Effects on Plant Development by Urbanization and Industrialization

Öz

Different types of air pollutant materials have occurred as a result of urbanization and industrialization. These
materials are gaseous compounds such as sulfur dioxide and ozone, persistent organic pollutants such as polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and particle materials. Due to toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects
shows adverse effects on animal and human health. Different types of pollutants inhibit plant growth by inhibiting
photosynthesis and respiration. Furthermore, plant product yields are also adversely affected

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Heavy metal,industrialization,plant growth,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,sulfur dioxide,urbanization

Kentleşme ve Sanayileşmenin Bitki Gelişimi Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Kentleşme ve sanayileşmenin sonucu olarak hava kirletici özelliğe sahip farklı tür materyaller açığa çıkmaktadır.
Bu materyaller kükürt dioksit ve ozon gibi gaz halindeki bileşikler, polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar gibi kalıcı
organik kirleticiler, ağır metaller ve partikül materyallerdir. Toksik, mutejenik ve karsinojenik etkilerinden dolayı
hayvan ve insan sağlığı üzerinde olumsuz etki göstermektedir. Farklı tür kirleticiler fotosentez ve solunumu
engelleyerek bitki gelişimini inhibe etmektedir. Ayrıca bitki ürün verimini de olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ağır metal,bitki gelişimi,kentleşme,polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon,sanayileşme,sülfür dioksit.

Kaynakça

1. Agrawal M, Singh B, Rajput M, Marshall F, Bell JNB, 2003. Effect of air pollution on peri-urban agriculture: a case study. Environmental Pollution, 126 (3): 323-329.
2. Alkio M, Tabuchi TM, Wang X, Colón-Carmona A, 2005. Stress responses to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Arabidopsis include growth inhibition and hypersensitive response like symptoms. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56 (421): 2983-2994.
3. Becerril JM, Gonzalez-Murua C, Munoz-Rueda A, De Felipe MR, 1989. Changes induced by cadmium and lead in gas exchange and water relations of clover and lucerne. Plant physiology and biochemistry, 27 (6): 913-918.
4. Bence AE, Kvenvolden KA, Kennicutt MC, 1996. Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review. Organic geochemistry, 24 (1): 7-42. Borat O, Balcı M, Sürmen A, 1992. Hava Kirlenmesi ve Kontrol Tekniği. Teknik Eğitim Vakfı Yayını, Ankara.
5. Cape JN, Leith ID, Binnie J, Content J, Donkin M, Skewes M, Price DN, Brown AR, Sharpe AD, (2003). Effects of VOCs on herbaceous plants in an open-top chamber experiment. Environmental pollution, 124 (2): 341-353.
6. Chakraborti D, Samanta G, Mandal BK, Roy Chowdhury T, Chanda CR, Biswas BK, Saha KC, 1998. Calcutta's industrial pollution: groundwater arsenic contamination in a residential area and sufferings of people due to industrial effluent discharge: an eight-year study report. Current Science, 74(4): 346-355.
7. Chatterjee A, Mukherjee A, 1999. Hydrogeological investigation of ground water arsenic contamination in South Calcutta. Science of the Total Environment, 225: 249–262.
8. Chiou CT, Sheng GY, Manes M, 2001. A partition-limited model for the plant uptake of organic contaminants from soil and water. Environmental Science and Technology, 35: 1437–1444.

