Araştırma Makalesi
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Meaning Making in the face of a Negative Life Event: Responses in a Muslim Culture to the Eastern Anatolia Earthquake (2020)

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1 , 297 - 305 , 29.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.54558/jiss.1833167
https://izlik.org/JA92TP58FJ

Öz

Aim: The problem of theodicy -a philosophical and theological issue concerning the coexistence of divine goodness and human suffering- also presents psychological significance. Such questions involve ambiguity and cognitive tension, prompting individuals to search for meaning. The present study aimed to investigate how individuals in a Muslim cultural context made sense of a major negative life event by examining their emotional responses toward God following the Eastern Anatolia earthquake in Turkey (January 2020).
Method: A total of 306 Muslim adults (women and men) participated in the study. Participants completed measures assessing two dimensions of religious emotional experience: feeling comforted by God (e.g., feeling protected, loved, supported, nurtured) and anger at God (e.g., feelings of abandonment, betrayal, or unkind treatment). Quantitative analyses compared levels of comfort and anger to explore patterns of religious meaning making.
Results: Findings revealed substantial differences between feelings of comfort and anger toward God. Consistent with previous international studies, negative perceptions of God were rare among participants. Most respondents reported high levels of perceived divine comfort and protection, indicating a generally positive relationship with God even in the aftermath of disaster.
Conclusion: The results align with psychological theories of meaning making and support cross-cultural findings that humans seek to maintain coherent global meaning systems in the face of suffering and ambiguity. The study contributes to understanding how individuals in Muslim contexts construct meaning, sustain faith, and reconcile adverse life events within a religious worldview.
Originality: What makes this study original is its examination of the problem of theodicy and meaning making processes within a Muslim cultural context. In the existing literature, these topics have predominantly been investigated among Western Christian samples, leaving emotional responses to God and their reflections in Islamic settings largely unexplored. This study addresses that gap by revealing how Muslim individuals who experienced a traumatic event such as the Eastern Anatolia earthquake constructed meaning in their relationship with God. The findings demonstrate how religious meaning making is shaped by culture and offer a cross-cultural perspective on the psychological dimension of the problem of theodicy.

