The Effects of Different Gamma-Ray Doses on Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) Varieties on Agricultural Features Observed in M1 and M2 Plants

Öz

The research was carried out with the ionizing radiation source Cobalt 60 (Co-60) at a dosage of 200, 300, 400, 500 Gy on three safflower varieties. According to the results of the research, in M1 plants; in parallel with the increase in gamma dosages, a certain decrease occurred in plant height, number of branches per plant, number of trays per plant, diameter of the tray, number of seeds per tray, seed yield per plant, and seed vitality. In field observations taken from M2 plants, significant diversity was observed. In M2 plants, significant reductions in emergence rate were observed in all three cultivars depending on the increase in dosages. In all three safflower cultivars, plant height, tray diameter, number of seeds per tray and thousand seed weight values increased compared to control plants in parallel with the increase in dosages. Significant mutations were observed in the 200-400 Gy dosage range in all three cultivars. In M1 plants, when the seed yield per plant and the rate of viability were examined, a certain level of decrease was observed in parallel with the increase in gamma dosages. In M2 plants, in parallel with the dosage increase in all cultivars, the tray diameter values increased compared to the control. Again, in all cultivars, while the diameter of the tray decreased in M1, it increased in M2 in general and increases were observed at low gamma dosages. In M2, dosages of 300-400 Gy also increased in the criteria examined compared to the control and had a stimulating effect. The investigated properties generally decreased in M1 depending on the dosage increase, while there were fluctuations in M2. As a result, the variation created by the radiation and the real effect of the mutation applications emerged after M2. In this study, while the averages of Dinçer and Remzibey cultivars in terms of viability in M1 were almost the same, Shifa cultivar gave more successful results in terms of viability. When the values obtained in the study were examined, it was concluded that genetic variations and changes occurred at dosages of 300-400 Gy at most.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ionizing radiation
• mutation
• genetic diversity
• viability
• seed yield

Destekleyen Kurum

Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies

Proje Numarası

TAGEM/TA/13/A04/P01/10-001

Teşekkür

We would like to thank the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, which funded this study within the scope of the project.

Kaynakça

1. Adewusi, K. M., Showemimo, F. A., Nassir, A. L., Olagunju, S. O., Porbeni, J. B. O., Amira, J. O., & Aderinola, A. P. (2021). Assessment of 60Co gamma radiation on early phenological stages of two generations of OFADA rice. Agro-Science, 20(1), 31-37. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v20i1.6
2. Andrew Peter Leon, M. T., Ramchander, S., Kumar, K., Muthamilarasan, M., & Arumugam Pillai. M. (2021). Assessment of efficacy of mutagenesis of gamma-irradiation in plant height and days to maturity through expression analysis in rice. PloS one, 16(1), e0245603. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0245603
3. Arslan, Y., Katar, D., Güneylioğlu, H., Subaşı, İ., Şahin, B., & Bülbül, A. S. (2010). The wild species of Carthamus L. in natural flora of Turkey and possibilities of using safflower breeding. Journal of Field Crops Central Research Institute, 19(1-2), 36-43. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tarbitderg/issue/11502/137005
4. Ashri, A. (1957). Cytogenetic and Morphology of Carthamus L. Species to several foliage diseases in Israel. Plant Dis. Rep, 45, 146-150.
5. Ashri, A., & Knowles, P. F. (1960). Cytogenetics of Safflower (Carthamus L.) Species and Their Hybrids. Agronomy Journal, 52(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1960.00021962005200010004x
6. Bağcı, M., & Mutlu, H. (2011). Determination of proper gamma radiation (60Co) dose in mutation breeding of sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa Lam.). BİBAD, Biyoloji Bilimleri Araștırma Dergisi, 4(2), 141-144.
7. Başer, İ., Bilgin, O., Korkut, K. Z., & Balkan, A. (2007). Improvement of some quantitative characters by mutation breeding in durum wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science, 13 (4), 346-353. https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarimbil_0000000392
8. Beyaz, R., & Yildiz, M. (2017). The use of gamma irradiation in plant mutation breeding. In Snježana Jurić (Eds.), Plant engineering (p-p 33-46). http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69974

