EVALUATION OF NATO INTERVENTION IN KOSOVO BY CRITERIA OF RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT

Öz

Yugoslavya Sosyalist Federal Cumhuriyeti’nin (YSFC) dağılma sürecinde önce Hırvatistan’da ardından Bosna’da (1992-1995) başlayan kanlı savaş daha sonrasında Kosova’ya yayıldı. 1998 yılına gelindiğinde, Kosova’da Arnavut milis güçleri, Kosova Kurtuluş Ordusu ve Yugoslavya kimliği altındaki Sırp ordusu, polisi ve milis güçleri arasında bir iç savaş çıktı. Uluslararası kuruluşların arabuluculuk çabalarının başarısızlığı sonucunda Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Örgütü (NATO), artan sivil ölümleri ve artan saldırıları durdurmak için 24 Mart 1999’da askeri müdahaleye başladı. NATO’nun bu müdahalesi hem siyasi hem de akademik boyutlarda tartışmalara yol açtı, ancak Kosova’ya İlişkin Bağımsız Uluslararası Komisyon tarafından “yasadışı ama meşru” olarak tanımlandı. Yapıldığı günden bu yana tartışılan NATO müdahalesinin ardından 2001 yılında Uluslararası Müdahale ve Devlet Egemenliği Komisyonu (ICISS) tarafından hazırlanan raporla Koruma Sorumluluğu kavramı hayata geçirildi. Koruma Sorumluluğu raporuna göre, askeri bir müdahalenin meşru kabul edilmesi için altı kriter belirlenmiştir. Raporda ayrıca NATO’nun Kosova’ya müdahalesinin bu kavramın doğmasına katkıda bulunduğu belirtilmiştir. Literatürde birçok araştırmacı bunun NATO’nun Kosova’ya müdahalesini haklı göstermek için olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Ancak buradaki sorun NATO’nun Kosova’ya müdahalesinin rapordaki kriterlere uygun ve meşru olup olmadığıdır. Bu çalışmada, Kosova müdahalesi, askeri müdahaleyi meşru kılan Koruma Sorumluluğu kriterleri üzerinden değerlendirilecek ve müdahalenin bu ilkelere ne kadar uygun olduğu incelenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kosova
• Koruma Sorumluluğu
• İnsani Müdahale
• NATO
• Meşruiyet

EVALUATION OF NATO INTERVENTION IN KOSOVO BY CRITERIA OF RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT

Öz

During the breakup process of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), the bloody war started first in Croatia and then in Bosnia (1992-1995), then spread to Kosovo. By 1998, a civil war broke out in Kosovo between the Albanian militia forces, the Kosovo Liberation Army, and the Serbian army, police, and militia forces under the identity of Yugoslavia. As a result of the failure of the mediating efforts by the international organizations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) had commenced military intervention on March 24, 1999, to stop the increasing civilian deaths and increasing attacks. This intervention of NATO has sparked discussions in both political and academic dimensions but is defined by the Independent International Commission on Kosovo (IICK) as “illegal but legitimate”. Following the NATO intervention, which has been under discussion since the day it was made, the concept of Responsibility to Protect has been accomplished in 2001 with the report prepared by the International Commission for Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS). According to the Responsibility to Protect report, it has set six criteria for a military intervention to be considered legitimate. The report also mentioned that NATO’s intervention in Kosovo contributed to the birth of this concept. In the literature, many scholars claim that is to justify NATO’s intervention in Kosovo. However, the question here is whether NATO’s intervention in Kosovo is in line with the criteria in the report and is legitimate. In this study, Kosovo intervention is evaluated on the Criteria of Responsibility to Protect, which legitimizes military intervention, and examined how appropriate the intervention is to the principles.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kosovo
• Responsibility to Protect
• Humanitarian intervention
• NATO
• Legitimacy.

Kaynakça

1. Abrahams, F. (2001). Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo. Human Rights Watch.
2. Annan, K (2000). We the Peoples - The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century. United Nations, New York
3. Bellamy, A. J. (2002). Kosovo and international society. PalgraveMacmillan, New York.
4. Bideleux, R. and Jeffries, I. (1998). A history of Eastern Europe Crisis and Change. Routledge, London.
5. Bideleux, R. and Jeffries, I. (2007). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History. Routledge, London, and New York. Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1): 101-111.
6. Blätter, A., & Williams, P. D. (2011). The responsibility not to veto. Global Responsibility to Protect, 3(3): 301-322.
7. Cohn, M. (2002). NATO Bombing of Kosovo: Humanitarian Intervention or Crime against Humanity?. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 15(1), 79-106.
8. Evan, G., Sahnoun, M., Côté-Harper, G., Hamilton, L., & Ignatieff, M. (2001). Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. IDRC, Ottawa, ON, CA.

