Oral health status of 6- to 12-year-old children in Madrid, Spain: a cross-sectional study. Heliyon. 2022;8(6):e09557. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09557
  • Singh A, Purohit B. Is malocclusion associated with dental caries among children and adolescents in the permanent dentition? A systematic review. Community Dent Health. 2021;38(3):172-177. doi:10.1922/CDH_ 00340Singh06
  • Shakti P, Singh A, Purohit BM, Purohit A, Taneja S. Effect of premature loss of primary teeth on prevalence of malocclusion in permanent dentition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthod. 2023;21(4): 100816. doi:10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100816
  • Costa AMG, Trevizan M, Matsumoto MAN, et al. Association between tooth agenesis and skeletal malocclusions. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2017; 8(2):e3. doi:10.5037/jomr.2017.8203
  • Warkhandkar A, Habib L. Effects of premature primary tooth loss on midline deviation and asymmetric molar relationship in the context of orthodontic treatment. Cureus. 2023;15(7):e42442. doi:10.7759/cureus. 42442
  • Jafari AK, Baniasad N, Asadi E, Nadafpour N. Effect of malocclusion severity on oral health and its correlation with socioeconomical status in Iranian adolescents. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):1301. doi:10.1186/s12903-024-05069-w
  • Mai W, Xiao L, Chen S, et al. Prevalence and contributing factors of malocclusion in Zhuang children aged 7-8 years in southern China. Front Pediatr. 2024;12:1308039. doi:10.3389/fped.2024.1308039
  • Salim A, Angelova S, Roussev B, et al. Association between frequency of sugar and protein intake and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis in children. Turk Arch Pediatr. 2025;60(3):319-325. doi:10.5152/TurkArch Pediatr.2025.24166
  • Valenzuela MJ, Waterhouse B, Aggarwal VR, Bloor K, Doran T. Effect of sugar-sweetened beverages on oral health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2021;31(1):122-129. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa147
  • Ülgen M. Ortodonti, anomaliler, sefalometri, etioloji, büyüme gelişim, tanı. Yeditepe Üniversitesi Basımevi; 2000.
  • Loe H. The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Retention Index systems. J Periodontol. 1967;38(6):Suppl:610-616. doi:10.1902/jop.1967. 38.6.610
  • Wang Z, Feng J, Wang Q, Yang Y, Xiao J. Analysis of the correlation between malocclusion, bad oral habits, and the caries rate in adolescents. Transl Pediatr. 2021;10(12):3291-3300. doi:10.21037/tp-21-531
  • Fernández-Riveiro P, Obregón-Rodríguez N, Piñeiro-Lamas M, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Smyth-Chamosa E, Suárez-Cunqueiro MM. The Dental Aesthetic Index and its association with dental caries, dental plaque and socio-demographic variables in schoolchildren aged 12 and 15 years. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18):9741. doi:10.3390/ijerph18189741
  • Bernhardt O, Krey KF, Daboul A, et al. Association between coronal caries and malocclusion in an adult population. J Orofac Orthop. 2021; 82(5):295-312. doi:10.1007/s00056-020-00271-1
  • Alrashed M, Alqerban A. The relationship between malocclusion and oral health-related quality of life among adolescents: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2021;43(2):173-183. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjaa051
  • Bakhurji E, Gaffar B, Nazir M, Al-Khalifa K, Al-Ansari A. First permanent molar caries and oral health practices in saudi male teenagers: inequalities by socioeconomic position. Scientifica (Cairo). 2020;2020:2640949. doi:10.1155/2020/2640949
  • López-Gómez SA, Villalobos-Rodelo JJ, Ávila-Burgos L, et al. Relationship between premature loss of primary teeth with oral hygiene, consumption of soft drinks, dental care, and previous caries experience. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21147. doi:10.1038/srep21147
  • Mahboobi Z, Pakdaman A, Yazdani R, Azadbakht L, Montazeri A. Dietary free sugar and dental caries in children: a systematic review on longitudinal studies. Health Promot Perspect. 2021;11(3):271-280. doi:10. 34172/hpp.2021.35
  • Dentistry AAoP. Policy on early childhood caries (ECC): Consequences and preventive strategies. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry Chicago, Ill: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. 2021;20243:89-92.
  • Patel KV, Kubavat A, Prajapati N, Choudhary S, Vaghela A, Shah K. The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in 13-15 years old school going children of Mehsana District, Gujarat: an epidemiological study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2024;16(Suppl 1):S495-s497. doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_827_23
  • Kalantari M, Ziaalddini H, Jaffari M, Kalantari P. Orthodontic treatment need and complexity among 13-15 year-old schoolchildren in Kerman, Iran. J Dent (Shiraz). 2019;20(2):95-101. doi:10.30476/dentjods. 2019.44930
  • Gandhi JM, Gurunathan D. Short- and long-term dental arch spatial changes following premature loss of primary molars: a systematic review. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2022;40(3):239-245. doi:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_230_22

