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The Evaluation of Acute Toxic Effect of Imidacloprid and Acetamiprid on Gammarus kischineffensis (Amphipoda: Crustacea)

Yıl 2018, , 85 - 92, 30.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.458583

Öz

In this study, 48, 72 and 96 hours LC50 values were determined in order to investigate the acute toxic

effect of acetamiprite and imidaclopride on Gammarus kischineffensis from neonicotinoid pesticides, an important

class of organic xenobiotics.At the dose interval used; LC50 value for acetamiprid was 1.687 and 0.517 μg L-1 for 72

and 96 hours, respectively; LC50 values at 48, 72 and 96 hours for imdacloprid were determined as 9764.4, 4546.7

and 1560.9 μg L-1.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson RL, 1982. Toxicity of fenvalerate and permethrin to several nontarget aquatic invertebrates. Environmental Entomology 11: 1251-1257
  • Ashauer R, Boxall AB, Brown CD, 2007. New ecotoxicological model to simulate survival of aquatic invertebrates after exposure to fluctuating and sequential pulses of pesticides. Environmental Science & Technology 41: 1480-1486.
  • Ashauer R, Hintermeister, A, Potthoff E, Escher, BI, 2011. Acute toxicity of organic chemicals to Gammarus pulex correlates with sensitivity of Daphnia magna across most modes of action. Aquatic Toxicology 103: 38-45.
  • Ashauer R, Caravatti I, Hintermeister A, Escher BI, 2010. Bioaccumulation kinetics of organic xenobiotic pollutants in the freshwater invertebrate Gammarus pulex modeled with prediction intervals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29: 1625-1636.
  • Beketov MA, Liess M, 2008. Acute and delayed effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid on seven freshwater arthropods. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27: 461-470.
  • Beketov MA, Liess M, 2008. Potential of 11 Pesticides to Initiate Downstream Drift of Stream Macroinvertebrates. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 55: 247-253.
  • Blacquiere T, Smagghe G, Van Gestel CA, Mommaerts V, 2012. Neonicotinoids in bees: a review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment. Ecotoxicology, 21: 973-992.
  • Cold A, Forbes, VE, 2004. Consequences of a short pulse of pesticide exposure for survival and reproduction of Gammarus pulex. Aquatic Toxicology 67: 287-299.
  • Demirci O, Guven K, Asma D, Ogut S, Ugurlu P, 2015. The effects of atrazine and thiamethoxam at sublethal concentrations on some antioxidant enzymes of Gammarus kischineffensis. Toxicology Letters 2: 131.
  • Demirci O, Guven K, Asma D, Ogut S, Ugurlu P, 2018. Effects of endosulfan, thiamethoxam, and indoxacarb in combination with atrazine on multi-biomarkers in Gammarus kischineffensis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 147: 749-758.
  • Decourtye A., Devillers J, 2010. Ecotoxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides to bees Insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Springer, 85-95 p.
  • DeLorenzo M, Taylor L, Lund S, Pennington P, Strozier E, Fulton M 2002. Toxicity and bioconcentration potential of the agricultural pesticide endosulfan in phytoplankton and zooplankton. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 42: 173-181
  • Dietrich JP, Van Gaest AL, Strickland SA Arkoosh MR, 2014. The impact of temperature stress and pesticide exposure on mortality and disease susceptibility of endangered Pacific salmon. Chemosphere 108: 353-359.
  • Englert D, Zubrod, JP, Link M, Mertins S, Schulz R, Bundschuh M, 2017. Does Waterborne Exposure Explain Effects Caused by Neonicotinoid-Contaminated Plant Material in Aquatic Systems? Environmental Science & Technology 51: 5793-5802.
  • Federation WE, Association A, 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association (APHA): Washington, DC, USA.
  • Fisher S, 1991. Changes in the toxicity of three pesticides as a function of environmental pH and temperature. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 46: 197-202.
  • Folt, C, Chen, C, Moore, M, Burnaford, J, 1999. Synergism and antagonism among multiple stressors. Limnology and oceanography, 44: 864-877.
  • Gerhardt A, Kienle C, Allan IJ, Greenwood R, Guigues N, Fouillac AM, Mills GA, Gonzalez C, 2007. Biomonitoring with Gammarus pulex at the Meuse (NL), Aller (GER) and Rhine (F) rivers with the online Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor®. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 9: 979-985.
  • Hodson PV, Dixon DG, Kaiser KL, 1988. Estimating the acute toxicity of waterborne chemicals in trout from measurements of median lethal dose and the octanol‐water partition coefficient. Environmental toxicology and Chemistry. 7: 443-454
  • Hoffmann EJ, Middleton SM, Wise JC, 2008. Ovicidal activity of organophosphate, oxadiazine, neonicotinoid and insect growth regulator chemistries on northern strain plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar. Journal of Insect Science 8:1-6
  • Iwasa T, Motoyama N, Ambrose JT, Roe RM, 2004. Mechanism for the differential toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee. Apis mellifera. Crop Protection 23: 371-378.
