Araştırma Makalesi
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INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT AND ETHIOPIA: COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW AND TRENDS OF CURRENT DEVELOPMENT

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 6, 2 - 19, 31.12.2022

Öz

The WW II and international criminal trials were blessing in disguise for giving birth to the ICC Rome Statute. Though most African States were in the first row in acceding to the latter Statute, Ethiopia isn’t a signatory yet. The recent internal conflict in Ethiopia which grasped international community attention signifies the importance of revisiting and scrutinising the ICC vis-à-vis Ethiopia. In this vein, bearing in mind Ethiopia’s nonadherence to the ICC Rome Statute, the Article addresses whether the normative criminal law and practices of Ethiopian criminal proceeding are compatible with the Rome Statute or not? At the backdrop of Ethiopia’s recent conflict amounting to war crimes and crimes against humanity, the Article addresses whether there are feasible scenarios of – Ethiopia referring its case to the ICC, – UN Security Council referring Ethiopia’s case to the ICC, and/or – Ethiopia joining the Rome Statute or not? While addressing these issues, the Article ascertains significant similarities and differences between the ICC Rome Statute and Ethiopian Criminal Law. Apart from these, albeit – an assumption of Ethiopia referring its case to the ICC, – a high probability of the UN Security Council referring Ethiopia’s case to the ICC, and/or – several pushing factors pressuring Ethiopia to join the Rome Statute, the Article pins down the unlikely nature of either scenario.

Teşekkür

The Author would like to acknowledge and extends his gratitude to Prof. Dr. Elif UZUN for her critical feedback and comments while developing this Article. The Author also extends his gratitude to Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies.

