Assessment of the Combined Effects of Acetamiprid and Propineb in Vivo

Öz

Pesticides are among commonly used chemicals in agriculture and are one of major environmental
pollutants. Acetamiprid and Propineb are widely used to control sucking insects and fungal infections on crops,
respectively. The study presented aimed to research genotoxic effects of mixture of Acetamiprid and Propineb,
in vivo. It was observed that mixture of Acetamiprid+Propineb increases the frequency of micronucleated
polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) at all concentrations for 24 and 48 h depending on concentrations. But these
increases were not signifcant. The combined effect of the Acetamiprid and Propineb on bone marrow cells of
mice in vivo was found to be antagonistic in terms of percentage of MNPCE. In addition, mixture of Acetamiprid
and Propineb signifcantly decreased polychromatic erythrocytes/normochromatic erythrocytes (PCE/NCE) ratio
at all concentrations. The results of the present investigation revealed that Acetamiprid was non-genotoxic, while
mixture of the Acetamiprid and Propineb may have cytotoxic effects for mice bone marrow cells. But, additional in
vivo and in vitro mutagenicity studies measuring different levels of DNA damage are still necessary.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mice bone marrow,micronucleus assay,mutagenicity,pesticide mixtur

Acetamiprid ve Propinebin Kombine Etkilerinin in Vivo Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Pestisitler tarımda yaygın olarak kullanılan kimyasallardır ve önemli çevre kirleticilerindendirler.
Acetamiprid ve Propineb ürünlerde görülen fungal hastalıkları ve entomolojik patojenleri kontrol etmek için
yaygın olarak kullanılırlar. Bu çalışmada Acetamiprid ve Propineb pestisit karışımlarının genotoksik etkilerinin
in vivo araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Acetamiprid+Propineb karışımının tüm konsantrasyonlarının 24 ve 48 saatlik
muamelelerde konsantrasyonlara bağlı olarak mikronukleuslu polikromatik eritrosit (MNPCE) frekansını arttırdığı
gözlendi. Fakat bu artışlar anlamlı bulunmamışlardır. Acetamiprid ve Propineb’in fare kemik iliği hücreleri üzerine
olan kombine etkisinin MNPCE yüzdesi bakımından antagonistik olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, Acetamiprid ve
Propineb karışımı polikromatik eritrosit/normokromatik eritrosit (PCE/NCE) oranını tüm konsantrasyonlarda
anlamlı olarak azaltmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları Acetamiprid’in non-genotoksik olduğunu, Acetamiprid ve
Propineb karışımının fare kemik iliği hücreleri için sitotoksik etkilere sahip olabileceğini göstermiştir. Fakat DNA
hasarının farklı seviyelerini ölçen ilave in vivo ve in vitro mutajenite çalışmaları yapılması gereklidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fare kemik iliği,mikronukleus yöntemi,mutajenite,pestisit karışımı

Kaynakça

1. Aaron CS, Sorg R, Zimmer D, 1989. The mouse bone marrow micronucleus test: evaluation of 21 drug candidates. Mutation Research, 223(2): 129-140.
2. Amorim MJB, Pereira C, Menezes-Oliveira VB, Campos B, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S, 2012. Assessing single and joint effects of chemicals on the survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida (Collembola) in soil. Environmental Pollution, 160: 145- 152.
3. Barrera CH, Pardo LC, Cortina GD, 2008. Antracol WP 70 genotoxicity in human lymphocyte cultures. Colombia Médica, 39: 29-34.
4. Bianchi-Santamaria A, Gobbi M, Cembran M, Arnaboldi A, 1997. Human lymphocyte micronucleus genotoxicity test with mixtures of phytochemicals in environmental concentrations. Mutation Research, 388(1): 27-32.
5. Blair A, Freeman LB, 2009. Epidemiologic studies in agricultural populations: observations and future directions. Journal of Agromedicine. 14(2): 125-131.