Prevalence and determinants of orthodontic malocclusions in children: a multifactorial analysis

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 5, 889 - 895, 16.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1760149

Öz

Aims: To determine the prevalence of orthodontic malocclusions in children and adolescents and to evaluate, through a multifactorial approach, the associations between these malocclusions and mesiodistal dimension loss, presence of dental caries, missing teeth, oral hygiene habits, and dietary behaviors.
Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on 1092 children aged 4-15 years. Participants were stratified into age groups, and clinical examinations were performed to assess malocclusion type, number of missing and decayed teeth, oral hygiene indices (Gingival Index and Plaque Index), as well as individual oral hygiene and dietary habits. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Depending on the data type and distribution, Chi-square tests with Bonferroni correction, two-proportion Z tests, ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD, Kruskal-Wallis with Bonferroni-adjusted Dunn, and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
Results: The prevalence of orthodontic malocclusions increased significantly with age, being most common in the 10-12 and 13-15 age groups (p<0.001). All malocclusion types were significantly more prevalent among individuals with mesiodistal dimension loss, with class IV malocclusion observed exclusively in this group (p<0.001). Children with class II malocclusion had the highest mean number of missing teeth, which was significantly greater than those with no malocclusion (p<0.001). Similarly, the mean number of decayed teeth was significantly higher in class II and class III groups compared to those without malocclusion (p<0.001 and p=0.042, respectively). Oral hygiene and dietary habits were also significantly associated with malocclusion types. Lower tooth brushing frequency, lack of interdental cleaning, and higher consumption of acidic and sugary foods were more common among those with malocclusion (p<0.001). Additionally, poor oral hygiene and diet were strongly correlated with increased rates of caries (p<0.001) and missing teeth (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Orthodontic malocclusions increase progressively with age and are significantly associated with dental caries, tooth loss, inadequate oral hygiene, and unhealthy dietary habits. The implementation of multidisciplinary oral health strategies at an early age may be effective in reducing the incidence of both orthodontic anomalies and dental caries.