  • Johnson WW, Finley MT, 1980. Handbook of acute toxicity of chemicals to fish and aquatic invertebrates: Summaries of toxicity tests conducted at Columbia National Fisheries Research Laboratory, 1965-78, US Fish and Wildlife Service.
  • Kocaman AY, Topaktaş M, 2007. In vitro evaluation of the genotoxicity of acetamiprid in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 48: 483-490.
  • Kunz PY, Kienle C, Gerhardt A, 2010. Gammarus spp. in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment: toward integrated multilevel tests. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 205: 1-76.
  • Lukančič S, Žibrat U, Mezek T, Jerebic A, Simčič T, Brancelj A, 2010. A new method for early assessment of effects of exposing two non-target crustacean species, Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus fossarum, to pesticides, a laboratory study. Toxicology and industrial health 26: 217-228.
  • Maltby L,. Clayton SA, Wood RM, McLoughlin N, 2002. Evaluation of the Gammarus pulex in situ feeding assay as a biomonitor of water quality: robustness, responsiveness, and relevance. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21: 361-368. Millar NS, Denholm I, 2007. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: targets for commercially important insecticides. Invertebrate Neuroscience 7: 53-66.
  • Mishchuk OV, Stoliar OB, 2008. The effect of pesticide acetamiprid on biochemical markers in tissues of fresh water bivalve mussels Anodonta cygnea L. (Unionidae). Ukrains'kyi Biokhimichnyi Zhurnal 80: 117-124.
  • Mullins J, 1993. Imidacloprid: a new nitroguanidine insecticide. ACS Publications 13: 183–198
  • Ojeu 2013. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 485/2013 of 24 May 2013 amending Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011, as regards the conditions of approval of the active substances clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, and prohibiting the use and sale of seeds treated with plant protection products containing those active substances. Ojeu 139: 12-14.
  • Pereira JL, Antunes SC, Castro BB, Marques CR, Gonçalves, AM, Gonçalves, F, Pereira R, 2009. Toxicity evaluation of three pesticides on non-target aquatic and soil organisms: commercial formulation versus active ingredient. Ecotoxicology 18: 455-463.
  • Poulton M, Pascoe D, 1990. Disruption of precopula in Gammarus pulex (L) development of a behavioural bioassay for evaluating pollutant and parasite induced stress. Chemosphere 20: 403-415.
  • Raj SJ, Joseph B, 2015. Impact of Acetamiprid Toxicity on Lactate Dehydrogenase in Some Tissues of the Fish Oreochromis mossambicus. International Journal of Zoological Research 11: 112-115.
  • Roessink I, Merga LB, Zweers HJ, Van den Brink PJ, 2013. The neonicotinoid imidacloprid shows high chronic toxicity to mayfly nymphs. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 32: 1096-1100.
  • Sánchez BF, Goka K, Hayasaka D, 2016. Contamination of the aquatic environment with neonicotinoids and its implication for ecosystems. Frontiers in Environmental Science 4: 1-14.
  • Siddiqui MS, Wanule DD, 2010. Acetamiprid induced changes in total leucocytes and erythrocytes count in a freshwater fish, Channa Punctatus (bloch) The Bioscan 5: 163 - 164.
  • Song MY, Stark JD, Brown JJ, 1997. Comparative toxicity of four insecticides, including imidacloprid and tebufenozide, to four aquatic arthropods. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16: 2494-2500.
  • Tomizawa M, Casida JE, 2003. Selective toxicity of neonicotinoids attributable to specificity of insect and mammalian nicotinic receptors. Annual Review Entomology 48: 339-364.
  • Uğurlu P, Ünlü E, Satar Eİ, 2015. The toxicological effects of thiamethoxam on Gammarus kischineffensis (Schellenberg 1937) (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 39: 720-726.
  • US EPA 2017. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/endanger/litstatus/effects/redleg-frog/naled/appendix-i.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 30.11.2017.
  • EU Commision 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/approval_active_substances/-approval_renewal/neonicotinoids_en Erişim tarihi: 22.02.2018.
  • Van den Brink PJ, Van Smeden JM, Bekele RS, Dierick W, De Gelder DM, Noteboom M, Roessink I, 2016. Acute and chronic toxicity of neonicotinoids to nymphs of a mayfly species and some notes on seasonal differences. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 35: 128-133.
  • Van Leeuwen CJ, Vermeire TG, 2007. Risk assessment of chemicals: an introduction, Springer Science & Business Media, Netherlands
  • Watts MM, Pascoe D, Carroll K, 2001. Survival and precopulatory behaviour of Gammarus pulex (L.) exposed to two xenoestrogens. Water Research 35: 2347-2352.
  • Whitehorn PR, O’connor S, Wackers FL, Goulson D, 2012. Neonicotinoid pesticide reduces bumble bee colony growth and queen production. Science 1215025
  • Yamamoto I, Casida JE, 1999. Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor A Novel Insecticide, Acetamiprid. Springer, Tokyo