Proje Numarası

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Kaynakça

  • Abu-Raiya, H., Pargament, K. I., Mahoney, A. & Stein, C. (2008). A psychological measure of Islamic religiousness: Development and evidence for reliability and validity. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18(4), 291-315.
  • Altınlı Macić, M. & Özgüvenç, C. B. (2025). Kur’an’da sabır kavramının dinî başa çıkma bağlamında teorik olarak incelenmesi. Theosophia, 11, 1-35.
  • Angel, H.F. (2017). Credition: From the question of belief to the question of believing. In H.F. Angel, L. Oviedo, R. F. Paloutzian, A. L. C. Runehov, and R. Seitz, (Eds), Processes of Believing: The Acquisition, Maintenance, and Change in Creditions, (pp. 17-36). Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Angel, H.F., Oviedo, L. Paloutzian, R. F., Runehov, A. L. C. & Seitz, R. J. (Eds). (2017). Processes of Believing: The Acquisition, Maintenance, and Change in Creditions. Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Cohen, A. B. (2002). Many forms of culture. American Psychologist, 64, 194-204.
  • Economist. (2020). Living on a prayer: Religious divides. The Economist, April 11, 45-46.
  • Furnham, A. & Brown, L. B. (1992). Theodicy: A neglected aspect of the psychology of religion. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(1), 37-45.
  • Griffioen, A. L. (2018). Therapeutic theodicy? Suffering, struggle, and the shift from the God’s-eye view. Religions, 9(4), 99.
  • Hale-Smith, A., Park, C. L. & Edmondson, D. (2012). measuring beliefs about suffering: Development of the views of suffering scale. Psychological Assessment, 24, 855-866.
  • Hvidt, N. C., Hvidtjorn, D., Christensen, K., Nielsen, J. B. & Sondergaard, J. (2017). Faith moves mountains - mountains move faith: Two opposite epidemiological forces in research on religion and health. Journal of Religion and Health, 56, 294-304. doi: 10.1007/s10943-016-0300-1.
  • Johnson, S. K. & Armour, M. P. (2016). Finding Strength, Comfort, and Purpose in Spirituality after Homicide. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(4), 277-288.
  • Levenson, M. R., Aldwin, C. M. & Igarashi, H. (2013). Religious development from adolescence to middle adulthood. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, 2nd ed. (pp. 183-197). New York: Guilford Press.
  • McElroy-Heltzel, S. E., Davis, E. B., Davis, Don E., Aten, J. D., Van Tongeren, D. R., Hook J. N. & Hwang, J. (2018). Benevolent theodicies protect against pdsd following a natural disaster. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 37(1), 6-16.
  • Paloutzian, R. F. & Park, C. L. (2014). Religiousness and spirituality: The psychology of multilevel meaning making behavior. Religion, Brain, and Behavior, 4, 49-61.
  • Paloutzian, R. F. & Sagir, Z. (2019). Forgiving, reconciling, and peace-building in refugee contexts: Theory, research, and data from the war in Syria. In Njoku, M.G.C., Jason, L.A. & Johnson, B. (Eds), The Psychology of Peace Promotion (pp. 181-200) NY: Springer.
  • Pargament, K. I., Ano, G. G. & Wachholtz, A. B. (2005). The religious dimension of coping: Advances in theory, research, and practice. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 479-495). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G. & Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical psychology, 56, 519-543.
  • Pargament, K. I., Falb, M., Ano, G. G. & Wachholtz, A. B. (2013). The religious dimension of coping: Advances in theory, research, and practice. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, 2nd ed. (pp. 560-579). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Park, C. L. (2005). Religion and meaning. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds), Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality (pp. 295-314). New York: Guilford.
  • Park, C. L. (2013). Trauma and meaning making: Converging conceptualizations and emerging evidence. In J. Hicks & C. Routledge (Eds), The Experience of meaning in life: Perspectives from the psychological sciences (pp. 61-76). New York: Springer.
  • Richert, R. A. & Granqvist, P. (2013). Religious and spiritual development in childhood. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, 2nd ed. (pp. 165-182). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Sagir, Z. (2014, October 31- November 2). Religious Coping and Mental Health Among Syrian Refugees. Paper presented at the meeting of Society for the Scientific Study of Religion and Religious Research Association. Indiana: USA.
  • Sagir, Z., (2016, November 30). In earshot of bombs: Identity, acculturation, mental health, and coping in Muslim refugees on the Syria-Turkey border. Paper presented at the Small Group Meeting on Immigration to Major Immigrant-Receiving Countries. Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues and the Society of Australian Social Psychology, Ottawa, Canada (https://spssi-sasp.com/well-being-of-immigrants-and-refugees/).
  • Sagir, Z. (2018). Suriyeli Kadın Mültecilerde Kültürel Uyum, Ruh Sağlığı ve Din.* Unpublished doctoral dissertation, İstanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey. (*Translation of title: Acculturation/Cultural Adaptation, Mental Health, and Religion Among Syrian Woman Refugees).
  • Saroglou, V. & Cohen, A. B. (2013). Cultural and cross-cultural psychology of religion. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, 2nd ed. (pp. 330-354). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Seitz, R. J., Paloutzian, R. F. & Angel, H. F. (2017). Processes of believing: Where do they come from? What are they good for?. F1000Research, 5:2573, 1-21 (doi: 10.12688/f1000research.9773.2).
  • Seitz, R. J., Paloutzian, R. F. & Angel, H. F. (2018). From believing to belief: A general theoretical model. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 30(9), 1254-1264. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01292
  • Wilt, J. A., Exline, J. J., Grubbs, J. B., Park, C. L. & Pargament, K. I. (2016). God’s role in suffering: Theodicies, divine struggle, and mental health. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(4), 352-362.
  • Wood, B. T., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Exline, J. J., Yali, A. M., Aten, J. D. & McMinn, M. R. (2010). Development, refinement, and psychometric properties of the Attitudes toward God Scale (ATGS-9). Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2, 148-167.

Olumsuz Bir Yaşam Olayı Karşısında Anlam Oluşturma: Müslüman Bir Kültürde Doğu Anadolu Depremine (2020) Yönelik Yaklaşımlar

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1 , 297 - 305 , 29.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.54558/jiss.1833167
https://izlik.org/JA92TP58FJ

