The Effects of Fulvic Acid Against on Chromium Stress in a Bread Wheat Variety (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Ceyhan 99)

Öz

In this study, effects of fulvic acid (FA) on photosynthetic pigment and malondialdehyde (MDA) content against chromium stress were investigated in Ceyhan 99, a bread wheat variety. As a plant material, a kind of bread wheat (Ceyhan 99) which is grown in Suluova, Amasya was used. After the wheat plants were germinated, they were transferred to a pot and grown under the light/dark regime for 18/6 hours at the laboratory. The wheat seedlings was divided into two groups and the first group was treated with 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.50 mM chromium solution, the second group in the same concentrations with chromium solution and 1.5 mg L-1 FA solution. In this study chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content were found to be decreased in the chromium-treated group compared to FA + chromium treated group depending on the chromium stress application. However, only Chlorophyll a b-1 ratio and MDA content were increased in chromium treated group compared to FA + chromium treated group. This study shows that FA has an important role against chromium stress in wheat plants. According to the obtained data, it was observed that the application of FA to wheat plants could reduce the harmful effects of chromium.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Heavy metal,photosynthetic pigment,carotenoid,chlorophyll,malondialdehyde

Bir Ekmeklik Buğday Çeşidinde (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Ceyhan 99) Krom Stresine Karşı Fulvik Asitin Etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışmada ekmeklik buğdayda krom stresine karşı fulvik asitin (FA) fotosentetik pigment ve malondialdehid (MDA) içeriği üzerine etkileri araştırıldı. Bitki materyali olarak Amasya iline bağlı Suluova ilçesinde yetişen ekmeklik buğday çeşidi Ceyhan 99 kullanıldı. Buğday bitkileri çimlendikten sonra saksılara aktarılarak, laboratuvarda 18/6 saat ışık/karanlık rejimi altında yetiştirildi. Buğday fideleri iki gruba ayrılarak birinci gruba 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.50 mM krom çözeltisi, ikinci gruba ise aynı konsantrasyonlarda krom çözeltisi ve 1.5 mg L-1 FA çözeltisi uygulandı. Yapılan çalışmada krom stresi uygulamasına bağlı olarak klorofil a, klorofil b, toplam klorofil ve karotenoid içeriğinde yalnızca krom uygulanan grupta, FA+krom uygulanan gruba göre azalma tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşın yalnızca krom uygulanan grupta, FA+krom uygulanan gruba göre Klorofil a b-1 oranı ve MDA içeriğinde artış belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma FA’in buğday bitkilerinde krom stresine karşı önemli bir role sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Elde edilen verilere göre, buğday bitkilerine FA uygulamasının kromun zararlı etkilerini azaltabileceği görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ağır metal,fotosentetik pigment,karotenoid,klorofil,malondialdehid

Kaynakça

1. Ali S, Bai P, Zeng F, Cai S, Shamsi IH, Qiu B, Wua F, Zhanga G, 2011a. The ecotoxicological and interactive effects of chromium and aluminum on growth, oxidative damage and antioxidant enzymes on two barley genotypes differing in al tolerance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 70: 185-191.
2. Ali S, Zeng F, Cai S, Qiu B, Zhang GP, 2011b. The interaction of salinity and chromiumin the influence of barley growth and oxidative stress. Plant Soil Environment, 57: 153–159.
3. Ali S, Bai P, Zeng F, Cai S, Shamsi IH, Qiu B, Wu F, Zhang G, 2011c. The ecotoxicological and interactive effects of chromium and aluminum on growth, oxidative damage and antioxidant enzymes on two barley genotypes differing in al tolerance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 70: 185-191.
4. Ali S, Farooq MA, Jahangir MM, Abbas F, Bharwana SA, Zhang GP, 2013. Effect of chromium and nitrogen form on photosynthesis and anti-oxidative system in barley. Biologia Plantarum, 57: 785–791. Ali S, Bharwana SA, Rizwan M, Farid M, Kanwal S, Ali Q, Khan MD, 2015. Fulvic acid mediates chromium (Cr) tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through lowering of Cr uptake and improved antioxidant defense system. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(14): 10601–10609.
5. Ali E, Hussain N, Shamsi IH, Jabeen Z, Siddiqui MH, Jiang LX, 2018. Role of jasmonic acid in improving tolerance of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) to Cd toxicity. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 19 (2), 130–146.
6. Cambrollé J, Mateos-Naranjo E, Redondo-Gómez S, Luque T, Figueroa ME, 2011. Growth, reproductive and photosynthetic responses to copper in the yellow-horned poppy, Glaucium flavum Crantz. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 71:57–64.
7. Chanatachon S, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Tantanasarit S, Upatham S, Soontjornsarathool V, 2002. Phytoextraction of lead from contaminated soil by vetiver grass (Vetiver sp.). 17thWorld Congress of Soil Science, Paper no. 2308, Bangkok, August 14–21, 2002.
8. Choudhury S, Panda SK, 2005. Toxic effect, oxidative stress and ultrastructural changes in moss taxitheelium nepalense (schwaegr.) broth. under lead and chromium toxicity. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 167: 73-90.

