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Türkiye’s Pivot to the East: Motivations and Key Challenges for Possible BRICS Membership

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 28 - 39, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.62425/jirs.1698706

Öz

Türkiye's growing interest in BRICS highlights its eastward shifting foreign policy strategy of diversifying alliances in response to changing global power dynamics, a complex regional landscape and a challenging domestic political environment. This shift can be understood through the lens of strategic pragmatism, which remarks how Türkiye’s international alignments are shaped by domestic economic vulnerabilities and flexible, interest-based political calculations. In this regard, this article particularly focuses on economic motivations behind this interest. Türkiye's aspiration for BRICS membership is based on motives to establish alternative financial partnerships and to get support in dealing with its escalating
domestic economic issues. These economic concerns are intertwined with the government's political ambitions to enhance the country's global standing and lessen reliance on Western institutions. Therefore, the article analyses the evolution of Türkiye's foreign policy over the decade and examines the appeal of BRICS as a strategy to provide pluralism for economic recovery and leverage for political power both internally and externally. Finally, it points out the challenges Türkiye may face on this path. These include structural issues, trade imbalances, and likely reactions from its Western allies due to its increased participation in non-Western power blocs.

Etik Beyan

I declare that all processes of the work comply with research and publication ethics, and that I comply with ethical rules and scientific citation principles.

Teşekkür

I would like to dedicate my very first published article to my dearest nephew, Ömür KOTAN, who was tragically taken from us in a hotel fire on January 21, 2025, in Bolu, Türkiye. He was an ambitious young man with a broad vision. Unlike most of his peers, he was passionate about politics for the betterment of his country and had even started taking political science classes. Who knows, maybe we could work together on academic studies in the future. Unfortunately, his hopes and plans for the future were left unfinished. In our quest for justice for Ömür and the 77 lives we lost together with him, it would be very meaningful if you could show your support by following the accounts we have set up on social media platforms under the name "baskacanimizyok". Thank you.

Kaynakça

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  • BBC News Türkçe (10 June 2024). Rusya'da BRICS+ toplantısına katılan Fidan, Putin ile görüştü. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c511xq07kxyo Accessed on: 11.06.2025
  • Bilgin, P. & Bilgiç, A. (2011). Turkey’s “new” foreign policy toward Eurasia. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 52 (2), 173–95.
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  • Cumhuriyet (September 27, 2024). Daron Acemoğlu'ndan Türkiye ekonomisi için önemli uyarı: Demokrasideki sorunların altını çizdi. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/daron-acemoglundan-turkiye-ekonomisi-icin-onemli-uyari-2252123 Accessed on: 08.04.2025
  • Dündar C. (18 May 2020) Türkiye'de atılan adımlar ‘Avrasyacılık’ değil, iç politika hamleleri -Konuk:Baskın Oran. Youtube channel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKyJKLgLk0Y Accessed on: 17.05.2024
  • Erşen, E. (2019). Chapter 2 – The return of Eurasianism in Turkey: Relations with Russia and beyond. In E. Erşen & S. Köstem (Eds.), Turkey’s pivot to Eurasia: Geopolitics and foreign policy in changing world order (pp. 268-286). Routledge.
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  • FocusEconomics (March 20, 2025). Turkey economic data & projections. https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/turkey/ Accessed on: 23.03.2025
  • FOKUS+ (June 26,2024). Türkiye'nin BRICS üyeliği ekonomik avantajlar sağlayabilir. https://www.fokusplus.com/gundem/turkiyenin-brics-uyeligi-ekonomik-avantajlar-saglayabilir?utm_campaign=performancemax&utm_adgroup=&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwtJ6_BhDWARIsAGanmKdoU4c-lK0GhWo9fN4HTd3X_5oEK7LNUIDdIu2tmvVtqpt6dkq7lhMaAsfHEALw_wcB Accessed on: 28.03.2025
  • Galietti, F. (September 10, 2024). Is Turkey the Trojan Horse of Chinese Companies to Enter Europe?. Common Ground of Europe – CEP. https://commongroundeurope.eu/blog/is-turkey-the-trojan-horse-of-chinese-companies-to-enter-europe/
  • Gunter, M.M. (2016). Erdoğan and the decline of Turkey. Middle East Policy, 23(4), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12238
  • Haber Sol (July 29, 2018). Erdoğan'dan dikkat çeken 'BRICS' açıklaması: T eklensin. https://haber.sol.org.tr/turkiye/erdogandan-dikkat-ceken-brics-aciklamasi-t-eklensin-244076 Accessed on: 18.03.2025
  • Haber Sol (May 4, 2022). Cumhuriyet tarihinde bir ilk: Faiz ödemeleri anaparayı geçti https://haber.sol.org.tr/haber/cumhuriyet-tarihinde-bir-ilk-faiz-odemeleri-anaparayi-gecti-334417 Accessed on: 22.03.2025
  • Haugom, L. (2019). Turkish foreign policy under Erdogan: A change in international orientation? Comparative Strategy, 38(3), 206-223, https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2019.1606662
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  • Ria Novosti (4 September 2024). Турция подала заявку на полноформатное участие в БРИКС. [Türkiye has applied for full membership in BRICS] https://ria.ru/20240904/briks-1970494105.html Accessed on: 12.06.2025
  • Sezal, L. (2020). 2018 Ağustos Krizinin Türk bankacılık sektörüne etkisi. Journal of Economics and Research. 1(1), 17-32. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1633286
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  • Teke, M.A. (June 2024). BRICS ve Türkiye. SETA. https://www.setav.org/perspektif/brics-ve-turkiye
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  • TRT Haber (November 21, 2024). Bakan Fidan'dan BRICS açıklaması: Ortaklıkla ilgili bir teklif aldık. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/bakan-fidandan-brics-aciklamasi-ortaklikla-ilgili-bir-teklif-aldik-889173.html Accessed on: 12.06.2025
  • Ülgen, S. (March 31, 2025) Türkiye (Aspirant). In Research - BRICS Expansion and the Future of World Order: Perspectives from Member States, Partners, and Aspirants. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/03/brics-expansion-and-the-future-of-world-order-perspectives-from-member-states-partners-and-aspirants?lang=en#turkiye Accessed on: 10.04.2025
  • Üngör, Ç. (February 29, 2024). Turkey between two worlds: Geopolitics of China’s Rise and the Western Response. Heinrich Böll Stiftung. https://tr.boell.org/en/2024/02/29/turkey-between-two-worlds-geopolitics-chinas-rise-and-western-response
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Türkiye’nin Doğu Açılımı: Olası BRICS Üyeliği için Gerekçeler ve Önündeki Başlıca Zorluklar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 28 - 39, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.62425/jirs.1698706

