Araştırma Makalesi
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İtme veya Çekme Faktörü: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Çöküşünün Gerekçesi, 1839-1908

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 14, 1 - 27, 31.08.2025

Öz

Bu makale, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun on dokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarından yirminci yüzyılın başlarına kadar olan çöküşünün tarihsel nedenlerini “İtme” veya “Çekme” analizleri söylemi aracılığıyla kronolojik hale getirmeye çalışmaktadır. Yaklaşık 600 yıla yayılan imparatorluğun büyüklüğünden dolayı bu olayın farklı açılardan pek çok nedeni olabilir; dolayısıyla kapsam, bu çalışmada tamamının kaleme alınamayacağı kadar geniştir. Bu nedenle makale, Quataert’in kitabında bahsettiği, sırasıyla Halil Inalcik ve L.S. Stavrianos'un benimsediği “İtme” veya “Çekme” tartışma mantığına odaklanmaktadır. İnalcık’ın “İtme” perspektifi, Osmanlı devletinin çöküşünü, devletin çeşitli kademeleri arasındaki eşitlik uçurumunu çeşitli Fermanlar yayınlayarak kapatmaya yönelik iyi niyetinden görüyordu, ancak on dokuzuncu yüzyılda reformları bütünsel olarak etkili bir şekilde uygulayamadı. Buna karşılık, Stavrianos’un “Çekme” bakış açısı Osmanlı devletinin herhangi bir iyi niyetini görmüyordu; imparatorluğun parçalanmasını tebaa halklara, özellikle de gayrimüslim tebaaya yönelik siyasi ve ekonomik sömürüsüne atfediyordu. Bunun üzerine makale, 1839’da Gülhane Hattı’nın ilanından, son Osmanlı padişahı II. Sultan Abdülhamid’i tahttan indirerek Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun 600 yılını sona erdiren 1908 Jön Türk Devrimi’ne kadar bu iki perspektifi inceleyerek noktaları birleştirmeye çalışmaktadır. Makale, olguyu araştırmak için ikincil kaynaklar biçiminde nitel araştırma tekniklerini kullanımaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Barnwell, G. R. (1877). The Russo-Turkish war. San Francisco: A. Roman & Company.
  • Bein, A. (2011). Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Deringil, S. (1998). The Well-protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire 1876-1909. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
  • Findley, C. V. (1989). Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Hanioglu, M.S. (2008). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Hanioglu, S. M. (2001). Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Heyd, U. (1950). Foundations of Turkish Nationalism: The Life and Teachings of Ziya Gokalp. London and Beccles: Luzac & Company and The Harvill Press Ltd.
  • Inalcik, H. (1973). Application of the Tanzimat and Its Social Effects. Belgium: The Peter de Ridder Press, (5): 1-36.
  • Issawi, C. (1999). Introduction. In Gondicas, D., and Issawi, C. (eds.), Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism: Politics, Economy, and Society in the Nineteenth Century. New Jersey: The Darwin Press, Inc., 1-16.
  • Karpat, K. H. (2002). Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays. Ed. Reinhard Schulze, Vol. 81. Leiden: Brill.
  • Karpat, K. H. (2001). The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. New York: Oxford University Press. Lewis, B. (1961). The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Second Edition, London: Oxford University Press.
  • Mardin, S. (2000). The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas. New Jersey: Syracuse University Press.
  • Mahoney, J. and Rueschemeyer, D. (2003). Comparative Historical Analysis: Achievements and Agendas. In Mahoney, J., & Rueschemeyer, D. (Eds.), Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-38.
  • Quataert, D. (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Richard, H. M.P. (1877). Evidence of Turkish Misrule: Papers on the Eastern Question. No. 1. London: The Eastern Question Association.
  • Sancak, L. (2019). The Islamism of Abdulhamid and its Opposition in the Last Period of the Ottoman Empire. Unpublished MSc. Thesis. METU, Ankara.
  • Shaw, J. S. (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280-1808. Vol. 1. New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
  • Stavrianos, L. S. (1958). The Balkans since 1453. New York: Rinehart & Company, Inc.
  • Tunaya, T. Z. (1985). 1876 Kanun-i Esasisi ve Türkiye’de Anayasa Geleneği. In M. Belge, and F. Aral (eds.). Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, 1. Cilt. Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari, 27-39.
  • Streeck, W. (2015). Epilogue: Comparative-historical Analysis: Past, Present, Future. In Mahoney, J., & Thelen, K., (Eds.), Advances in Comparative-Historical Analysis (pp. 264-288). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Yasamee, F. (2011). Ottoman Diplomacy: Abdülhamid II and the Great Powers, 1878 1888. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press.
  • Zurcher, E. J. (2010). The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Ataturk’s Turkey. London: I.B. Tauris.

