Investigations of hysteresis based direct torque controlled and field oriented controlled IPM drives for electric vehicle applications
Yıl 2022,
, 1477 - 1488, 01.09.2022
Osman Emre Özçiflikçi
,
Mikail Koç
Öz
Direct Torque Control (DTC) techniques are widely used in the control of AC machines as an opponent of space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) based field-oriented control (FOC). In the literature, hysteresis-based DTC (HB-DTC) is a vast majority of DTC techniques as the technique do not require a position resolver or an encoder. In this study, HB-DTC and FOC techniques are compared in detail by paying particular attention to current distortions, torque ripple and computational burden. In both techniques, the results have been obtained by simulating a 4.1 kW interior mounted permanent magnet synchronous (IPM) motor which has been designed and manufactured for research and development for electric vehicle traction applications. The results validate that although the HBDTC drives, have pros such as having less computational burden on the processor and eliminating the need for a position sensor, they have relatively much current distortions and torque ripple and hence the results are much deteriorated. Since the modern processors can easily deal with higher computational burden and field-oriented control is feasible in real time, it has been validated by extensive simulations that FOC based IPM drives are superior to their HB-DTC counterparts.
Destekleyen Kurum
TÜBİTAK
Teşekkür
This study has been supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) through the Scientific and Technological Research Projects Funding Program (1001) under Grant 118E858.
Kaynakça
- Alışkan İ, Ünsal S, 2018. Speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using fuzzy logic controllers having different inference methods. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 24(2), 185-191.
- Alyakhni A, Boulon L, Vinassa J. M, Briat O, 2021. A Comprehensive Review on Energy Management Strategies for Electric Vehicles Considering Degradation Using Aging Models. IEEE Access, 9, 143922-143940.
- Ben Mahdhi H, Ben Azza H, Jemli M, 2022. Inverter open-circuit fault diagnosis method in PMSG based wind energy conversion system. Electrical Engineering, 104(3), 1317-1330.
- Bıçak A,Gelen A, 2021. Sensorless direct torque control based on seven-level torque hysteresis controller for five-phase IPMSM using a sliding-mode observer. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 24(5), 1134-1143.
- Bingöl O, Elmas C, 2017. Virtual lab: Space vector PWM for two-and three-level inverters. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 23, 95-102.
- Can Güven E, Gedik K, 2019. Ömrünü Tamamlamış Elektrikli Araç Bataryalarının Çevresel Yönetimi . Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology , 9 (2) , 726-737 .
- Candelo-Zuluaga C, Riba J. R, Garcia A, 2021. PMSM Parameter Estimation for Sensorless FOC Based on Differential Power Factor. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 70, 1-12.
- Chokkalingham, B, Padmanaban, S, Blaabjerg F, 2018. Investigation and Comparative Analysis of Advanced PWM Techniques for Three-Phase Three-Level NPC-MLI Drives. Electric Power Components and Systems, 46(3), 258-269.
- Deng W, Li S, 2021. Direct Torque Control of Matrix Converter-Fed PMSM Drives Using Multidimensional Switching Table for Common-Mode Voltage Minimization. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 36(1), 683-690.
- Ge Y, Yang L, Ma X, 2020. Adaptive sliding mode control based on a combined state/disturbance observer for the disturbance rejection control of PMSM. Electrical Engineering, 102(4), 1863-1879.
- Hakami S, Lee K.-B, 2020. Four-Level Hysteresis-Based DTC for Torque Capability Improvement of IPMSM Fed by Three-Level NPC Inverter. Electronics, 9, 1558.
- Kesler S, 2018. Performance Analysis of Different PWM Techniques on V/f-based Speed Control with Boost Voltage Application for Induction Motors. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 24, 797-808.
- Kim S, Seok J, 2013. Maximum Voltage Utilization of IPMSMs Using Modulating Voltage Scalability for Automotive Applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 28(12), 5639-5646.