9. Conn PF, Schalch W, Truscott G, 1991. The singlet oxygen and carotenoid interaction. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 11: 41-47.
10. Diwan H, Ahmad A, Iqbal M, 2012. Characterization of chromium tox- icity in food crops and their role in phytoremediation. Journal of Bioremediation & Biodegradation, 3: 159.
11. Ertani A, Mietto A, Borin M, Nardi S, 2017. Chromium in Agricultural Soils and Crops: A Review. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 228 (5) 190.
12. Farid M, Ali S, Shakoor MB, Bharwana SA, Rizvi H, Ehsan S, Tauqeer HM, Iftikhar U, Hannan F, 2013. EDTA assisted phytoremediation of cadmium, lead and zinc. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4: 2833–2846.
13. Gill RA, Zang L, Ali B, Farooq MA, Cui P, Yang S, Zhou W, 2015. Chromium-induced physio-chemical and ultrastructural changes in four cultivars of Brassica napus L. Chemosphere, 120:154–164.
14. Gonzalez A, Gil-díaz MM, Pinilla P, Lobo MC, 2017. Impact of Cr and Zn on growth, biochemical and physiological parameters, and metal accumulation by wheat and barley plants. Water Air Soil Pollution, 228:419.
15. Güleç TE, Sönmezoğlu ÖA, Yıldırım, A, 2010. Makarnalık buğdaylarda kalite ve kaliteyi etkileyen faktörler. Gaziosmampaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1): 113-120.
16. Heath RL, Packer L, 1968. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125: 189-198.
17. Kimbrough DE, Cohen Y, Winer AM, Creelman L, Mabuni C, 1999. A Critical Assessment of Chromium in the Environment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 29: 1-46.
18. Kono M, Terashima I, 2014. Long-term and short-term responses of the photosynthetic electron transport to fluctuating light. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 137:89–99.
19. Koyro HW, 2006. Effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis, water relations and solute composition of the potential cash crop halophyte Plantago cronopus (L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany, 56: 136-146.
20. Krupa Z, Bazyński T, 1995. Some aspects of heavy metal toxicity towards photosynthetic apparatus-direct and indirect effects on light and dark reactions. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 17: 177-190.
21. Lamhamdi M, El Galiou O, Bakrim A, Novoa-Munoz JC, Arias-Est evez M, Aarab A, Lafont R, 2013. Effect of lead stress on mineral content and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) seedlings. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 20: 29-36.
22. Lichtenthaler H, Wellburm AR, 1983. Determination of toplam carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transaction, 603: 591-593.
23. Marques MC, do Nascimento CWA, 2013. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence spectra for the monitoring of Cd toxicity in a bioenergy crop (Jatropha curcas). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 127:88–93
24. Mishra VK, Tripathi B, 2009. Accumulation of chromium and zinc from aqueous solutions using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, 1059-1063.
25. Nagajyoti PC, Lee KD, Sreekanth TVM, 2010. Heavymetals occurrence and toxicity for plants: a Review. International Journal of Environmental Bioremediation, Biodegradation, 8: 199–216.
26. Nardi S, Pizzeghello D, Provenzano MR, Cilenti A, Sturaro A, Rella R, Vianello A, 2005. Chemical characteristics and biological activity of organic substances extracted from soils by root exudates. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 69: 2012-2019.