Kaynakça

  • ACHPR (2021). “African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights Resolution on the Fact-Finding Mission to the Tigray Region of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,” https://www.achpr.org/sessions/resolutions?id=513 (Accessed 04.01. 2022).
  • Addis Standard (2018). “Breaking: Dr. Abiy Ahmed elected new chairman of EPRDF with Demeke Mekonnen as deputy,” https://addisstandard.com/breaking-dr-abiy-ahmed-elected-new-chairman-of-eprdf-deputy-not-decided/ (Accessed 03.03.2022).
  • Addis Standard (2021). “Ministry of justice establishes inter-ministerial task force to oversee investigation, legal action against human rights violations in northern Ethiopia conflict,” https://addisstandard.com/23412-2/ (Accessed 28.02.2022).
  • Aljazeera (2018). “Abiy Ahmed sworn in as Ethiopia’s prime minister,” https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/4/2/abiy-ahmed-sworn-in-as-ethiopias-prime-minister (Accessed 03.04.2022).
  • Aljazeera. (2021). “Sudan takes 1st step towards joining International Criminal Court,” https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/4/sudan-takes-first-step-towards-joining-international-criminal-court (Accessed 27.04.2020).
  • Amnesty International (1991). “Ethiopia: End of an era of brutal repression – a new chance for human rights,” https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr25/005/1991/en/ (Accessed 21.03.2020).
  • Anadolu Agency (2021). “Ethiopia designates TPLF, OLF-Shene as terror groups,” https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ethiopia-designates-tplf-olf-shene-as-terror-groups/2226789 (Accessed 04.03.2022).
  • AU (2021). “Press Statement on the official launch of the Commission of Inquiry on the Tigray Region in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,” https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20210616/press-statement-official-launch-commission-inquiry-tigray-region-federal (Accessed 01.04.2022).
  • Bassiouni, M. (2010). “Perspectives on International Criminal Justice.” Virginia Journal of International Law, 50 (1), 269 – 324, https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/29427e/pdf/ (Accessed 02.07.2022).
  • BBC (2020). “Death penalty: How many countries still have it?” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45835584 (Accessed 02.03.2022).
  • Beigbeder, Y. (2011). The Pioneers: The Nuremberg and Tokyo Military Trials. In: International Criminal Tribunals. Palgrave Macmillan, London: Springer, 20–48 https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230305052_2 (Accessed 01.07.2022).
  • Borekena (2019). “Ethiopia’s Prosperity Party officially formed in the capital Addis Ababa,” https://borkena.com/2019/12/01/ethiopias-prosperity-party-officially-formed-in-the-capital-addis-ababa/, (Accessed 04.03.2022).
  • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by the UN on 9 December 1948 and entered into force on 12 January 1951, https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%2078/volume-78-i-1021-english.pdf (Accessed 30.03.2020).
  • ENA (2022). “Ethiopia Categorically Rejects Int’l Commission of Human Rights Experts Report,” https://www.ena.et/en/?p=38485 (Accessed 05.11.2022).
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  • Haile-Mariam, Yacob (1999). “The Quest for Justice and Reconciliation: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Ethiopian High Court.” Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, 22(4), 667-745, https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_international_comparative_law_review/vol22/iss4/2 (Accessed 20.04.2020).
  • ICC Rules of Procedure and Evidence, 2002, https://www.icc-cpi.int/Publications/Rules-of-Procedure-and-Evidence.pdf (Accessed 15.03.2022).
  • ICHREE (2022). “Report of the International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia,” https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/report-international-commission-human-rights-experts-ethiopia-ahrc5146-advance-unedited-version (Accessed 05.11.2022).
  • Keaten, Jamey (2021). “Over Ethiopia's objections, UN rights body backs war monitor,” https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/ethiopias-objections-rights-body-examines-conflict-81808737, (Accessed on 04.03.2022).
  • Kebebew, Tadesse M. and Niyo, Joshua Joseph (2020). “Instant Non-international Armed Conflict? Classifying the situation in Northern Ethiopia under IHL,” https://www.armedgroups-internationallaw.org/2020/12/09/instant-non-international-armed-conflict-classifying-the-situation-in-northern-ethiopia-under-ihl/ (Accessed 3.03.2022).
  • Kuwonu, Franck. (2020). “Four African countries at the founding of the UN in San Francisco in 1945,” https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/october-2020/africa-countries-founding-un-san-francisco-1945 (Accessed 23.04.2020).