6. Bolognesi C, Parrini M, Merlo F, Bonassı S, 1993. Frequency of micronuclei in lymphocytes from a group of floriculturists exposed to pesticides. Journal of Toxicological Environmental Health, 40: 405-411.
7. Chauhan LKS, Chandra S, Saxena PN, Gupta SK, 2005. In vivo cytogenetic effects of a commercially formulated mixture of cypermethrin and quinalphos in mice. Mutation Research, 587(1): 120-125.
8. Costa C, Teixeira JP, Silva S, Roma-Torres J, Coelho P, Gaspar J, Mayan O, 2006. Cytogenetic and molecular biomonitoring of a Portuguese population exposed to pesticides. Mutagenesis, 21(5): 343-350.

9. Costa C, Silvari V, Melchini A, Catania S, Heffron JJ, Trovato A, De Pasquale R, 2009. Genotoxicity of imidacloprid in relation to metabolic activation and composition of the commercial product. Mutation Research, 672(1): 40-44.
10. Cavas T, Cinkilic N, Vatan O, Yılmaz D, Coşkun M, 2012. In vitro genotoxicity evaluation of acetamiprid in CaCo-2 cells using the micronucleus, comet and γH2AX foci assays. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 104(3): 212-217.
11. Das PP, Shaik AP, Jamil K, 2007. Genotoxicity induced by pesticide mixtures: in-vitro studies on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 23(8): 449-458.
12. Decordier I, Kirsch-Volders M, 2006. The in vitro micronucleus test: from past to future. Mutation Research, 607: 2-4.
13. Demsia G, Vlastos D, Goumenou M, Matthopoulos DP, 2007. Assessment of the genotoxicity of imidacloprid and metalaxyl in cultured human lymphocytes and rat bone-marrow. Mutation Research, 634(1): 32-39.
14. Dolara P, Salvadori M, Capobianco T, Torricelli F, 1992. Sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes induced by dimethoate, omethoate, deltamethrin, benomyl and their mixture. Mutation Research Letters, 283(2): 113-118.
15. EPA, 2002. United States Office of Prevention, Pesticides Environmental Protection and Toxic Substances Agency (7501C) Pesticide Fact Sheet Name of Chemical: Acetamiprid Reason for Issuance: Conditional Registration Date Issued. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-099050_15-Mar-02.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 04 Nisan 2016).
16. Falck GCM, Hirvonen A, Scarpato R, Saarikoski ST, Migliore L, Norppa H, 1999. Micronuclei in blood lymphocytes and genetic polymorphism for GSTM1, GSTT1 and NAT2 in pesticide-exposed greenhouse workers. Mutation Research, 441(2): 225-237.
17. Kaymak F, Rasgele PG, 2009. Genotoxic Effects of Raxil on Root Tips and Anthers of Allium cepa L. Caryologia, 62(1): 1-9.
18. Ford KA, Gulevich AG, Swenson TL, Casida JE, 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(9): 4860-4867.
19. Giri S, Prasad SB, Giri A, Sharma GD, 2002. Genotoxic effects of malathion: an organophosphorus insecticide, using three mammalian bioassays in vivo. Mutation Research, 514(1): 223-231.
20. Guven K, Deveci E, Akba O, Onen A, De Pomerai D, 1998. The accumulation and histological effects of organometallic fungicides Propineb and Maneb in the kidneys of fetus and female rats during pregnancy. Toxicology Letters, 99(2): 91-98.
21. Heddle JA, 1973. A rapid in vivo test for chromosomal damage. Mutat. Res., 18: 187-190.
22. Jie N, Hou S, Du F, Huang L, Jiang G, Lv S, 2003. Study on the interaction between nucleic acids and acetamiprid. Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acid, 22(10): 1859-1866.
23. Karabay NU, Oguz MG, 2005. Cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of the insecticides, imidacloprid and methamidophos. Genetic Molecular Research, 4(4): 653-662.