27. Nichols PB, Couch JD, Al-Hamdani SH, 2000. Selected physiological responses of Salvinia minima to different chromium concentrations. Aquatic Botany, 68: 313–9.
28. Ouzounidou G, 1995. Cu-ions mediated changes in growth, chlorophyll and other ion contents in a Cu-tolerant Koeleria splendens. Biologia Plantarum, 37: 71-79.
29. Öncel I, Keleş Y, Üstün AS, 2000. Interactive effects of temperature and heavy metal stress on the growth and some biochemical compounds in wheat seedlings. Environmental Pollution, 107: 315–320.
30. Panda SK, Choudhury S, 2005. Chromium Stress in Plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 17: 95-102.
31. Sagardoy R, Morale F, Lopez-Millan AF, Abadia A, Abadia J, 2009. Effects of zinc toxicity on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants grown in hydroponics. Plant Biology, 11(3): 339–350.
32. Schnitzer M, 1982. Organic Matter Characterization, 581-594. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Micro-biological Properties (Eds. A.L. Page, R.H. Miller & D.R. Keeney). Madison, 1143 pp.
33. Shahid M, Duma C, Silvestre J, Pinelli E, 2012. Effect of fulvic acids on lead-induced oxidative stress to metal sensitive Vicia faba L. plant. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 48, 689–697.
34. Sharma DC, Chatterjee C, Sharma CP, 1995. Chromium accumulation and its effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. HD2204) metabolism. Plant Science, 111:145–151.
35. Sharma P, Pandey S, 2014. Status of phytoremediation inworld scenario. International Journal of Environmental Bioremediation, Biodegradation, 2: 178–191.
36. Sharma P, Kumar A, Bhardwaj R, 2016. Plant steroidal hormone epibrassinolide regulate-Heavy metal stress tolerance in Oryza sativa L. by modulating antioxidant defense expression. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 122, 1-9.
37. Sinha S, Saxena R, Singh S, 2005. Chromium Induced Lipid Peroxidation in The Plants of Pistia Stratiotes L., Role of Antioxidants and Antioxidant Enzymes. Chemosphere, 58: 595-604.
38. SPSS, 1999. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, SPSS version 10.0. Chicago.
39. Subrahmanyam D, 2008. Effects of chromium toxicity on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and oxidative changes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Photosynthetica, 46 (3): 339-345.
40. Trevisan S, Pizzeghello D, Ruperti B, Francioso O, Sassi A, Palme K, Quaggiotti S, Nardi S, 2009. Humic substances induce lateral root formation and expression of the early auxin-responsive IAA19 gene and DR5 synthetic element in Arabidopsis. Plant Biology, 12: 604-614.
41. Vajpayee P, Rai UN, Ali MB, Tripathi RD, Yadav V, Sinha S, Singh SN, 2001. Chromium Induced Physiological Changes in Vallisneria spiralis L. and Its Role in Phytoremediation of Tannery Effluent. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 67: 246-256.
42. Van Assche F, Clijsters H, 1990. Effect of metals on enzyme activity in plants. Plant Cell Environment, 13: 195–206.
43. Verma S, Dubey R, 2003, Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants. Plant Science, 164:645–655.
44. Wang G, Su MY, Chen YH, Lin FF, Luo D, Gao SF, 2006. Transfer characteristics of cadmium and lead from soil to the edible parts of six vegetable species in southeastern China. Environmental Pollution, 144(1): 127-35.
45. Zengin KF, Munzuroğlu Ö, 2005. Fasulye Fidelerinin (Phaseolus vulgaris L.Strike) Klorofil ve Karotenoid Miktarı Üzerine Bazı Ağır Metallerin (Ni+2, Co+2, Cr+3, Zn+2) Etkileri. Fırat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1): 164-172.