  • LeBlanc, Lawrence J. (1988). “The United Nations Genocide Convention and Political Groups: Should the United States Propose an Amendment?” Yale Journal of International Law, 13 (3), https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/72839806.pdf (Accessed 28.03.2020).
  • Legide, Kinkino Kia (2021). “The Facets of Transitional Justice and ‘Red Terror’ Mass Trials of Derg Officials in Post-1991 Ethiopia: Reassessing its Achievements and Pitfalls.” Journal of African Conflicts and Peace Studies, 4(2), https://doi.org/10.5038/2325-484X.4.2.1142.
  • Lyons, Terrence (2006). “Transnational Politics in Ethiopia: Diasporas and the 2005 Elections.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 15 (2), 265-284, doi:10.1353/dsp.2011.0076.
  • Maru, Mehari Taddele (2021). “There is need for a truly independent probe into Ethiopia abuses,” https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/11/24/there-is-need-for-a-truly-independent-probe-into-ethiopia-abuses (Accessed 04.01.2022).
  • Mattimalla, Suryaraju (2018). “Compatibility of Death Penalty with the Purpose of Criminal Punishment in Ethiopia.” The Age of Human Rights Journal, 11, 91–107, https://doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.n11.5.
  • Metekia, Tadesse Simie (2019). “Punishing Core Crimes in Ethiopia: Analysis of the Domestic Practice in Light of and in Comparison, with Sentencing Practices at the UNICTS and the ICC.” International Criminal Law Review, 19 (1), 160-190, https://doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01901007.
  • Metekia, Tadesse Simie (2021). “Prosecution of Core Crimes in Ethiopia: Domestic Practice vis-à-vis International Standard,” International Criminal Law Series, 15, https://brill.com/view/title/59502?language=en (Accessed 28.02.2022).
  • Negewo, Tilahun. (2008). “The Impacts of Gumuz – Oromo Cross Border Conflict on the Rural Society: Along the Border of Belojiganfo [Yie] and Sassiga Woreda.” The International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(9), http://internationaljournalcorner.com/index.php/theijhss/article/view/137496/96513 (Accessed 26.03.2020).
  • OHCHR (2021). “Report of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC)/Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Joint Investigation into Alleged Violations of International Human Rights, Humanitarian and Refugee Law Committed by all Parties to the Conflict in the Tigray Region of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,” https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3947207 (Accessed 4.01.2022).
  • OHCHR (2022). “Human Rights Council Adopts 14 Resolutions, Extends Mandates on Ethiopia, Burundi, Venezuela, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, and Somalia, Concludes Regular Fifty-first Session,” https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/10/human-rights-council-adopts-14-resolutions-extends-mandates-ethiopia-burundi (Accessed 06.11.2022).
  • Ram, K. V. (1997). “The Survival of Ethiopian Independence.” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 8 (4), 131–141.
  • Security Council (2022). “Ethiopia,” https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/ethiopia/ (Accessed 27.02.2022).
  • Sellars, Kirsten (2010). “Imperfect Justice at Nuremberg and Tokyo.” European Journal of International Law, 21 (4), 1085–1102, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chq070 (Accessed 04.03.2022).
  • Sudan Tribune (2021). “Sudanese cabinet approves draft law to join ICC,” https://sudantribune.com/article212400/ (Accessed 04.032022).
  • The Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 2004, https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/eth/2005/the_criminal_code_of_the_federal_democratic_republic_of_ethiopia_2004_html/Criminal_Code_2004_Official_English.pdf(Accessed 04.01.2022).
  • The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopian Constitution, 1994, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Ethiopia_1994.pdf (Accessed 04.01.2022).
  • The Penal code of Ethiopia, 1957, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/49216a0a2.pdf (Accessed 21.03.2020).
  • The Rome Statute of International Criminal Court, 1998, https://www.icc-cpi.int/resource-library/documents/rs-eng.pdf (Accessed 04.01.2022).
  • Tiba, Firew Kebede (2007). “The Mengistu Genocide Trial in Ethiopia.” Journal of International Criminal Justice, 5 (2), 513–528, https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqm021.
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ULUSLARARASI CEZA MAHKEMESİ VE ETİYOPYA: KARŞILAŞTIRMA GENEL BAKIŞ VE GÜNCEL GELİŞME EĞİLİMLERİ

