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ARAP BAHARI SONRASINDA TUNUS VE MISIR’DA DEMOKRATİK ATILIMLAR: KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR YAKLAŞIM

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 83 - 93, 30.06.2021

Öz

Birçokları Demokrasi ve Ortadoğu’nun birbirine yabancı iki kelime olduğuna ve bunun bölgenin kaderi olduğuna inanmaktadır. Fakat son yıllar bu sözde kadere bir itiraza tanıklık etmiştir. Arap Baharı olarak adlandırılan bu itiraz bölge için demokrasiye yönelik hareketleri ve beklentileri bir dereceye kadar artırmıştır. Bu isyanlar sonucunda uzun yıllardır yönetimde olan otoriter liderlerin istifa etmesi demokratikleşme umutları daha da artmıştır. Fakat 2013 yılında Mısır’da gerçekleşen askeri darbeden sonra, Arap baharının ardından demokratikleşme süreci başarılı olarak görülebilecek yalnızca Tunus kalmıştır. Bu anlamda, bu çalışmanın ana amacı tüm süreçler benzer ilerlemesine rağmen, demokratikleşme sürecinin Tunus’ta başarılı olup Mısır’da başarısız olma sebeplerini ortaya koymaktır. İnceleme sonucunda bu çalışma bu iki ülkenin demokratikleşme süreçlerinin farklılaşmasına yol açan dört faktör tespit etmiştir: i) Birincisi ülkelerdeki iktidara gelen İslami gruplar arasındaki farklılıklar, Mısır’da Müslüman Kardeşler, Tunus’ta Elnahda. ii) İkinci faktör iki ülkenin ordularının yapısındaki farklılıklar. iii) Üçüncü faktör iki ülkenin nüfusu ve sosyal yapısındaki farklılıklar. iv) ve son olarak iki ülkenin uluslararası önemindeki farklılıklar.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, L. (2011). Demystifying the Arab spring: parsing the differences between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. Foreign Affairs, 90(3), 2–7.
  • BBC. (2011). Tunisia’s Islamist Ennahda party wins historic poll. BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15487647
  • Chotiner, I. (2018). “It Was a Lovely, Lovely Time” What Egypt felt like during the Arab Spring, and how it all went wrong. Slate. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/08/egypt-during-the-arab-spring-and-how-it-all-went-wrong.html
  • Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 1971, (1971).
  • Della Porta, D. (2016). Arab Spring: Which Democratic Qualities in Egypt and Tunisia? In D. Della Porta (Ed.), Where did the revolution go?: Contentious politics and the quality of democracy (pp. 31–344). Cambridge University Pres. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_1-1
  • Global Gender Gap Report. (n.d.). https://www.weforum.org/reports#filter
  • House, F. (2010). Freedom in the world 2010: The annual survey of political rights and civil liberties. In Rowman & Littlefield. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351301800-10
  • Jamal, A., & Kensicki, A. (2016). A Theory of Critical Junctures for Democratization: A Comparative Examination of Constitution-Making in Egypt and Tunisia. Law and Ethics of Human Rights, 10(1), 185–222. https://doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2016-0007
  • Laz, E. (2014). Sustainable Democracy and the Paradox of the Arab Spring: The Egypt Experience. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 13(1&2), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.21599/atjir.99474
  • Maogoto, J. N., & Coleman, A. (2014). The ARAB Spring’s Constitutional Indigestion: Has Democracy Failed in the Middle East? Liverpool Law Review, 35(2), 105–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-014-9150-7
  • Moghadam, V. M. (2013). What is democracy? Promises and perils of the Arab Spring. Current Sociology, 61(4), 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392113479739
  • Mors, M., Declared, B., & York, T. N. (2012). Named Egypt’s Winner, Islamist Makes History. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/world/middleeast/mohamed-morsi-of-muslim-brotherhood-declared-as-egypts-president.html
  • Muslim Brotherhood-backed candidate Morsi wins Egyptian presidential election. (2012). Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/24/egypt-braces-for-announcement-president/
  • Puddington, A. (2011). Democracy’s Stake in the Arab Spring. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 5(3), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2011.11446468
  • Rifai, R. (2011). Timeline: Tunisia’s uprising Chronicle of nationwide demonstrations over the country’s unemployment crisis. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/23/timeline-tunisias-uprising
  • Schemm, P. (2011). Tunisians vote in first free election. Associated Press.
  • Sills, D. L. (1968). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. In Macmillan (Vol. 13, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1970.tb00691.x
  • Spierings, N. (2011). ‘Arab’ or ‘Established’ Democracies? Egypt’s and Tunisia’s Post-revolutions Elections. IMR Paper: Pol11-01 732, Pol11(1), 1–30.
  • The Arab spring: made in Tunisia, broken in Egypt. (2014). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/16/leader-2-arab-spring-tunisia-egypt
  • The New Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt, (2012). www.idea.int
  • Wolf, A. (2017). Political Islam in Tunisia: The History of Ennahda. Oxford University Press.
  • Zakaria, F. (2014). Fareed Zakaria: Why democracy took root in Tunisia and not Egypt. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/fareed-zakaria-why-democracy-took-root-in-tunisia-and-not-egypt/2014/10/30/c5205adc-606a-11e4-9f3a-7e28799e0549_story.html%5Cnhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/fareed-zakaria-why-democracy-took-root-in-tunisia-a
  • Zgurić, B. (2012). Challenges for democracy in countries affected by the “Arab Spring.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 23(4), 417–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2012.712455