Kaynakça

  • Salim NA, Alamoush RA, Al-Abdallah MM, Al-Asmar AA, Satterthwaite JD. Relationship between dental caries, oral hygiene, and malocclusion among Syrian refugee children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):629. doi:10.1186/s12903-021-01993-3
  • De Ridder L, Aleksieva A, Willems G, Declerck D, Cadenas de Llano-Pérula M. Prevalence of orthodontic malocclusions in healthy children and adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(12):7446. doi:10.3390/ijerph19127446
  • Londono J, Ghasemi S, Moghaddasi N, et al. Prevalence of malocclusion in Turkish children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2023;9(4):689-700. doi:10.1002/cre2.771
  • Adanero A, Baquero L, Berasategui M, et al. Oral health status of 6- to 12-year-old children in Madrid, Spain: a cross-sectional study. Heliyon. 2022;8(6):e09557. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09557
  • Singh A, Purohit B. Is malocclusion associated with dental caries among children and adolescents in the permanent dentition? A systematic review. Community Dent Health. 2021;38(3):172-177. doi:10.1922/CDH_ 00340Singh06
  • Shakti P, Singh A, Purohit BM, Purohit A, Taneja S. Effect of premature loss of primary teeth on prevalence of malocclusion in permanent dentition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthod. 2023;21(4): 100816. doi:10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100816
  • Costa AMG, Trevizan M, Matsumoto MAN, et al. Association between tooth agenesis and skeletal malocclusions. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2017; 8(2):e3. doi:10.5037/jomr.2017.8203
  • Warkhandkar A, Habib L. Effects of premature primary tooth loss on midline deviation and asymmetric molar relationship in the context of orthodontic treatment. Cureus. 2023;15(7):e42442. doi:10.7759/cureus. 42442
  • Jafari AK, Baniasad N, Asadi E, Nadafpour N. Effect of malocclusion severity on oral health and its correlation with socioeconomical status in Iranian adolescents. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):1301. doi:10.1186/s12903-024-05069-w
  • Mai W, Xiao L, Chen S, et al. Prevalence and contributing factors of malocclusion in Zhuang children aged 7-8 years in southern China. Front Pediatr. 2024;12:1308039. doi:10.3389/fped.2024.1308039
  • Salim A, Angelova S, Roussev B, et al. Association between frequency of sugar and protein intake and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis in children. Turk Arch Pediatr. 2025;60(3):319-325. doi:10.5152/TurkArch Pediatr.2025.24166
  • Valenzuela MJ, Waterhouse B, Aggarwal VR, Bloor K, Doran T. Effect of sugar-sweetened beverages on oral health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Public Health. 2021;31(1):122-129. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa147
  • Ülgen M. Ortodonti, anomaliler, sefalometri, etioloji, büyüme gelişim, tanı. Yeditepe Üniversitesi Basımevi; 2000.
  • Loe H. The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Retention Index systems. J Periodontol. 1967;38(6):Suppl:610-616. doi:10.1902/jop.1967. 38.6.610
  • Wang Z, Feng J, Wang Q, Yang Y, Xiao J. Analysis of the correlation between malocclusion, bad oral habits, and the caries rate in adolescents. Transl Pediatr. 2021;10(12):3291-3300. doi:10.21037/tp-21-531
  • Fernández-Riveiro P, Obregón-Rodríguez N, Piñeiro-Lamas M, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Smyth-Chamosa E, Suárez-Cunqueiro MM. The Dental Aesthetic Index and its association with dental caries, dental plaque and socio-demographic variables in schoolchildren aged 12 and 15 years. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18):9741. doi:10.3390/ijerph18189741
  • Bernhardt O, Krey KF, Daboul A, et al. Association between coronal caries and malocclusion in an adult population. J Orofac Orthop. 2021; 82(5):295-312. doi:10.1007/s00056-020-00271-1
  • Alrashed M, Alqerban A. The relationship between malocclusion and oral health-related quality of life among adolescents: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2021;43(2):173-183. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjaa051
  • Bakhurji E, Gaffar B, Nazir M, Al-Khalifa K, Al-Ansari A. First permanent molar caries and oral health practices in saudi male teenagers: inequalities by socioeconomic position. Scientifica (Cairo). 2020;2020:2640949. doi:10.1155/2020/2640949
  • López-Gómez SA, Villalobos-Rodelo JJ, Ávila-Burgos L, et al. Relationship between premature loss of primary teeth with oral hygiene, consumption of soft drinks, dental care, and previous caries experience. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21147. doi:10.1038/srep21147
  • Mahboobi Z, Pakdaman A, Yazdani R, Azadbakht L, Montazeri A. Dietary free sugar and dental caries in children: a systematic review on longitudinal studies. Health Promot Perspect. 2021;11(3):271-280. doi:10. 34172/hpp.2021.35
  • Dentistry AAoP. Policy on early childhood caries (ECC): Consequences and preventive strategies. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry Chicago, Ill: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. 2021;20243:89-92.
  • Patel KV, Kubavat A, Prajapati N, Choudhary S, Vaghela A, Shah K. The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in 13-15 years old school going children of Mehsana District, Gujarat: an epidemiological study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2024;16(Suppl 1):S495-s497. doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_827_23
  • Kalantari M, Ziaalddini H, Jaffari M, Kalantari P. Orthodontic treatment need and complexity among 13-15 year-old schoolchildren in Kerman, Iran. J Dent (Shiraz). 2019;20(2):95-101. doi:10.30476/dentjods. 2019.44930
  • Gandhi JM, Gurunathan D. Short- and long-term dental arch spatial changes following premature loss of primary molars: a systematic review. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2022;40(3):239-245. doi:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_230_22
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çocuk Diş Hekimliği, Ortodonti ve Dentofasiyal Ortopedi
Bölüm Orijinal Makale
Yazarlar

Yasin Akbulut 0000-0002-3828-2483

Semih Ercan Akgün 0000-0001-7266-8593

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 26 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

AMA Akbulut Y, Akgün SE. Prevalence and determinants of orthodontic malocclusions in children: a multifactorial analysis. J Health Sci Med /JHSM /jhsm. Eylül 2025;8(5):889-895. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1760149

Üniversitelerarası Kurul (ÜAK) Eşdeğerliği:  Ulakbim TR Dizin'de olan dergilerde yayımlanan makale [10 PUAN] ve 1a, b, c hariç  uluslararası indekslerde (1d) olan dergilerde yayımlanan makale [5 PUAN]

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Not:
Dergimiz WOS indeksli değildir ve bu nedenle Q olarak sınıflandırılmamıştır.

Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu (YÖK) kriterlerine göre yağmacı/şüpheli dergiler hakkındaki kararları ile yazar aydınlatma metni ve dergi ücretlendirme politikasını tarayıcınızdan indirebilirsiniz. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2316/file/4905/show 


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