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 6, 2 - 19, 31.12.2022

Öz

İkinci Dünya Savaşı ve uluslararası ceza davaları, UCM Roma Statüsünü doğurduğu için kılık değiştirmiş bir nimetti. Afrika Devletlerinin çoğu UCM Roma Statüsüne katılımda ilk sırada olmasına rağmen, Etiyopya henüz imza sahibi değil. Uluslararası toplumun dikkatini çeken Etiyopya'daki son iç çatışma, UCM'nin Etiyopya'ya karşı yeniden gözden geçirilmesinin ve incelenmesinin önemini ifade ediyor. Bu bağlamda, Etiyopya'nın UCM Roma Statüsü'ne bağlı kalmaması akılda tutarak, Makale Etiyopya normatif ceza hukuku ve davası uygulamalarının Roma Statüsü ile uyumlu olup olmadığını ele almaktadır. Etiyopya'nın son zamanlarda savaş suçları ve insanlığa karşı işlenen suçlarla ilgili varan çatışmasının arka planında, Makale – Etiyopya'nın davasını UCM'ye havale etmesi, – BM Güvenlik Konseyi'nin Etiyopya'nın davasını UCM'ye havale etmesi ve/veya – Etiyopya'nın Roma Statüsüne katılabiliri senaryolar olup olmadığını ele almaktadır. Bu konuları ele alırken, makale UCM Roma Statüsü ile Etiyopya Ceza Hukuku arasında önemli benzerlikler ve farklılıklar tespit etmektedir. Bunların dışında - Etiyopya'nın davasını UCM'ye havale ettiği varsayımı - BM Güvenlik Konseyi'nin Etiyopya'nın davasını UCM'ye havale etme olasılığının yüksek olması ve/veya - Etiyopya'yı Roma Statüsü'ne katılmaya zorlayan bir dizi itici faktör olsa da, Makale her iki senaryonun da olası olmayan doğasını ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • ACHPR (2021). “African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights Resolution on the Fact-Finding Mission to the Tigray Region of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,” https://www.achpr.org/sessions/resolutions?id=513 (Accessed 04.01. 2022).
  • Addis Standard (2018). “Breaking: Dr. Abiy Ahmed elected new chairman of EPRDF with Demeke Mekonnen as deputy,” https://addisstandard.com/breaking-dr-abiy-ahmed-elected-new-chairman-of-eprdf-deputy-not-decided/ (Accessed 03.03.2022).
  • Addis Standard (2021). “Ministry of justice establishes inter-ministerial task force to oversee investigation, legal action against human rights violations in northern Ethiopia conflict,” https://addisstandard.com/23412-2/ (Accessed 28.02.2022).
  • Aljazeera (2018). “Abiy Ahmed sworn in as Ethiopia’s prime minister,” https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/4/2/abiy-ahmed-sworn-in-as-ethiopias-prime-minister (Accessed 03.04.2022).
  • Aljazeera. (2021). “Sudan takes 1st step towards joining International Criminal Court,” https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/4/sudan-takes-first-step-towards-joining-international-criminal-court (Accessed 27.04.2020).
  • Amnesty International (1991). “Ethiopia: End of an era of brutal repression – a new chance for human rights,” https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr25/005/1991/en/ (Accessed 21.03.2020).
  • Anadolu Agency (2021). “Ethiopia designates TPLF, OLF-Shene as terror groups,” https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ethiopia-designates-tplf-olf-shene-as-terror-groups/2226789 (Accessed 04.03.2022).
  • AU (2021). “Press Statement on the official launch of the Commission of Inquiry on the Tigray Region in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,” https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20210616/press-statement-official-launch-commission-inquiry-tigray-region-federal (Accessed 01.04.2022).
  • Bassiouni, M. (2010). “Perspectives on International Criminal Justice.” Virginia Journal of International Law, 50 (1), 269 – 324, https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/29427e/pdf/ (Accessed 02.07.2022).
  • BBC (2020). “Death penalty: How many countries still have it?” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45835584 (Accessed 02.03.2022).
  • Beigbeder, Y. (2011). The Pioneers: The Nuremberg and Tokyo Military Trials. In: International Criminal Tribunals. Palgrave Macmillan, London: Springer, 20–48 https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230305052_2 (Accessed 01.07.2022).
  • Borekena (2019). “Ethiopia’s Prosperity Party officially formed in the capital Addis Ababa,” https://borkena.com/2019/12/01/ethiopias-prosperity-party-officially-formed-in-the-capital-addis-ababa/, (Accessed 04.03.2022).
  • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by the UN on 9 December 1948 and entered into force on 12 January 1951, https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%2078/volume-78-i-1021-english.pdf (Accessed 30.03.2020).
  • ENA (2022). “Ethiopia Categorically Rejects Int’l Commission of Human Rights Experts Report,” https://www.ena.et/en/?p=38485 (Accessed 05.11.2022).
  • Endale, Ashenafi (2022). "UN extends mandate of Human Rights Commission on Ethiopia by one year," https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/27002/ (Accessed 06.11.2022).