Öz

Türkiye'nin BRICS'e artan ilgisi, değişen küresel güç dinamikleri, karmaşık bölgesel koşullar ve zorlu iç siyasi ortama yanıt olarak ittifaklarını çeşitlendirmeyi amaçlayan, doğuya yönelen dış politika stratejisini işaret etmektedir. Bu yönelim, Türkiye'nin uluslararası ittifaklarının iç ekonomik kırılganlıklar ve esnek, menfaat odaklı siyasi hesaplamalar tarafından nasıl şekillendirildiğini ortaya koyan stratejik pragmatizm perspektifinden anlaşılabilir. Bu bağlamda makale, öncelikli olarak bu ilginin ardında yatan ekonomik
motivasyonlara odaklanmaktadır. Türkiye'nin BRICS üyeliği arzusu, alternatif finansal ortaklıklar kurmak ve tırmanan iç ekonomik sorunlarla başa çıkmak için destek arayışına dayanmaktadır. Bu ekonomik kaygılar, hükümetin ülkenin küresel konumunu güçlendirme ve Batılı kurumlara bağımlılığını azaltma yönündeki siyasi hedefleriyle iç içe geçmiş durumdadır. Bu bağlamda makale, Türkiye’nin dış politikasının on yıl boyunca geçirdiği dönüşümü analiz etmekte olup BRICS’in, yaratacağı pluralizm ile ekonomiyi
toparlayacağı ve hem içeride hem de dışarıda siyasi güç için avantaj sağlayacağı düşünülen
bir strateji olarak taşıdığı cazibe üzerinde durmaktadır. Son olarak, Türkiye'nin bu yolda karşılaşabileceği zorluklara dikkat çekmektedir. Bunlar arasında yapısal sorunlar, ticari dengesizlikler ve Batılı olmayan güç bloklarına artan katılımı nedeniyle Batılı müttefiklerinin olası tepkileri yer almaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Çalışmanın tüm süreçlerinin araştırma ve yayın etiğine uygun olduğunu, etik kurallara ve bilimsel atıf gösterme ilkelerine uyduğumu beyan ederim.

Teşekkür

İlk yayınım olacak olan bu makaleyi, 21 Ocak 2025 tarihinde Bolu’da gerçekleşen otel yangını ile bizden koparılan çok sevgili yeğenim Ömür KOTAN’a ithaf etmek istiyorum. Kendisi, geniş bir vizyona sahip, ilgili olduğu her konuda tutkulu bir delikanlıydı. Yaşıtlarının çoğunun aksine, ülkesinin daha iyi bir yer olması adına siyasetle çok ilgiliydi ve hatta son zamanlarda siyaset bilimi dersleri almaya başlamıştı. Kim bilir belki gelecekte birlikte akademik çalışmalar yapabilirdik. Ne yazık ki geleceğe dair umutları ve planları yarım kaldı. Ömür ve onunla birlikte kaybettiğimiz 77 can için adalet arayışımızda, sosyal medya platformlarında “baskacanimizyok” adıyla kurduğumuz hesapları takip ederek desteğinizi göstermeniz bizim için çok kıymetlidir. Teşekkürler.