9. Cho UH, Park JO, 1999. Changes in hydrogen peroxide content and activities of antioxidant enzymes in tomato seedlings exposed to mercury. Journal of Plant Biology, 42 (1): 41-48.
10. Collins CD, Fryer M, Grosso A, 2006. Plant uptake of nonionic organic chemicals. Environmental Science and Technology, 40: 45–52.
11. Crowder A, 1991. Acidification, metals and macrophytes. Environmental Pollution, 71: 171–203.
12. De Kok LJ, 1990. Sulfur metabolism in plants exposed to atmospheric sulfur. Higher plonts, 3: 111-130.
13. Eraslan İ, 1988. Hava Kirliliğinin Kent ve Orman Ağaçlarına Etkisi ve Çevre Mevzuatımız. Çevre. Dördüncü Bilimsel ve Teknik Çevre Kongresi, 5-9 Haziran, İzmir.
14. Gao YZ, Collins CD, 2009. Uptake pathways of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in white clover. Environmental Science and Technology, 43: 6190–6195.
15. Gao YZ, Ling WT, 2006. Comparison for plant uptake of phenanthrene and pyrene from soil and water. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 42: 387–394.
16. Greenberg BM, Huang XD, Gerhardt K, Glick BR, Gurska J, Wang W, Lampi M, Khalid A, Isherwood D, Chang P, Wang H, Wu SS, Yu XM, Dixon DG, Gerwing P, 2007. Field and laboratory tests of a multi-process phytoremediation system for decontamination of petroleum and salt impacted soils. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International In Situ and On-Site Remediation Symposium. Gavaskar AR and Silver CF, eds., Batelle Press, Columbus, OH.
17. Gruber H, Wiessner A, Kuschk P, Kaestner M, Appenroth KJ, 2008. Physiological responses of Juncus effusus (rush) to chromium and relevance for wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands. International journal of phytoremediation, 10 (2): 79-90.
18. Gupta AK, Mishra RM, 1994. Effect of lime kiln’s air pollution on some plant species. Pollution Research, 13 (1): 1–9.
19. Gupta RS, Ghosh P, 1992. Cytological effects of some heavy metals on root tip meristem of Lathyrus sativus. Journal of Environment and Ecology, 10: 216–219.
20. Hatipoğlu R, Tükel T, Koç M, 1988. Çevre kirlenmesinin bitkiler üzerindeki etkileri. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3 (2): 119-133.
21. Hirano T, Kiyota M, Aiga I, 1995. Physical effects of dust on leaf physiology of cucumber and kidney bean plants. Environmental Pollution, 89 (3): 255-261.
22. Huang CY, Bazzaz FA, Vanderhoef LN, 1974. The inhibition of soybean metabolism by cadmium and lead. Plant physiology, 54 (1): 122-124.
23. IARC (Ed.), IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans: Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds Part I, IARC Press, Lyon (1983).
24. Janick J, 1986. Horticultural Science (Fourth Edition). W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.
25. Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H, 1984. Trace Elements in the Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
26. Katırcıoğlu YZ, İren S, 1986. Çimento Fırın Tozlarının Elma ve Fasulye Yapraklarının Anatomisine ve Elma Sürgünlerinin Morfolojisine Etkileri. Ulusal Çevre Sempozyumu Tebliğ Metinleri, 12-15 Kasım 1984, TÜBİTAK DERÇAG, Adana, s. 28-39.
27. Krupa Z, 1988. Cadmium‐induced changes in the composition and structure of the light‐harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex II in radish cotyledons. Physiologia Plantarum, 73 (4): 518-524.
28. Krupa Z, Öquist G, Huner N, 1993. The effects of cadmium on photosynthesis of Phaseolus vulgaris–a fluorescence analysis. Physiologia Plantarum, 88 (4): 626-630.
29. Kong FX, Hu W, Chao SY, Sang WL, Wang LS, 1999. Physiological responses of the lichen Xanthoparmelia mexicana to oxidative stress of SO2. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 42 (3): 201-209.
30. Kooij T, De Kok LJ, Haneklaus S, Schnug E, 1997. Uptake and metabolism of sulphur dioxide by Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytologist,135 (1): 101-107.
31. Kubo A, Saji H, Tanaka K, Kondo N, 1995. Expression of Arabidopsis cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase gene in response to ozone or sulfur dioxide. Plant molecular biology, 29 (3): 479-489.
32. Landberg T, Greger M, 1994. Influence of selenium on uptake and toxicity of copper and cadmium in pea (Pisum sativum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Physiologia Plantarum, 90 (4): 637-644.
33. Lendzian KJ, Unsworth KH, 1981. Ecophysiological Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants. P. 465-502. In OL Longe, PS Nobel, CB Osmond and H Ziegler (eds.) Physiological Plant Ecology, IV. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
34. Li L, Yi H, 2012. Effect of sulfur dioxide on ROS production, gene expression and antioxidant enzyme activity in Arabidopsis plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 58: 46-53.
35. Lodenius M, 1990. Environmental mobilisation of mercury and cadmium. Publication of the Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Helsinki, No. 13.