- Koc M, Sun T, Wang J, 2016. Performance improvement of direct torque controlled interior mounted permanent magnet drives by employing a linear combination of current and voltage based flux observers. IET Power Electronics, 9(10), 2052-2059.
- Koc M, Emiroglu S, Tamyürek B, 2021. Analysis and simulation of efficiency optimized IPM drives in constant torque region with reduced computational burden. Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, 29, 1643 – 1658.
- Li H, Wang Z, Xu Z, Wang X, Hu Y, 2021. Feedback Linearization Based Direct Torque Control for IPMSMs. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 36(3), 3135-3148.
- Lin X, Huang W, Jiang W, Zhao Y, Zhu S, 2020. A Stator Flux Observer With Phase Self-Tuning for Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 35(6), 6140-6152.
- Mohan D, Zhang X, Foo G. H. B, 2016. Three-Level Inverter-Fed Direct Torque Control of IPMSM With Torque and Capacitor Voltage Ripple Reduction. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 31(4), 1559-1569.
- Nasr A, Gu C, Wang X, Buticchi G, Bozhko S, Gerada C, 2022. Torque-Performance Improvement for Direct Torque-Controlled PMSM Drives Based on Duty-Ratio Regulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 37(1), 749-760.
- Özçiflikçi OE, K. M, Bahçeci S, 2021. Maximum Torque per Ampere Strategy in IPM Drives for Electric Vehicles. El-Cezeri, 8(3), 1405-1415.
- Pongthanaisawan J, Sorapipatana C, 2013. Greenhouse gas emissions from Thailand’s transport sector: Trends and mitigation options. Applied Energy, 101, 288-298.
- Shao B, Zhu Z. Q, Feng J, Guo S, Li Y, Liao W, 2021. Compensation of Selective Current Harmonics for Switching-Table-Based Direct Torque Control of Dual Three-Phase PMSM Drives. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 57(3), 2505-2515.
- Umar M, Ji X, Kirikkaleli D, Alola A. A, 2021. The imperativeness of environmental quality in the United States transportation sector amidst biomass-fossil energy consumption and growth. Journal of Cleaner Production, 285, 124863.
- Urazel and Keskin, 2020, Electric Drive Vehicle Model and Simulation with MATLAB. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology. 10(4): 2461-2473.
- Wang M, Sun D, Zheng Z, Nian H, 2021. A Novel Lookup Table Based Direct Torque Control for OW-PMSM Drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 68(10), 10316-10320.
- Wang Q, Wang G, Zhao N, Zhang G, Cui Q, Xu D, 2021. An Impedance Model-Based Multiparameter Identification Method of PMSM for Both Offline and Online Conditions. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 36(1), 727-738.
- Wang X, Wang Z, Cheng M, Hu Y, 2017. Remedial Strategies of T-NPC Three-Level Asymmetric Six-Phase PMSM Drives Based on SVM-DTC. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(9), 6841-6853.
- Wang X, Wang Z, Xu Z, 2019. A Hybrid Direct Torque Control Scheme for Dual Three-Phase PMSM Drives With Improved Operation Performance. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 34(2), 1622-1634.
Wang X, Wang Z, Xu Z, Cheng M, Hu Y, 2020. Optimization of Torque Tracking Performance for Direct-Torque-Controlled PMSM Drives With Composite Torque Regulator. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 67(12), 10095-10108.
- Wu B, Xu D, Ji J, Zhao W, Jiang Q, 2018. Field-oriented control and direct torque control for a five-phase fault-tolerant flux-switching permanent-magnet motor. Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, 4(4), 48-56.
- Xia C, Wang S, Wang Z, Shi T, 2016. Direct Torque Control for VSI–PMSMs Using Four-Dimensional Switching-Table. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 31(8), 5774-5785.