Kaynakça

  • AIDDATA. Project ID: 95620. https://china.aiddata.org/projects/95620/ Accessed on: 26.03.2025
  • Akçay, Ü. (2024). Krizin gölgesinde en uzun beş yıl (2018-2023). Doğan Kitap.
  • Akkaya Kuter, E. (November 13, 2024). BRICS'ten Türkiye'ye ortak üyelik teklifi: Önemli bir kazanım getirecek. https://www.yirmidort.tv/ekonomi/bricsten-turkiyeye-ortak-uyelik-teklifi-onemli-bir-kazanim-getirecek-209256 Accessed on: 11.03.2025
  • Akkoç, S. (2023). 2018 kur şoku ve Türkiye ekonomisine yansımaları. International Review of Economics and Management, 11(2), 75-96 https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3432903
  • Anadolu Ajansı (December 18, 2018). Ekonomide 2018 böyle geçti. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/ekonomide-2018-boyle-gecti-/1341833 Accessed on: 22.03.2025
  • Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank - AIIB (Istanbul, October 22, 2024). AIIB Commits EUR150 Million to Türkiye North Marmara Highway Project. https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/news/2024/AIIB-Commits-EUR150-Million-to-Turkey-North-Marmara-Highway-Project.html Accessed on: 27.03.2025
  • Bacık, G. (2013). Turkey and the BRICS: Can Turkey Join the BRICS?. Turkish Studies, 14(4), 758-773, https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.861109
  • Balcı, A. (March 29, 2017). Yapısal krizler sarmalında dış politika (2013-2017): Görseller ile Türk dış politikası (Bölüm 13) https://www.abalci.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Yap%C4%B1sal-Krizler-Sarmal%C4%B1nda-D%C4%B1s%CC%A7-Politika-2013-2017.pdf Accessed on: 21.06.2025
  • BBC News Türkçe (10 June 2024). Rusya'da BRICS+ toplantısına katılan Fidan, Putin ile görüştü. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c511xq07kxyo Accessed on: 11.06.2025
  • Bilgin, P. & Bilgiç, A. (2011). Turkey’s “new” foreign policy toward Eurasia. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 52 (2), 173–95.
  • Congar, K. (December 21, 2019). Rahip Brunson'dan S-400'lere... ABD, Türkiye'ye yaptırım uygulama noktasına nasıl geldi? Euronews. https://tr.euronews.com/2019/12/21/rahip-brunson-dan-s-400-lere-abd-turkiye-ye-yaptirim-karari-alma-noktasina-nasil-geldi Accessed on: 20.03.2025
  • Cumhuriyet (September 27, 2024). Daron Acemoğlu'ndan Türkiye ekonomisi için önemli uyarı: Demokrasideki sorunların altını çizdi. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/daron-acemoglundan-turkiye-ekonomisi-icin-onemli-uyari-2252123 Accessed on: 08.04.2025
  • Dündar C. (18 May 2020) Türkiye'de atılan adımlar ‘Avrasyacılık’ değil, iç politika hamleleri -Konuk:Baskın Oran. Youtube channel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKyJKLgLk0Y Accessed on: 17.05.2024
  • Erşen, E. (2019). Chapter 2 – The return of Eurasianism in Turkey: Relations with Russia and beyond. In E. Erşen & S. Köstem (Eds.), Turkey’s pivot to Eurasia: Geopolitics and foreign policy in changing world order (pp. 268-286). Routledge.
  • European Parliament resolution of 13 June 2013 on the situation in Turkey (2013/2664(RSP)) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=oj:JOC_2016_065_R_0016
  • FocusEconomics (March 20, 2025). Turkey economic data & projections. https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/turkey/ Accessed on: 23.03.2025
  • FOKUS+ (June 26,2024). Türkiye'nin BRICS üyeliği ekonomik avantajlar sağlayabilir. https://www.fokusplus.com/gundem/turkiyenin-brics-uyeligi-ekonomik-avantajlar-saglayabilir?utm_campaign=performancemax&utm_adgroup=&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwtJ6_BhDWARIsAGanmKdoU4c-lK0GhWo9fN4HTd3X_5oEK7LNUIDdIu2tmvVtqpt6dkq7lhMaAsfHEALw_wcB Accessed on: 28.03.2025
  • Galietti, F. (September 10, 2024). Is Turkey the Trojan Horse of Chinese Companies to Enter Europe?. Common Ground of Europe – CEP. https://commongroundeurope.eu/blog/is-turkey-the-trojan-horse-of-chinese-companies-to-enter-europe/
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  • Haber Sol (July 29, 2018). Erdoğan'dan dikkat çeken 'BRICS' açıklaması: T eklensin. https://haber.sol.org.tr/turkiye/erdogandan-dikkat-ceken-brics-aciklamasi-t-eklensin-244076 Accessed on: 18.03.2025
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  • Haugom, L. (2019). Turkish foreign policy under Erdogan: A change in international orientation? Comparative Strategy, 38(3), 206-223, https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2019.1606662
