Numerical Buckling Analysis of Laminated Hybrid Composites and Investigation of Perforated Structures

Öz

In this study, the axial buckling behavior of laminated hybrid composite beams was comprehensively investigated using theoretical and numerical approaches. The main objective of the study is to systematically evaluate the buckling performance of hybrid composite beams with different stacking sequences and geometric perforations. For this purpose, a computational program based on Euler and Timoshenko beam theories was developed in the MATLAB environment and used to calculate critical buckling loads for different boundary conditions, stacking sequences, and perforated configurations. The developed program has the characteristics of a package type tool. The accuracy of the program was validated through comparisons with reference studies available in the literature and finite element analyses performed using ANSYS ACP software. Within this framework, four and eight layer symmetric unidirectional and interply hybrid composites reinforced with carbon and aramid fibers were analyzed under clamped free and pinned pinned boundary conditions. The buckling responses of hybrid beams were comparatively evaluated in MATLAB and ANSYS environments. The results demonstrated that the stiffness distribution along the thickness direction governed by the stacking sequence has a decisive influence on the buckling behavior. For the hybrid configuration exhibiting the highest buckling performance, perforated structure analyses were conducted using equal area circular, square, and hexagonal hole geometries. The findings confirmed the reliability of the developed MATLAB program, while also indicating that perforated configurations lead to a reduction in buckling capacity and that circular hole geometries exhibit a more balanced behavior compared to the other geometries. Overall, this study presents a comprehensive theoretical and numerical investigation of the buckling behavior of laminated hybrid composite beams and enables the systematic evaluation of different boundary conditions and stacking sequences through the developed MATLAB program.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Layered hybrid composites
• Finite element analysis
• MATLAB
• Carbon fiber
• Aramid fiber axial buckling
• Beam theories
• Perforated structures

Tabakalı Hibrit Kompozitlerin Sayısal Burkulma Analizi ve Delikli Yapılarının İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, tabakalı hibrit kompozit kirişlerin eksenel burkulma davranışları teorik ve sayısal yaklaşımlar kullanılarak kapsamlı biçimde incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, farklı tabaka dizilimleri ve geometrik delikler içeren hibrit kompozit kirişlerin burkulma performansının sistematik olarak değerlendirilmesidir. Bu amaçla, Euler ve Timoshenko kiriş teorilerine dayalı olarak MATLAB ortamında bir hesaplama programı geliştirilmiş ve bu program, farklı sınır şartları, tabaka dizilimleri ve delikli yapı konfigürasyonları için kritik burkulma yüklerinin hesaplanmasında kullanılmıştır. Geliştirilen program bir paket program niteliğindedir. Programın doğruluğu, literatürde yer alan referans çalışmalar ve ANSYS–ACP yazılımı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen sonlu elemanlar analizleri ile doğrulanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, karbon ve aramid elyaf takviyeli kompozitlerden oluşan dört ve sekiz tabakalı, simetrik tek tip ve interply yerleşimli kompozitler ankastre–serbest ve mafsallı–mafsallı sınır şartları altında analiz edilmiştir. Hibrit kirişlerin burkulma davranışları MATLAB ve ANSYS ortamlarında karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, tabaka diziliminin kalınlık doğrultusundaki rijitlik dağılımının burkulma davranışı üzerinde belirleyici bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. En yüksek burkulma performansını gösteren hibrit yapı için eş alanlı dairesel, kare ve altıgen delik geometrileri kullanılarak delikli yapı analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular, geliştirilen MATLAB programının güvenilirliğini ortaya koyarken, delikli yapıların burkulma kapasitesinde azalmaya yol açtığını ve dairesel delik geometrilerinin diğer geometrilere kıyasla daha dengeli bir davranış sergilediğini göstermiştir. Bu çalışma, tabakalı hibrit kompozit kirişlerin burkulma davranışını hem teorik hem de sayısal olarak bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele almakta ve geliştirilen MATLAB programı aracılığıyla farklı sınır şartları ve tabaka dizilimlerinin sistematik biçimde değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tabakalı hibrit kompozitler
• Sonlu elemanlar analizi
• MATLAB
• Karbon elyaf
• Aramid elyaf eksenel burkulma
• Kiriş teorileri
• Delikli yapılar

Kaynakça

1. Ahmed, A. M., & Rifai, A. M. (2021). Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories: Analytical and numerical comprehensive revision. European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 6(4), 111–120.
2. Aydın, M. R. (2025). A comprehensive experimental and numerical analysis on free vibration and axial buckling behavior of hybrid composites. Fibers and Polymers, 26, 4069–4086. doi:10.1007/s12221-025-01071-3
3. Aydin, M. R., Acar, V., Cakir, F., Gundogdu, O., & Akbulut, H. (2022). Comparative dynamic analysis of carbon, aramid and glass fiber reinforced interply and intraply hybrid composites. Composite Structures, 291, 115595. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115595
4. Baba, B. O. (2007). Buckling behavior of laminated composite plates. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 26(16), 1637–1655. doi:10.1177/0731684407079515
5. Cakir, F., Acar, V., & Aydin, M. R. (2025). Experimental and numerical assessment of intraply hybrid composites strengthened RC deep beams. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures. doi:10.1080/15376494.2025.2476208
6. Cakir, F., Aydin, M. R., Acar, V., Aksar, B., & Akkaya, H. C. (2023). An experimental study on RC beams shear-strengthened with intraply hybrid U-jackets composites monitored by digital image correlation (DIC). Composite Structures, 323, 117503. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117503
7. Cakir, F., Aydin, M. R., Acar, V., & Yildirim, P. (2024). Impact of hybrid and non-hybrid fiber reinforced polymers on mechanical performance of concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 451, 138806. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138806
8. Dahake, A. G., & Ghugal, Y. M. (2013). A trigonometric shear deformation theory for flexure of thick beam. Procedia Engineering, 51, 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.01.004