36. Ma B, He Y, Chen HH, Xu JM, Rengel Z, 2010. Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the rhizosphere: synthesis through metaanalysis. Environmental Pollution, 158 (3): 855-861.
37. Madamanchi NR, Alscher RG, 1991. Metabolic bases for differences in sensitivity of two pea cultivars to sulfur dioxide. Plant Physiology, 97 (1): 88-93.
38. Mandal BK, 1996. Arsenic in groundwater in seven districts of West Bengal, India-the biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Current Science, 70: 976-986.
39. Maugh 2nd TH, 1979. SO2 pollution may be good for plants. Science, 205 (4404): 383.
40. Meagher RB, 2000. Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 3: 153–162.
41. Medeiros WH, Moskowitz PD, 1983. Quantifying effects of oxidant air pollutants on agricultural crops. Environment International, 9 (6): 505- 513.
42. Menser HA, Hodges GH, 1972. Oxidant injury to shade tobacco cultivars developed in connecticut for weather flack resistance. Agronomy journal, 64: 189-192.
43. Mittler R, Vanderauwera S, Gollery M, Van Breusegem F, 2004. Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends in plant sience, 9 (10): 490-498.
44. Mosbaek H, Tjell JC, Sevel T, 1988. Plant uptake of airborne mercury in background areas. Chemosphere, 17: 1227–1236.
45. Nieboer E, Richardson DHS, 1980. The replacement of the nondescript term heavy metals by a biologically and chemically significant classification of metal ions. Environmental Pollution, 1: 3–26.
46. Olszyk DM, 1988. Documentation of Ozone as the Primary Phytotoxic Agent in Photochemical Oxidant Smog," Final Report for Contract No. A6-125-32 to the California Air Resources Board.
47. Özkan N, 1988. Asit yağmurları ve orman tahribatı. Orman Mühendisliği Dergisi, 2 (25): 22-25.
48. Pfanz H, Würth G, Oppmann B, Schultz G, 1992. Sulfite oxidation in, and sulfate uptake from the cell wall of leaves. In muro studies. Phyton (A), 32: 95-98.
49. Pilon-Smits E, 2005. Phytoremediation, Annual Review of Plant Biology, 56: 15-39.
50. Prasad MNV, 1995. Cadmium toxicity and tolerance in vascular plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 35 (4): 525-545.
51. Rajkumar M, Ae N, Freitas H, 2009. Endophytic bacteria and their potential to enhance heavy metal phytoextraction. Chemosphere, 77: 153–160.
52. Rasmussen PE, Mierle G, Nriagu JO, 1991. The analysis of vegetation for total mercury. Water Air Soil Pollution. 56, 379– 390.
53. Rauter W, 1976. Aufnahme von Quecksilber aus der Umgen-bungsluft durch Pflanzen und seine Speicherung im pflanz-lichen Gewebe. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 162: 1–6.
54. Singh RP, Tripathi RD, Sinha SK, Maheshwari R, Srivastava HS, 1997. Response of higher plants to lead contaminated environment. Chemosphere, 34 (11): 2467-2493.
55. Singh SN, Rao DN, 1980. Growth of wheat plants exposed to cement dust pollution. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 14: 241-249.
56. Srogi K, 2007. Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 5 (4), 169-195.
57. Suszcynsky EM, Shann JR, 1995. Phytotoxicity and accumulation of mercury in tobacco subjected to different exposure routes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 14: 61–67.
58. Tukendorf A, 1993. The response of spinach plants to excess of copper and cadmium. Photosynthetica. 28: 573-575.
59. Wagner GJ, 1993. Accumulation of cadmium in crop plants and its consequences to human health. Advances in Agronomy, 51: 173–212.
60. Wilson R, Spengler J, 1996. Particles in Our Air, Concentrations and Health Effects. USA: Harvard University Press, 123-167.
61. Wojciechowska-Mazurek M, Zawadzka T, Karlowski K, Cwiek-Ludwicka K, Brulinska-Ostrowska E, 1995. Content of lead, cadmium, mercury, zinc and copper in fruit from various regions of Poland. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig, 46, 223–238.
62. Yang L, Stulen I, De Kok LJ, 2006. Sulfur dioxide: relevance of toxic and nutritional effects for Chinese cabbage. Environmental and experimental botany, 57 (3): 236-245.
63. Yi H, Liu J, Zheng K, 2005. Effect of sulfur dioxide hydrates on cell cycle, sister chromatid exchange, and micronuclei in barley. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 62 (3): 421-426.
64. Zhang Z, Rengel Z, Meney K, Pantelic L, Tomanovic R, 2011. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mediate cadmium toxicity to an emergent wetland species. Journal of hazardous materials, 189 (1): 119-126.
65. Zhu Y, Zhang S, Zhu YG, Christie P, Shan X, 2007. Improved approaches for modeling the sorption of phenanthrene by a range of plant species. Environmental science and technology, 41 (22): 7818-7823.
66. Zhu LZ, Gao YZ, 2004. Prediction of phenanthrene uptake by plants with a partition-limited model. Environmental Pollution, (131): 505–508.