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Proclamation Establishing the Office of the Special Prosecutor No. 22/1991, https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/Ethiopia-Charter.pdf (Accessed 29.03.2020).
  • Haile, Dadimos (2000). “Accountability for the crimes of the Past and the Challenges of Criminal Prosecution; The Case of Ethiopia” Leuven University Press, 42, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357714918_ACCOUNTABILITY_FOR_CRIMES_OF_THE_PAST_AND_THE_CHALLENGES_OF_PROSECUTION_THE_CASE_OF_ETHIOPIA (Accessed 12.03.2020).
  • Hailegebriel, D. (2003). “Prosecution of Genocide at International and National Courts: A Comparative Analysis of Approaches by ICTY/ICTR and Ethiopia/Rwanda,” LL.M Thesis, University of Mekerere,
  • Haile-Mariam, Yacob (1999). “The Quest for Justice and Reconciliation: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Ethiopian High Court.” Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, 22(4), 667-745, https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_international_comparative_law_review/vol22/iss4/2 (Accessed 20.04.2020).
  • ICC Rules of Procedure and Evidence, 2002, https://www.icc-cpi.int/Publications/Rules-of-Procedure-and-Evidence.pdf (Accessed 15.03.2022).
  • ICHREE (2022). “Report of the International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia,” https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/report-international-commission-human-rights-experts-ethiopia-ahrc5146-advance-unedited-version (Accessed 05.11.2022).
  • Keaten, Jamey (2021). “Over Ethiopia's objections, UN rights body backs war monitor,” https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/ethiopias-objections-rights-body-examines-conflict-81808737, (Accessed on 04.03.2022).
  • Kebebew, Tadesse M. and Niyo, Joshua Joseph (2020). “Instant Non-international Armed Conflict? Classifying the situation in Northern Ethiopia under IHL,” https://www.armedgroups-internationallaw.org/2020/12/09/instant-non-international-armed-conflict-classifying-the-situation-in-northern-ethiopia-under-ihl/ (Accessed 3.03.2022).
  • Kuwonu, Franck. (2020). “Four African countries at the founding of the UN in San Francisco in 1945,” https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/october-2020/africa-countries-founding-un-san-francisco-1945 (Accessed 23.04.2020).
  • LeBlanc, Lawrence J. (1988). “The United Nations Genocide Convention and Political Groups: Should the United States Propose an Amendment?” Yale Journal of International Law, 13 (3), https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/72839806.pdf (Accessed 28.03.2020).
  • Legide, Kinkino Kia (2021). “The Facets of Transitional Justice and ‘Red Terror’ Mass Trials of Derg Officials in Post-1991 Ethiopia: Reassessing its Achievements and Pitfalls.” Journal of African Conflicts and Peace Studies, 4(2), https://doi.org/10.5038/2325-484X.4.2.1142.
  • Lyons, Terrence (2006). “Transnational Politics in Ethiopia: Diasporas and the 2005 Elections.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 15 (2), 265-284, doi:10.1353/dsp.2011.0076.
  • Maru, Mehari Taddele (2021). “There is need for a truly independent probe into Ethiopia abuses,” https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/11/24/there-is-need-for-a-truly-independent-probe-into-ethiopia-abuses (Accessed 04.01.2022).
  • Mattimalla, Suryaraju (2018). “Compatibility of Death Penalty with the Purpose of Criminal Punishment in Ethiopia.” The Age of Human Rights Journal, 11, 91–107, https://doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.n11.5.
  • Metekia, Tadesse Simie (2019). “Punishing Core Crimes in Ethiopia: Analysis of the Domestic Practice in Light of and in Comparison, with Sentencing Practices at the UNICTS and the ICC.” International Criminal Law Review, 19 (1), 160-190, https://doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01901007.
  • Metekia, Tadesse Simie (2021). “Prosecution of Core Crimes in Ethiopia: Domestic Practice vis-à-vis International Standard,” International Criminal Law Series, 15, https://brill.com/view/title/59502?language=en (Accessed 28.02.2022).
  • Negewo, Tilahun. (2008). “The Impacts of Gumuz – Oromo Cross Border Conflict on the Rural Society: Along the Border of Belojiganfo [Yie] and Sassiga Woreda.” The International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(9), http://internationaljournalcorner.com/index.php/theijhss/article/view/137496/96513 (Accessed 26.03.2020).
  • OHCHR (2021). “Report of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC)/Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Joint Investigation into Alleged Violations of International Human Rights, Humanitarian and Refugee Law Committed by all Parties to the Conflict in the Tigray Region of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,” https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3947207 (Accessed 4.01.2022).