- Xu J, Odavic M, Zhu Z. Q, Wu Z. Y, Freire N, 2021. Switching-Table-Based Direct Torque Control of Dual Three-Phase PMSMs With Closed-Loop Current Harmonics Compensation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 36(9), 10645-10659.
- Zhang Y, Jin J, Huang L, 2021. Model-Free Predictive Current Control of PMSM Drives Based on Extended State Observer Using Ultralocal Model. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 68(2), 993-1003.
- Zhang Y, Yin Z, Bai C, Wang G, Liu J, 2021. A Rotor Position and Speed Estimation Method Using an Improved Linear Extended State Observer for IPMSM Sensorless Drives. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 36(12), 14062-14073.
Yıl 2022,
, 1477 - 1488, 01.09.2022
Osman Emre Özçiflikçi
,
Mikail Koç
Kaynakça
- Alışkan İ, Ünsal S, 2018. Speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using fuzzy logic controllers having different inference methods. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 24(2), 185-191.
- Alyakhni A, Boulon L, Vinassa J. M, Briat O, 2021. A Comprehensive Review on Energy Management Strategies for Electric Vehicles Considering Degradation Using Aging Models. IEEE Access, 9, 143922-143940.
- Ben Mahdhi H, Ben Azza H, Jemli M, 2022. Inverter open-circuit fault diagnosis method in PMSG based wind energy conversion system. Electrical Engineering, 104(3), 1317-1330.
- Bıçak A,Gelen A, 2021. Sensorless direct torque control based on seven-level torque hysteresis controller for five-phase IPMSM using a sliding-mode observer. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 24(5), 1134-1143.
- Bingöl O, Elmas C, 2017. Virtual lab: Space vector PWM for two-and three-level inverters. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 23, 95-102.
- Can Güven E, Gedik K, 2019. Ömrünü Tamamlamış Elektrikli Araç Bataryalarının Çevresel Yönetimi . Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology , 9 (2) , 726-737 .
- Candelo-Zuluaga C, Riba J. R, Garcia A, 2021. PMSM Parameter Estimation for Sensorless FOC Based on Differential Power Factor. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 70, 1-12.
- Chokkalingham, B, Padmanaban, S, Blaabjerg F, 2018. Investigation and Comparative Analysis of Advanced PWM Techniques for Three-Phase Three-Level NPC-MLI Drives. Electric Power Components and Systems, 46(3), 258-269.
- Deng W, Li S, 2021. Direct Torque Control of Matrix Converter-Fed PMSM Drives Using Multidimensional Switching Table for Common-Mode Voltage Minimization. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 36(1), 683-690.
- Ge Y, Yang L, Ma X, 2020. Adaptive sliding mode control based on a combined state/disturbance observer for the disturbance rejection control of PMSM. Electrical Engineering, 102(4), 1863-1879.
- Hakami S, Lee K.-B, 2020. Four-Level Hysteresis-Based DTC for Torque Capability Improvement of IPMSM Fed by Three-Level NPC Inverter. Electronics, 9, 1558.
- Kesler S, 2018. Performance Analysis of Different PWM Techniques on V/f-based Speed Control with Boost Voltage Application for Induction Motors. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 24, 797-808.
- Kim S, Seok J, 2013. Maximum Voltage Utilization of IPMSMs Using Modulating Voltage Scalability for Automotive Applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 28(12), 5639-5646.
- Koc M, Sun T, Wang J, 2016. Performance improvement of direct torque controlled interior mounted permanent magnet drives by employing a linear combination of current and voltage based flux observers. IET Power Electronics, 9(10), 2052-2059.
- Koc M, Emiroglu S, Tamyürek B, 2021. Analysis and simulation of efficiency optimized IPM drives in constant torque region with reduced computational burden. Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, 29, 1643 – 1658.
- Li H, Wang Z, Xu Z, Wang X, Hu Y, 2021. Feedback Linearization Based Direct Torque Control for IPMSMs. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 36(3), 3135-3148.