9. Díaz, L. E., García, S. A. L., Morales, R. A., Báez, R. I., Pérez, V. E., Olivar, H. A., Vargas, R. E. J., Hernández, H. P., De la Cruz, T. E., & Loeza, C. J. M. (2018). Effect of gamma radiation of 60Co on sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) (Asteraceae), from irradiated achenes. Scientia Agropecuaria, 9(3), 313-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2018.03.02
10. Düzgünes, O., Kesici, T., Kavuncu, O. and Gürbüz, F. (1987) Researches and Practice Methods (Statistical Methods II). A. U. Agricultural Faculty Publishes: 1021, Ankara, 381.
11. Ertem Vaizoğullar, H., Kara, Y., Kuru, A. & Parlak, B. (2016). The comparison of effects of gamma radiation of crude oil yield on some sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 3(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.240698
12. Esendal, E. (1973). A Study on Phonological and Morphological Characteristics, Yields and Seed Properties of Some Domestic and Foreign Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Cultivated in Erzurum Ecological Conditions. Atatürk University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 3(3).
13. Jagadeesan, S., Kandasamy, G., Manivannan, N., & Muralidharan, V. (2008). Mean and Variability Studies in M1 and M2 Generations of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Helia, 31(49), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.2298/hel0849071j
14. Justin, M., Kabwe, K. C., Adrien, K. M., & Roger, V. K. (2012). Effect of gamma irradiation on morpho-agronomic characteristics of soybeans (Glycine max L.). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 3(3), 331-337. https://doi.org/ 10.4236/ajps.2012.33039
15. Karakoca, A.T., & Akgün, İ. (2020). Determination of the Mutagenic Effect of Different Gamma Radiation Doses Applications on Some Agricultural Characteristics of Barley in M2 Generation. Journal of Suleyman Demirel University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 24(1), 96-104. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.580095
16. Kharkwal, M. C. (2012). A brief history of plant mutagenesis. In Plant mutation breeding and biotechnology (pp. 21-30). Wallingford UK: CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780640853.0021
17. Koç, H. (2019). Evaluation of Safflower Cultivars in Terms of Yield and Oil Ratio under Different Precipitation. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 6(3), 518-526. https://doi.org/ 10.30910/turkjans.595371
18. Madibu, J., Kabwe, K.C., Nkongolo Kalonji-Mbuyi, A., & Roger, V.K. (2012). Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Morpho-Agronomic Characteristics of Soybean (Glycinemax L.), American Journal Plant Science, 3:331-337. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.33039
19. Mutant Data Base. (2017). Retrieved May 23, 2020 from Available from: https://mvd.iaea.org/Search
20. Oladosu, Y., Rafii, M. Y., Abdullah, N., Hussin, G., Ramli, A., Rahim, H. A., Miah, G., & Usman, M. (2016). Principle and application of plant mutagenesis in crop improvement: a review. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 30(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2015.1087333
21. Reddy, V. R. K., & Suganthi, C. P. (1993). Effect of different ploidy levels on chlorophyll mutations frequency in some cereals. Advances in plant sciences, 6(1), 178-191.
22. Sağel, Z., Peşkircioğlu, H., Tutluer, M. İ. (2002). Use of Nuclear Techniques in Plant Breeding. TAEK, Ankara Nuclear Agriculture and Livestock Research Center, III. Mutation Breeding Course. 16-20 September, Ankara, Türkiye.
23. Sağel, Z., Tutluer, M. İ., Peşkircioğlu, H., Kunter, B., Kantoğlu, Y. (2013, 10-14 November). Soybean, Tobacco, Chickpea Varieties and Characteristics Developed by Mutation Breeding. [Conference presentation]. International Plant Breeding Congress, Antalya, Türkiye.
24. Singh, V. and Nimbkar, N. (2006) Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). In: Singh, R.J., Ed., Genetic Resources Chromossome Engineering, and Crop Improvement: Oil Crops, CRC Press, New York, 168-194.
25. Solanki, R. K., Gill, R. K., Verma, P., & Singh, S. (2011). Mutation Breeding in Pulses: An overview. In: Khan, S., Kozgar, M. I. (Eds.), Breeding of pulse crops (pp. 85-103). Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.
26. Tarighi, J., Mohtasebi, S. S., & Mahmoodi, A. (2010). Effect of moisture content on some physical properties of safflower (var. Darab) seeds. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 8(3-4), 602-606.
27. Tonnemaker, K. A., Auld, D. L., Thill, D. C., Mallory‐Smith, C. A., & Erickson, D. A. (1992). Development of sulfonylurea‐resistant rapeseed using chemical mutagenesis. Crop science, 32(6), 1387-1391. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1992.0011183X003200060016x
28. Yalcin, C., & Ulakoglu, G. (2019). Determination of proper gamma radiation doses in sunflower varieties. Int. J. Sci. & Technol. Res, 5(9), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.7176/JSTR/5-9-04
29. Yazıcı, L., Çiçek, S., Küçüktaban, F., Çoban, M., & Tuncel, N. (2016). Determination of appropirate gamma ray dose and effect on seedlig growth in M1 of different gamma ray dose in cotton (Gossypium hirsitum L.) variety Nazilli 663. Jornal of Central Research Institute for Field Crops, 25(2), 88-93. https://doi.org/10.21566/tarbitderg.281862