Öz

Amaç: Tanrı’nın iyiliği ile dünyadaki acı ve kötülüğün bir arada var oluşuna dair felsefi ve teolojik bir tartışmayı içeren teodise problemi, psikoloji açısından da önemli bir konudur. Teodise kapsamında yer alan sorular, bireyin bilişsel sisteminde belirsizliklere ve gerilimlere neden olup anlam arayışını tetikler. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Müslüman bir kültürel bağlamda bireylerin olumsuz bir yaşam olayıyla (Doğu Anadolu depremi, Ocak 2020) karşılaştıktan sonra Tanrı’ya yönelik duygularını nasıl anlamlandırdıklarını incelemektir.
Yöntem: Araştırmaya toplam 306 Müslüman yetişkin (kadın ve erkek) katılmıştır. Katılımcılara, dini duygusal deneyimin iki boyutunu ölçen ölçekler uygulanmıştır: Tanrı tarafından teselli edilme (korunmuş, sevilmiş, desteklenmiş, şefkat görmüş hissetme) ve Tanrı’ya öfke duyma (terk edilmişlik, hayal kırıklığı, haksız muamele algısı). Nicel analizlerle bu iki duygu boyutu karşılaştırılarak dini anlam oluşturma örüntüleri incelenmiştir.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların Tanrı’ya yönelik teselli ve öfke duyguları arasında belirgin farklar bulunmuştur. Önceki uluslararası araştırmalarla tutarlı biçimde, Tanrı’ya yönelik olumsuz algılar oldukça nadir görülmüştür. Katılımcıların büyük çoğunluğu, felaket sonrası dönemde Tanrı’nın koruyucu ve destekleyici yönünü güçlü biçimde hissettiklerini bildirmiştir.
Sonuç: Bulgular, anlam oluşturma (meaning making) konusundaki psikolojik kuramlarla uyumludur ve insanların acı ve belirsizlik karşısında küresel anlam sistemlerini sürdürme eğiliminde olduklarını göstermektedir. Çalışma, Müslüman bir kültürel bağlamda bireylerin olumsuz yaşam olaylarını dini inançlarıyla nasıl uzlaştırdıklarını ve bu süreçte inançlarını nasıl koruduklarını ortaya koymaktadır.
Özgünlük: Bu çalışmayı özgün kılan nokta onun teodise problemi ve anlam oluşturma süreçlerini Müslüman kültürel bağlamda ele almasıdır. Alanyazında bu konular genellikle Batı’daki Hristiyan örneklemler üzerinde gerçekleşmiştir. Dolayısıyla Tanrı’ya yönelik duygusal tepkilerin ve bu konudaki yansımaların incelenmesi büyük ölçüde göz ardı edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Doğu Anadolu depremi gibi travmatik bir olayı deneyimleyen Müslüman bireylerin Tanrı ile ilişkilerindeki anlam oluşturma süreçlerini ortaya koyarak bu boşluğu doldurmaktadır. Bulgular, dinî anlam üretiminin kültürel olarak nasıl şekillendiğini göstermekte ve teodise probleminin psikolojik boyutuna kültürlerarası bir bakış açısı kazandırmaktadır.