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  • Keay, J. (February 5, 2025). Turkey: Bridging ambition and reality. Global Finance. https://gfmag.com/country-report/turkey-gdp-growth-economy-revival/ Accessed on: 23.03.2025
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  • Korkmaz, H. (June 12, 2024). Analiz –Türkiye, BRICS ve çok kutupluluk: Jeopolitik bir dengeleme. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/analiz-turkiye-brics-ve-cok-kutupluluk-jeopolitik-bir-dengeleme/3247499 Accessed on: 25.03.2025
  • Kösebalaban, H. (2014). Türk dış politikası: İslam, milliyetçilik ve küreselleşme. BigBang Yayınları.
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  • Kutlay, M. (September 20, 2024). Why does Turkey want to join BRICS – and what will the trade-offs be? https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2024/09/20/why-does-turkey-want-to-join-brics-and-what-will-the-trade-offs-be/ Accessed on: 29.03.2025
  • Kutlay, M. & ÖNİŞ, Z. (2021). Turkish foreign policy in a post-western order: Strategic autonomy or new forms of dependence? International Affairs, 97(4), 1085–1104. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab094
  • MetroPoll (March 2022). Türkiye’nin nabzı mart 2022: Avrupa Birliği & NATO raporu. https://www.metropoll.com.tr/upload/content/files/1907-ab-ve-nato-tn_mart22.pdf Accessed on: 15.06.2025
  • Öğütçü, M. (October 25, 2024). What happened to Türkiye’s BRICS membership? https://yetkinreport.com/en/2024/10/25/what-happened-to-turkiyes-brics-membership/ Acessed on: 12.06.2025
  • Öniş, Z. & Yalikun, M. (2021). Emerging partnership in a post-Western world? The political economy of China-Turkey relations, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2021.1981624
  • Pala, M. (October 23, 2024) NATO Genel Sekreteri Rutte, Türkiye'nin BRICS ile çalışma konusunda egemenlik hakkı olduğunu söyledi. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/nato-genel-sekreteri-rutte-turkiyenin-brics-ile-calisma-konusunda-egemenlik-hakki-oldugunu-soyledi/3371118 Accessed on: 05.04.2025
  • Parlar Dal, E. (2016). Conceptualising and testing the ‘emerging regional power’ of Turkey in the shifting ınternational order. Third World Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1142367
  • Phua C .C. R. (2022). Towards strategic pragmatism in foreign policy: Cases of United States of America, China and Singapore. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003202721
  • Press TV (September 4, 2024) EU expresses concern as NATO member Turkey seeks to join BRICS bloc. https://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2024/09/04/732633/European-Union-Turkey-BRICS-membership Accessed on: 06.04.2025
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  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2013). Statement by Mr. Ahmet Davutoğlu, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, at the 16th Session of the D-8 Council of Foreign Ministers, 19 December 2013, Islamabad https://www.mfa.gov.tr/statement-by-mr_-ahmet-davutoglu_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-turkey_-at-the-16th-session-of-the-d-8-council-of-foreign-minis.en.mfa Accessed on: 10.03.2025
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2022). Asia Anew Initiative. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/asia-anew-initiative.en.mfa Accessed on: 28.03.2025
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  • Yeşiltaş, M. (September 7, 2024b). Türkiye’nin BRICS üyeliği: Fırsat mı risk mi? SETA. https://www.setav.org/yorum/turkiyenin-brics-uyeligi-firsat-mi-risk-mi Accessed on: 28.03.2025
  • Yücel, U.T. (February 27, 2025). BRICS başarısı: Yeni Kalkınma Bankası. Independent Türkçe. https://www.indyturk.com/node/754470/t%C3%BCrki%CC%87yeden-sesler/brics-ba%C5%9Far%C4%B1s%C4%B1-yeni-kalk%C4%B1nma-bankas%C4%B1 Accessed on: 26.03.2025
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Türk Dış Politikası
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Özge Kotan 0009-0000-8941-1751

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 29 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kotan, Ö. (2025). Türkiye’s Pivot to the East: Motivations and Key Challenges for Possible BRICS Membership. Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 28-39. https://doi.org/10.62425/jirs.1698706

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