  • OHCHR (2022). “Human Rights Council Adopts 14 Resolutions, Extends Mandates on Ethiopia, Burundi, Venezuela, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, and Somalia, Concludes Regular Fifty-first Session,” https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/10/human-rights-council-adopts-14-resolutions-extends-mandates-ethiopia-burundi (Accessed 06.11.2022).
  • Ram, K. V. (1997). “The Survival of Ethiopian Independence.” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 8 (4), 131–141.
  • Security Council (2022). “Ethiopia,” https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/ethiopia/ (Accessed 27.02.2022).
  • Sellars, Kirsten (2010). “Imperfect Justice at Nuremberg and Tokyo.” European Journal of International Law, 21 (4), 1085–1102, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chq070 (Accessed 04.03.2022).
  • Sudan Tribune (2021). “Sudanese cabinet approves draft law to join ICC,” https://sudantribune.com/article212400/ (Accessed 04.032022).
  • The Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 2004, https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/eth/2005/the_criminal_code_of_the_federal_democratic_republic_of_ethiopia_2004_html/Criminal_Code_2004_Official_English.pdf(Accessed 04.01.2022).
  • The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopian Constitution, 1994, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Ethiopia_1994.pdf (Accessed 04.01.2022).
  • The Penal code of Ethiopia, 1957, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/49216a0a2.pdf (Accessed 21.03.2020).
  • The Rome Statute of International Criminal Court, 1998, https://www.icc-cpi.int/resource-library/documents/rs-eng.pdf (Accessed 04.01.2022).
  • Tiba, Firew Kebede (2007). “The Mengistu Genocide Trial in Ethiopia.” Journal of International Criminal Justice, 5 (2), 513–528, https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqm021.
  • Tigray Human Rights Forum (2021). “A statement of concern on the joint investigation of OHCHR and EHRC,” https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2021/11/03/concerns-on-the-joint-investigation-of-ohchr-and-ehrc/ (Accessed 01.04.2022).
  • Tulu, Diriba Adugna (2020). “The Crime of Genocide in Ethiopian Criminal Law: Analysis of Its Definition and Scope in Light of International Criminal Law.” International Affairs and Global Strategy, 82, 9-14, https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/IAGS/article/view/52618 (Accessed 17.03.2020).
  • Tsegaye, Kiya (2012). “The ICC and Ethiopia – Still missing from the Statute,” https://addisstandard.com/the-icc-and-ethiopia-still-missing-from-the-statute/ (Accessed 04.07.2022).
  • Treaty Collection (2022). “Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.” https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&clang=_en (Accessed 30.03.2020).
  • UN Geneva (2021). “Human Rights Council Decides to Establish an International Commission of Human Rights Experts to Investigate Allegations of Violations in Ethiopia,” https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/meeting-summary/2021/12/le-conseil-decide-de-nommer-une-commission-dexperts-chargee (Accessed 04.01.2022).
  • UN Human Rights Council (2022). “President of Human Rights Council appoints members of investigative body in Ethiopia,” https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=28186&LangID=E (Accessed 01.4.2022).
  • Vigorito, R. (2002). “The Evolution and Establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC): A Selected Annotated Bibliography of Secondary Sources.” International Journal of Legal Information, 30(1), 92-162, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0731126500009719 (Accessed 03.07.2022).
  • Walsh, Declan and Dahir, Abdi Latif (2022). “Why Is Ethiopia at War With Itself?” https://www.nytimes.com/article/ethiopia-tigray-conflict-explained.html (Accessed 04.03.2022).
  • Yeneabat, Dersolegn (2020). “Fighting against Impunity in Ethiopia: An Emphasis on Crime against Humanity.” Beijing Law Review, 11, 43-63, https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2020.111004.
  • Yilma, Kassahun Molla (2021). “Accountability for atrocities—why Ethiopia should join the ICC,” https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2021/02/02/accountability-for-atrocities-why-ethiopia-should-join-the-icc/ (Accessed 03.01.2022).
  • Záhořík, Jan. (2012). “Imagining Ethiopia in the Era of the League of Nations, 1923-1935.” LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, https://www.amazon.com/Imagining-Ethiopia-League-Nations-1923-1935/dp/3848447266 (Accessed 17.04.2020).
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Yusuf Ali Mohammed 0000-0002-7667-5288

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Mohammed, Y. A. (2022). INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT AND ETHIOPIA: COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW AND TRENDS OF CURRENT DEVELOPMENT. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies(6), 2-19.