Proje Numarası

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Kaynakça

  • Abu-Raiya, H., Pargament, K. I., Mahoney, A. & Stein, C. (2008). A psychological measure of Islamic religiousness: Development and evidence for reliability and validity. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18(4), 291-315.
  • Altınlı Macić, M. & Özgüvenç, C. B. (2025). Kur’an’da sabır kavramının dinî başa çıkma bağlamında teorik olarak incelenmesi. Theosophia, 11, 1-35.
  • Angel, H.F. (2017). Credition: From the question of belief to the question of believing. In H.F. Angel, L. Oviedo, R. F. Paloutzian, A. L. C. Runehov, and R. Seitz, (Eds), Processes of Believing: The Acquisition, Maintenance, and Change in Creditions, (pp. 17-36). Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Angel, H.F., Oviedo, L. Paloutzian, R. F., Runehov, A. L. C. & Seitz, R. J. (Eds). (2017). Processes of Believing: The Acquisition, Maintenance, and Change in Creditions. Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Cohen, A. B. (2002). Many forms of culture. American Psychologist, 64, 194-204.
  • Economist. (2020). Living on a prayer: Religious divides. The Economist, April 11, 45-46.
  • Furnham, A. & Brown, L. B. (1992). Theodicy: A neglected aspect of the psychology of religion. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(1), 37-45.
  • Griffioen, A. L. (2018). Therapeutic theodicy? Suffering, struggle, and the shift from the God’s-eye view. Religions, 9(4), 99.
  • Hale-Smith, A., Park, C. L. & Edmondson, D. (2012). measuring beliefs about suffering: Development of the views of suffering scale. Psychological Assessment, 24, 855-866.
  • Hvidt, N. C., Hvidtjorn, D., Christensen, K., Nielsen, J. B. & Sondergaard, J. (2017). Faith moves mountains - mountains move faith: Two opposite epidemiological forces in research on religion and health. Journal of Religion and Health, 56, 294-304. doi: 10.1007/s10943-016-0300-1.
  • Johnson, S. K. & Armour, M. P. (2016). Finding Strength, Comfort, and Purpose in Spirituality after Homicide. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(4), 277-288.
  • Levenson, M. R., Aldwin, C. M. & Igarashi, H. (2013). Religious development from adolescence to middle adulthood. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, 2nd ed. (pp. 183-197). New York: Guilford Press.
  • McElroy-Heltzel, S. E., Davis, E. B., Davis, Don E., Aten, J. D., Van Tongeren, D. R., Hook J. N. & Hwang, J. (2018). Benevolent theodicies protect against pdsd following a natural disaster. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 37(1), 6-16.
  • Paloutzian, R. F. & Park, C. L. (2014). Religiousness and spirituality: The psychology of multilevel meaning making behavior. Religion, Brain, and Behavior, 4, 49-61.
  • Paloutzian, R. F. & Sagir, Z. (2019). Forgiving, reconciling, and peace-building in refugee contexts: Theory, research, and data from the war in Syria. In Njoku, M.G.C., Jason, L.A. & Johnson, B. (Eds), The Psychology of Peace Promotion (pp. 181-200) NY: Springer.
  • Pargament, K. I., Ano, G. G. & Wachholtz, A. B. (2005). The religious dimension of coping: Advances in theory, research, and practice. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 479-495). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G. & Perez, L. M. (2000). The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical psychology, 56, 519-543.
  • Pargament, K. I., Falb, M., Ano, G. G. & Wachholtz, A. B. (2013). The religious dimension of coping: Advances in theory, research, and practice. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, 2nd ed. (pp. 560-579). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Park, C. L. (2005). Religion and meaning. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds), Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality (pp. 295-314). New York: Guilford.
  • Park, C. L. (2013). Trauma and meaning making: Converging conceptualizations and emerging evidence. In J. Hicks & C. Routledge (Eds), The Experience of meaning in life: Perspectives from the psychological sciences (pp. 61-76). New York: Springer.
  • Richert, R. A. & Granqvist, P. (2013). Religious and spiritual development in childhood. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, 2nd ed. (pp. 165-182). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Sagir, Z. (2014, October 31- November 2). Religious Coping and Mental Health Among Syrian Refugees. Paper presented at the meeting of Society for the Scientific Study of Religion and Religious Research Association. Indiana: USA.
  • Sagir, Z., (2016, November 30). In earshot of bombs: Identity, acculturation, mental health, and coping in Muslim refugees on the Syria-Turkey border. Paper presented at the Small Group Meeting on Immigration to Major Immigrant-Receiving Countries. Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues and the Society of Australian Social Psychology, Ottawa, Canada (https://spssi-sasp.com/well-being-of-immigrants-and-refugees/).
  • Sagir, Z. (2018). Suriyeli Kadın Mültecilerde Kültürel Uyum, Ruh Sağlığı ve Din.* Unpublished doctoral dissertation, İstanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey. (*Translation of title: Acculturation/Cultural Adaptation, Mental Health, and Religion Among Syrian Woman Refugees).
  • Saroglou, V. & Cohen, A. B. (2013). Cultural and cross-cultural psychology of religion. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, 2nd ed. (pp. 330-354). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Seitz, R. J., Paloutzian, R. F. & Angel, H. F. (2017). Processes of believing: Where do they come from? What are they good for?. F1000Research, 5:2573, 1-21 (doi: 10.12688/f1000research.9773.2).
  • Seitz, R. J., Paloutzian, R. F. & Angel, H. F. (2018). From believing to belief: A general theoretical model. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 30(9), 1254-1264. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01292
  • Wilt, J. A., Exline, J. J., Grubbs, J. B., Park, C. L. & Pargament, K. I. (2016). God’s role in suffering: Theodicies, divine struggle, and mental health. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(4), 352-362.
  • Wood, B. T., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Exline, J. J., Yali, A. M., Aten, J. D. & McMinn, M. R. (2010). Development, refinement, and psychometric properties of the Attitudes toward God Scale (ATGS-9). Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2, 148-167.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Psikolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Zeynep Sağır 0000-0002-9214-185X

Raymond F. Paloutzian 0000-0003-2601-3742

Proje Numarası ----
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 20 Şubat 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Nisan 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.54558/jiss.1833167
IZ https://izlik.org/JA92TP58FJ
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sağır, Z., & Paloutzian, R. F. (2026). Meaning Making in the face of a Negative Life Event: Responses in a Muslim Culture to the Eastern Anatolia Earthquake (2020). Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(1), 297-305. https://doi.org/10.54558/jiss.1833167