PUSH OR PULL FACTOR: RATIONALE FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1839-1908

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 14, 1 - 27, 31.08.2025

Öz

The present paper attempts to chronicle the historical reasons for the collapse of the Ottoman Empire from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century through a discourse of the “Push” or “Pull” analyses. There may be numerous reasons for the phenomena from varied perspectives due to the grandness of the empire, which spanned nearly 600 years; thus, it is too broad in scope for all to be penned down in this study. Hence, the paper focuses on the “Push” or “Pull” debate rationale raised by Quataert as put forward by two scholars: Halil Inalcik and L.S. Stavrianos, respectively. The “Push” perspective of Inalcik viewed the collapse of the Ottoman state from its good intentions of bridging the equality gap between the various echelons of the state through the promulgation of various Imperial Rescripts but failed to implement the reforms holistically in the nineteenth century effectively. In contrast, the “Pull” standpoint of Stavrianos did not see any good intentions from the Ottoman state but attributed the disintegration of the empire to its political and economic exploitations of the subject peoples, especially the non-Muslim subjects. Thereupon, the paper attempts to connect the dots by exploring these two perspectives from the announcement of the Gulhane Hatt-i in 1839 to the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 that ousted the last Ottoman sultan, Sultan Abdulhamid II from the throne to end 600 years of the Ottoman Empire. The paper uses qualitative research techniques in the form of secondary sources to probe the phenomenon.

Destekleyen Kurum

I declare that there is no potential competing interest, financial funding, or personnel relationships that could inappropriately influence this paper.

Kaynakça

  • Barnwell, G. R. (1877). The Russo-Turkish war. San Francisco: A. Roman & Company.
  • Bein, A. (2011). Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Deringil, S. (1998). The Well-protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire 1876-1909. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
  • Findley, C. V. (1989). Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Hanioglu, M.S. (2008). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Hanioglu, S. M. (2001). Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Heyd, U. (1950). Foundations of Turkish Nationalism: The Life and Teachings of Ziya Gokalp. London and Beccles: Luzac & Company and The Harvill Press Ltd.
  • Inalcik, H. (1973). Application of the Tanzimat and Its Social Effects. Belgium: The Peter de Ridder Press, (5): 1-36.
  • Issawi, C. (1999). Introduction. In Gondicas, D., and Issawi, C. (eds.), Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism: Politics, Economy, and Society in the Nineteenth Century. New Jersey: The Darwin Press, Inc., 1-16.
  • Karpat, K. H. (2002). Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays. Ed. Reinhard Schulze, Vol. 81. Leiden: Brill.
  • Karpat, K. H. (2001). The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. New York: Oxford University Press. Lewis, B. (1961). The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Second Edition, London: Oxford University Press.
  • Mardin, S. (2000). The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas. New Jersey: Syracuse University Press.
  • Mahoney, J. and Rueschemeyer, D. (2003). Comparative Historical Analysis: Achievements and Agendas. In Mahoney, J., & Rueschemeyer, D. (Eds.), Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-38.
  • Quataert, D. (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Richard, H. M.P. (1877). Evidence of Turkish Misrule: Papers on the Eastern Question. No. 1. London: The Eastern Question Association.
  • Sancak, L. (2019). The Islamism of Abdulhamid and its Opposition in the Last Period of the Ottoman Empire. Unpublished MSc. Thesis. METU, Ankara.
  • Shaw, J. S. (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280-1808. Vol. 1. New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
  • Stavrianos, L. S. (1958). The Balkans since 1453. New York: Rinehart & Company, Inc.
  • Tunaya, T. Z. (1985). 1876 Kanun-i Esasisi ve Türkiye’de Anayasa Geleneği. In M. Belge, and F. Aral (eds.). Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, 1. Cilt. Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari, 27-39.
  • Streeck, W. (2015). Epilogue: Comparative-historical Analysis: Past, Present, Future. In Mahoney, J., & Thelen, K., (Eds.), Advances in Comparative-Historical Analysis (pp. 264-288). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Yasamee, F. (2011). Ottoman Diplomacy: Abdülhamid II and the Great Powers, 1878 1888. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press.
  • Zurcher, E. J. (2010). The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Ataturk’s Turkey. London: I.B. Tauris.
Toplam 22 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Usman Abass 0000-0002-3195-7177

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 2 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 14

Kaynak Göster

APA Abass, U. (2025). PUSH OR PULL FACTOR: RATIONALE FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1839-1908. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies(14), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.69494/jirps.1663826