9. Gopalan, V., Suthenthiraveerappa, V., David, J. S., Subramanian, J., Annamalai, A. R., & Jen, C.-P. (2021). Experimental and numerical analyses on the buckling characteristics of woven flax/epoxy laminated composite plate under axial compression. Polymers, 13(7), 995. doi:10.3390/polym13070995
10. Gopalan, V., Vardhan, M. S., Thakur, V., Krishnamoorthy, A., Pragasam, V., Degalahal, M. R., & Jen, C.-P. (2023). Studies on numerical buckling analysis of cellulose microfibrils reinforced polymer composites. Materials, 16, 894. doi:10.3390/ma16030894
11. Gu, H., & Chattopadhyay, A. (2000). Three-dimensional elasticity solution for buckling of composite laminates. Composite Structures, 50, 29–35.
12. Heidari-Rarani, M., Khalkhali-Sharifi, S. S., & Shokrieh, M. M. (2014). Effect of ply stacking sequence on buckling behavior of E-glass/epoxy laminated composites. Computational Materials Science, 89, 89–96. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.03.017
13. Hu, H., Belouettar, S., Potier-Ferry, M., & Makradi, A. (2009). A novel finite element for global and local buckling analysis of sandwich beams. Composite Structures, 90(3), 270–278. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.02.002
14. Hülagü, B., Acar, V., Cakir, F., & Akbulut, H. (2025). Numerical analysis of modal and flexural behavior of nanocomposite adhesively bonded joints. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 47, 154.
15. Jones, R. M. (1999). Mechanics of composite materials (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis. Larsson, P. L. (1987). On buckling of orthotropic compressed plates with circular holes. Composite Structures, 7(2), 103–121.
16. Lee, Y. J., Lin, H. J., & Lin, C. C. (1989). A study on the buckling behavior of an orthotropic square plate with a central circular hole. Composite Structures, 13(2), 173–188.
17. Leissa, A. W. (1987). A review of laminated composite plate buckling. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 40(5), 575–591.
18. Lin, C. C., & Kuo, C. S. (1989). Buckling of laminated plates with holes. Journal of Composite Materials, 23, 536–553.
19. Marshall, I. H., Little, W., & El-Tayeby, M. M. (1987). Membrane stress distributions in post-buckled composite plates with circular holes. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Composite Materials and Second European Conference on Composite Materials (pp. 5.57–5.68). Elsevier Applied Science.
20. Nemeth, M. P. (1996). Buckling and postbuckling behavior of laminated composite plates with a cutout (NASA Technical Paper 3587). Hampton, VA: NASA Langley Research Center.
21. Ntayeesh, T. J., Ismail, M. R., & Saihood, R. G. (2019). Buckling analysis of reinforced composite plates with a multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT). Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 7(3), 1275–1285. doi:10.21533/pen.v7i3.728
22. Özben, T. (2009). Analysis of critical buckling load of laminated composite plates with different boundary conditions using FEM and analytical methods. Computational Materials Science, 45(4), 1006–1015. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2009.01.003
23. Rajesh, M., & Pitchaimani, J. (2017). Experimental investigation on buckling and free vibration behavior of woven natural fiber fabric composite under axial compression. Composite Structures, 163, 302–311. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.12.046
24. Rajini, N., Jappes, J. W., Rajakarunakaran, S., & Jeyaraj, P. (2012). Mechanical and free vibration properties of montmorillonite clay dispersed with naturally woven coconut sheath composite. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 31(20), 1364–1376. doi:10.1177/0731684412455259
25. Reddy, J. N. (2004). Mechanics of laminated composite plates and shells: Theory and analysis (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
26. Rozylo, P., Teter, A., Debski, H., Wysmulski, P., & Falkowicz, K. (2017). Experimental and numerical study of the buckling of composite profiles with open cross section under axial compression. Applied Composite Materials, 24, 1251–1264. doi:10.1007/s10443-017-9583-y
27. Srivatsa, K. S., & Krishna Murty, A. V. (1992). Stability of laminated composite plates with cutouts. Computers & Structures, 43(2), 273–279.
28. Starnes, J. H., Jr., & Rouse, M. (1981). Postbuckling and failure characteristics of selected flat rectangular graphite–epoxy plates loaded in compression (AIAA Paper No. 81-0543). Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
29. Suleiman, O. M. E., Osman, M. Y., & Hassan, T. (2019). Effect of boundary conditions on buckling load for laminated composite plates. Global Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2(1), 1–8. doi:10.33552/GJES.2019.02.000527
30. Timoshenko, S. P. (1921). On the correction for shear of the differential equation for transverse vibrations of prismatic bars. Philosophical Magazine, 41(245), 744–746.
31. Walker, M. (1999). Optimal design of symmetric laminates with cutouts for maximum buckling load. Composite Structures, 70(3), 337–343.
32. Yap, C. W., Chai, G. B., & Parlapalli, M. S. R. (2008). Effect of flexural stiffness estimates on the buckling load of delaminated composite beams. Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 222(2), 91–102. doi:10.1243/14644207JMDA162
33. Yasui, Y. (1991). The buckling of rectangular composite plate with cutout under uniaxial and biaxial compression. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Composite Materials (pp. 4-B-1–4-B-8).
34. Zhong, H., & Gu, C. (2007). Buckling of symmetrical cross-ply composite rectangular plates under a linearly varying in-plane load. Composite Structures, 80(1), 42–48. doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.02.030