DEMOCRATIC ATTEMPTS IN TUNISIA AND EGYPT AFTER ARAB SPRING: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 83 - 93, 30.06.2021

Öz

It was believed that Democracy and the Middle East two foreign words to each other, and that is the region’s ill fortune. However, recent years witnessed an objection to this so-called fate: The Arab Spring. This spring led to some mobilisation and raised hopes towards democracy for the region to a certain extent. Hopes for democratisation increased with the resignation of long-terms authoritarian leaders. After the 2013 military coup ends hopes for Egypt, it seems that Tunisia is the only successful case left in the region. This study’s central question is that although the entire process moved similarly, why the democratisation process was failed in Egypt while it was successful in Tunisia. This study detects four factors that have a significant influence on the difference in democratic attempts of Egypt and Tunisia. i) The first is the nature of the Islamist group in each country, Ennahda in Tunisia and the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. ii) The second is the Militaries’ nature in both countries. iii) The third is regarding the nature of the population, social construction. iv) The last is about the importance of both countries in the international area.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, L. (2011). Demystifying the Arab spring: parsing the differences between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. Foreign Affairs, 90(3), 2–7.
  • BBC. (2011). Tunisia’s Islamist Ennahda party wins historic poll. BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15487647
  • Chotiner, I. (2018). “It Was a Lovely, Lovely Time” What Egypt felt like during the Arab Spring, and how it all went wrong. Slate. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/08/egypt-during-the-arab-spring-and-how-it-all-went-wrong.html
  • Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 1971, (1971).
  • Della Porta, D. (2016). Arab Spring: Which Democratic Qualities in Egypt and Tunisia? In D. Della Porta (Ed.), Where did the revolution go?: Contentious politics and the quality of democracy (pp. 31–344). Cambridge University Pres. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_1-1
  • Global Gender Gap Report. (n.d.). https://www.weforum.org/reports#filter
  • House, F. (2010). Freedom in the world 2010: The annual survey of political rights and civil liberties. In Rowman & Littlefield. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351301800-10
  • Jamal, A., & Kensicki, A. (2016). A Theory of Critical Junctures for Democratization: A Comparative Examination of Constitution-Making in Egypt and Tunisia. Law and Ethics of Human Rights, 10(1), 185–222. https://doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2016-0007
  • Laz, E. (2014). Sustainable Democracy and the Paradox of the Arab Spring: The Egypt Experience. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 13(1&2), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.21599/atjir.99474
  • Maogoto, J. N., & Coleman, A. (2014). The ARAB Spring’s Constitutional Indigestion: Has Democracy Failed in the Middle East? Liverpool Law Review, 35(2), 105–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-014-9150-7
  • Moghadam, V. M. (2013). What is democracy? Promises and perils of the Arab Spring. Current Sociology, 61(4), 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392113479739
  • Mors, M., Declared, B., & York, T. N. (2012). Named Egypt’s Winner, Islamist Makes History. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/world/middleeast/mohamed-morsi-of-muslim-brotherhood-declared-as-egypts-president.html
  • Muslim Brotherhood-backed candidate Morsi wins Egyptian presidential election. (2012). Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/24/egypt-braces-for-announcement-president/
  • Puddington, A. (2011). Democracy’s Stake in the Arab Spring. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 5(3), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2011.11446468
  • Rifai, R. (2011). Timeline: Tunisia’s uprising Chronicle of nationwide demonstrations over the country’s unemployment crisis. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/1/23/timeline-tunisias-uprising
  • Schemm, P. (2011). Tunisians vote in first free election. Associated Press.
  • Sills, D. L. (1968). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. In Macmillan (Vol. 13, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1970.tb00691.x
  • Spierings, N. (2011). ‘Arab’ or ‘Established’ Democracies? Egypt’s and Tunisia’s Post-revolutions Elections. IMR Paper: Pol11-01 732, Pol11(1), 1–30.
  • The Arab spring: made in Tunisia, broken in Egypt. (2014). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/16/leader-2-arab-spring-tunisia-egypt
  • The New Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt, (2012). www.idea.int
  • Wolf, A. (2017). Political Islam in Tunisia: The History of Ennahda. Oxford University Press.
  • Zakaria, F. (2014). Fareed Zakaria: Why democracy took root in Tunisia and not Egypt. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/fareed-zakaria-why-democracy-took-root-in-tunisia-and-not-egypt/2014/10/30/c5205adc-606a-11e4-9f3a-7e28799e0549_story.html%5Cnhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/fareed-zakaria-why-democracy-took-root-in-tunisia-a
  • Zgurić, B. (2012). Challenges for democracy in countries affected by the “Arab Spring.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 23(4), 417–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2012.712455
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ekrem Ok 0000-0002-6796-5187

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ok, E. (2021). DEMOCRATIC ATTEMPTS IN TUNISIA AND EGYPT AFTER ARAB SPRING: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE. Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 83-93.

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