- Lin X, Huang W, Jiang W, Zhao Y, Zhu S, 2020. A Stator Flux Observer With Phase Self-Tuning for Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 35(6), 6140-6152.
- Mohan D, Zhang X, Foo G. H. B, 2016. Three-Level Inverter-Fed Direct Torque Control of IPMSM With Torque and Capacitor Voltage Ripple Reduction. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 31(4), 1559-1569.
- Nasr A, Gu C, Wang X, Buticchi G, Bozhko S, Gerada C, 2022. Torque-Performance Improvement for Direct Torque-Controlled PMSM Drives Based on Duty-Ratio Regulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 37(1), 749-760.
- Özçiflikçi OE, K. M, Bahçeci S, 2021. Maximum Torque per Ampere Strategy in IPM Drives for Electric Vehicles. El-Cezeri, 8(3), 1405-1415.
- Pongthanaisawan J, Sorapipatana C, 2013. Greenhouse gas emissions from Thailand’s transport sector: Trends and mitigation options. Applied Energy, 101, 288-298.
- Shao B, Zhu Z. Q, Feng J, Guo S, Li Y, Liao W, 2021. Compensation of Selective Current Harmonics for Switching-Table-Based Direct Torque Control of Dual Three-Phase PMSM Drives. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 57(3), 2505-2515.
- Umar M, Ji X, Kirikkaleli D, Alola A. A, 2021. The imperativeness of environmental quality in the United States transportation sector amidst biomass-fossil energy consumption and growth. Journal of Cleaner Production, 285, 124863.
- Urazel and Keskin, 2020, Electric Drive Vehicle Model and Simulation with MATLAB. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology. 10(4): 2461-2473.
- Wang M, Sun D, Zheng Z, Nian H, 2021. A Novel Lookup Table Based Direct Torque Control for OW-PMSM Drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 68(10), 10316-10320.
- Wang Q, Wang G, Zhao N, Zhang G, Cui Q, Xu D, 2021. An Impedance Model-Based Multiparameter Identification Method of PMSM for Both Offline and Online Conditions. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 36(1), 727-738.
- Wang X, Wang Z, Cheng M, Hu Y, 2017. Remedial Strategies of T-NPC Three-Level Asymmetric Six-Phase PMSM Drives Based on SVM-DTC. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(9), 6841-6853.
- Wang X, Wang Z, Xu Z, 2019. A Hybrid Direct Torque Control Scheme for Dual Three-Phase PMSM Drives With Improved Operation Performance. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 34(2), 1622-1634.
Wang X, Wang Z, Xu Z, Cheng M, Hu Y, 2020. Optimization of Torque Tracking Performance for Direct-Torque-Controlled PMSM Drives With Composite Torque Regulator. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 67(12), 10095-10108.
- Wu B, Xu D, Ji J, Zhao W, Jiang Q, 2018. Field-oriented control and direct torque control for a five-phase fault-tolerant flux-switching permanent-magnet motor. Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, 4(4), 48-56.
- Xia C, Wang S, Wang Z, Shi T, 2016. Direct Torque Control for VSI–PMSMs Using Four-Dimensional Switching-Table. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 31(8), 5774-5785.
- Xu J, Odavic M, Zhu Z. Q, Wu Z. Y, Freire N, 2021. Switching-Table-Based Direct Torque Control of Dual Three-Phase PMSMs With Closed-Loop Current Harmonics Compensation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 36(9), 10645-10659.
- Zhang Y, Jin J, Huang L, 2021. Model-Free Predictive Current Control of PMSM Drives Based on Extended State Observer Using Ultralocal Model. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 68(2), 993-1003.
- Zhang Y, Yin Z, Bai C, Wang G, Liu J, 2021. A Rotor Position and Speed Estimation Method Using an Improved Linear Extended State Observer for IPMSM Sensorless Drives. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 36(12), 14062-14073.