24. Karaca C, Sahin ME, Turabi MS, Dursun N, Altunoglu CC, Bedir C, Akyazi H, Keles R, Bahce UU, Ozer O, Algan N, Ocalan, Karatas GP, 2009. According to drug recommendations, Plant Protection Products, T. C. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of Protection and Control, System Offset, Ankara, Turkey, 238-239p.
25. Klaric MŠ, Rumora L, Ljubanović D, Pepeljnjak S, 2008. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by fumonisin B1, beauvericin and ochratoxin A in porcine kidney PK15 cells: effects of individual and combined treatment. Archives of Toxicology, 82(4): 247-255.
26. Kocaman AY, Topaktas M, 2007. In Vitro evaluation of the genotoxicity of acetamiprid in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 48: 483-490.
27. Kocaman AY, Topaktas M, 2010. Genotoxic Effects of a Particular Mixture of Acetamiprid and a-Cypermethrin on Chromosome Aberration, Sister Chromatid Exchange, and Micronucleus Formation in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. Environmental Toxicology, 2: 157-168.
28. Kocaman AY, Rencuzogullari E, Topaktas M, 2012. In vitro investigation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of thiacloprid in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environmental Toxicology, 29(6): 631- 641.
29. Kumar S, 2010. Effect of 2, 4-D and isoproturon on chromosomal disturbances during mitotic division in root tip cells of Triticum aestivum L. Cytology and Genetics, 44(2): 79-87.
30. Lages N, Balcão V, Nunes B, 2009. Risk assessment of human consumption of potentially contaminated red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia): a conceptual approach. Rev. Faculdade de Ciencias da Saude, 6: 332-342.
31. Lander F, Knudsen LE, Gamborg MO, Järventaus H, Norppa H, 2000. Chromosome aberrations in pesticide-exposed greenhouse workers. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 26: 436-442.
32. Lee WJ, Cha ES, Park J, Ko Y, Kim HJ, Kim J, 2012. Incidence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning among male farmers in South Korea. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 55(9): 799-807.
33. Marinovich M, Ghilardi F, Galli CL, 1996. Effect of pesticide mixtures on in vitro nervous cells: comparison with single pesticides. Toxicology, 108(3): 201-206.
34. Meisner LF, Belluck DA, Roloff BD, 1992. Cytogenetic effects of alachlor and/or atrazine in vivo and in vitro. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 19(1): 77-82.
35. Muranli FDG, Güner U, 2011. Induction of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes of mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) following exposure to the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin. Mutation Research, 726(2): 104-108.
36. Muranli FDG, Rasgele PG, Kekecoglu M, Kanev M, Ozdemir K, 2015. Potential Genotoxicity of Acetamiprid and Propineb Singly or in Combination in Cultured Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes By Using MN Assay. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 24: 3947-3955.
37. Pandey RM, 2008. Cytotoxic effects of pesticides in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. Cytology and Genetics, 42(6): 373-377.
38. Pasquini R, Scassellati-Sforzolini G, Angeli G, Fatigoni C, Monarca S, Beneventi L, Bauleo FA, 1996. Cytogenetic biomonitoring of pesticide-exposed farmers in central Italy. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol., 15(1): 29-39.
39. Pastor S, Gutiérrez S, Creus A, Xamena N, Piperakis S, Marcos R, 2001. Cytogenetic analysis of Greek farmers using the micronucleus assay in peripheral lymphocytes and buccal cells. Mutagenesis, 16(6): 539-545.
40. Pazy-Miño C, Bustamante G, Sánchez ME, Leone PE, 2002. Cytogenetic monitoring in a population occupationally exposed to pesticides in Ecuador. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(11): 1077-1080.
41. Piatti E, Marabini L, Chiesara E, 1994. Increase of micronucleus frequency in cultured rat hepatocytes treated in vitro with benomyl and pirimiphos-methyl separately and in mixture. Mutation Research Letters, 324(1): 59-64.