9. Evans G. (2009). “The Responsibility to Protect: From an Idea to an International Norm," (Ed.) Cooper, R. and Kohler, J. V., Responsibility to protect: The global moral compact for the 21st century. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
10. Evans, G. (2004). The responsibility to protect: Rethinking humanitarian intervention. In Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting, Cambridge University Press, 9: 78-89.
11. Hehir, A. (2008). Humanitarian Intervention After Kosovo: Iraq, Darfur and the Record of Global Civil Society. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
12. Human Rights Watch (2000). Civilian Deaths in the NATO Air Campaign, 15(1), https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/natbm002.pdf, (08.01.2021).
13. Humayun, M. F. (2018). Responsibility to Protect and its Relationship with Human Rights. Kardan Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(1): 49-74
14. Judah, T. (2008). Kosovo: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press.
15. Morris, Nicolas (1999). UNHCR and Kosovo: A Personal View from within UNHCR. Forced Migration Review, (5): 14-17.
16. Ng, M. Y. (2019). Socio-Legal Approach to Ease the Power Play Deadlock in the UN Security Council. Available at SSRN 3406468.
17. Orallı, L. E. (2014). Uluslararasi Hukukta Ve Bm Sisteminde Askeri Müdahale Olgusu. TESAM Akademi, 1(1): 102-127.
18. Pattison, J (2010) Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect: Who Should Intervene?, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
19. Ramet, S. P. (2002). Balkan Babel: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia From the Death of Tito to the Fall of Milosevic, West View Press, Colorado.
20. Savaş Cazala, M. (2018). Koruma Sorumluluğu'nun Normatif Statüsü. Journal of Marmara University Social Sciences Institute/Öneri, 13(50): 65-89
21. Savaş, Hüseyin (2001). Dünü ve Bugünüyle Kosova Sorunu. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Taşdemir, F. (2006). Uluslararası terörizme karşı devletlerin kuvvete başvurma yetkisi, USAK Yayınları, Ankara.
22. The Independent International Commission on Kosovo (2000), Kosovo Report: Conflict, International Response and Lessons Learned. Oxford University Press, New York.
23. United Nations (1998a). Security Council Resolution 1160. Security Council Report, http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/1160, (19.01.2021).
24. United Nations (1999). Statement by The President of the Security Council. Security Council Report, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/kos%20SPRST%201999%202.pdf (21.01.2021).
25. Vickers, M. (1998). Between Serb and Albanian: A History of Kosovo. Columbia University Press, New York.
26. Woehrel, S. J. (1999). Kosovo: Historical Background to the current conflict. Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress.
27. Yalim, B. (2019). What Self-Determination Means for International Politics? Comparison of Republika Srpska and Kosovo Cases. Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(8): 117-131.
28. United Nations (1998b). Security Council Resolution 1199. Security Council Report, http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/1199, (19.01.2021).
29. United Nations (1998c). Security Council Resolution 1203. Security Council Report, http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/1203, (19.01.2021). United Nations (2005).
30. Manulak, M. W. (2009). Canada and the Kosovo Crisis: A "Golden Moment" in Canadian Foreign Policy?. International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 64(2), 565–581.
31. Ertuğrul, Ü. E. (2016). Koruma Sorumluluğu: İnsani Müdahaleyi Makyajlamak. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 441-470.
32. Havel, Vaclav; Kosovo and the End of the Nation-State, NY: Revolution Books, Haziran 1999.
33. The Guardian (1999). Blair: 'We must act - to save thousands of innocent men, women and children, https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/mar/23/balkans.tonyblair (01.02.2021).
34. CNN (1999). Transcript: Clinton addresses nation on Yugoslavia strike, https://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/03/25/clinton.transcript/, (01.02.2021).
35. Hadjimichalis, C. (2000). Kosovo, 82 days of an undeclared and unjust war: a geopolitical comment. European Urban and Regional Studies, 7(2), 175-180.
36. Dumbaugh, K. (2000, April). Chinese Embassy Bombing in Belgrade: Compensation Issues. Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress.
37. Günal, A. (2010). Kıbrıs ve Kosova Sorunlarının Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Karşılaştırılması. Kıbrıs Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(38), 111-177.