42. Rasgele PG, Kaymak F, 2006. The cytogenetic effects of logran on bone marrow cells of Mus musculus. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 9: 2781-2786.
43. Rasgele PG, Muranli FDG, Kekecoglu M, 2014. Assessment of the Genotoxicity of Propineb in Mice Bone Marrow Cells Using Micronucleus Assay. Cytology and Genetics, 48(4): 233-237.
44. Rath NC, Rasaputra KS, Liyanage R, Huff GR, Huff WE, 2011. Dithiocarbamate toxicity-An appraisal. Pesticides in the Modern World-Effects of Pesticides Exposure, ed. M. Stoytcheva, InTech Publishing Online. New York, 323-340p.
45. Reffstrup TK, Larsen JC, Meyer O, 2010. Risk assessment of mixtures of pesticides. Current approaches and future strategies. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 56(2): 174-192.
46. Rolandi A, De Marinis E, De Caterina M, 1984. Dithiocarbamate pesticides: Activity of Propineb in the micronucleus test in mice. Mutation Research, 135: 193- 197.
47. Roloff BD, Belluck D, Belluck A, Meisner LF, 1992. Cytogenetic studies of herbicide interactions in vitro and in vivo using atrazine and linuron. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 22(3): 267-271.
48. Shaik AS, Shaik AP, Jamil K, Alsaee AH, 2016. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of pesticide mixtures on lymphocytes. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 1-7.
49. Sato S, Tomita I, 2001. Short term screening method for the prediction of carcinogenicity of chemical substances: current status and problems of an in vivo rodent micronucleus assay. Journal of Health Sciences, 47(1): 1-8.
50. Schmid W, 1975. The micronucleus test. Mutation Research, 31: 9-15.
51. Schnug L, Leinaas HP, Jensen J, 2014. Synergistic sub-lethal effects of a biocide mixture on the springtail Folsomia fimetaria. Environmental Pollution, 186: 158-164.
52. Shaham J, Kaufman Z, Gurvich R, Levi Z, 2001. Frequency of sister-chromatid exchange among greenhouse farmers exposed to pesticides. Mutation Research, 491(1): 71-80.
53. Soloneski S, Reigosa MA, Larramendy ML, 2003. Effect of the dithiocarbamate pesticide zineb and its commercial formulation, the azzurro: V. Abnormalities induced in the spindle apparatus of transformed and non-transformed mammalian cell lines. Mutation Research., 536(1): 121-129.
54. Srivastava AK, Ali W, Singh R, Bhui K, Tyagi S, Al-Khedhairy AA, Shukla Y, 2012. Mancozeb-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis in cultured human lymphocytes. Life Sciences, 90(21): 815-824.
55. Sekeroglu V, Sekeroglu ZA, Kefelioglu H, 2013. Cytogenetic effects of commercial formulations of deltamethrin and/or thiacloprid on Wistar rat bone marrow cells. Environmental Toxicology, 28(9): 524-531.
56. Taillebois E, Thany SH, 2016. The Differential Effect of Low-Dose Mixtures of Four Pesticides on the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Insects, 53: 1-7.
57. Tomizawa M, Yamamoto I, 1993. Structure-activity relationships of nicotinoids and imidacloprid analogs. Nihon Noyaku Gakkaishi (J. Pestic. Sci.), 18: 91-98.
58. Yao X, Min H, Lv Z, 2006. Response of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ATPase activity in bacteria exposed to acetamiprid. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 19(4): 309-314.
59. Watson M, 1993. Propineb Pesticide residues in food: 1993 evaluations Part II Toxicology. IPCS Inchem Home, http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v93pr16.htm (Erişim tarihi: 04 Nisan, 2016).
60. Zhang WJ, Jiang FB, Ou JF, 2011. Global pesticide consumption and pollution: with China as a focus. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 1(2):125-144.