İmidakloprit ve Asetamiprit’in Gammarus kischineffensis (Amphipoda:Crustacea) Üzerine Akut Toksik Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2018, , 85 - 92, 30.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.458583

Öz

Bu çalışmada, önemli bir organik ksenobiyotik sınıfı olan neonikotinoit pestisitlerden asetamiprit ve
imidakloprit’in Gammarus kischineffensis üzerine akut toksik etkisini araştırmak üzere, 48, 72 ve 96 saatlik LC50
değerleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Kullanılan doz aralığında; asetamiprit için LC50 değeri 72 ve 96 saat için
sırasıyla 1.687 ve 0.517 µg L-1; imdakloprit için 48, 72 ve 96 saatteki LC50 değeri 9764.4, 4546.7 ve 1560.9 µg L-1
olarak belirlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson RL, 1982. Toxicity of fenvalerate and permethrin to several nontarget aquatic invertebrates. Environmental Entomology 11: 1251-1257
  • Ashauer R, Boxall AB, Brown CD, 2007. New ecotoxicological model to simulate survival of aquatic invertebrates after exposure to fluctuating and sequential pulses of pesticides. Environmental Science & Technology 41: 1480-1486.
  • Ashauer R, Hintermeister, A, Potthoff E, Escher, BI, 2011. Acute toxicity of organic chemicals to Gammarus pulex correlates with sensitivity of Daphnia magna across most modes of action. Aquatic Toxicology 103: 38-45.
  • Ashauer R, Caravatti I, Hintermeister A, Escher BI, 2010. Bioaccumulation kinetics of organic xenobiotic pollutants in the freshwater invertebrate Gammarus pulex modeled with prediction intervals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29: 1625-1636.
  • Beketov MA, Liess M, 2008. Acute and delayed effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid on seven freshwater arthropods. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27: 461-470.
  • Beketov MA, Liess M, 2008. Potential of 11 Pesticides to Initiate Downstream Drift of Stream Macroinvertebrates. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 55: 247-253.
  • Blacquiere T, Smagghe G, Van Gestel CA, Mommaerts V, 2012. Neonicotinoids in bees: a review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment. Ecotoxicology, 21: 973-992.
  • Cold A, Forbes, VE, 2004. Consequences of a short pulse of pesticide exposure for survival and reproduction of Gammarus pulex. Aquatic Toxicology 67: 287-299.
  • Demirci O, Guven K, Asma D, Ogut S, Ugurlu P, 2015. The effects of atrazine and thiamethoxam at sublethal concentrations on some antioxidant enzymes of Gammarus kischineffensis. Toxicology Letters 2: 131.
  • Demirci O, Guven K, Asma D, Ogut S, Ugurlu P, 2018. Effects of endosulfan, thiamethoxam, and indoxacarb in combination with atrazine on multi-biomarkers in Gammarus kischineffensis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 147: 749-758.
  • Decourtye A., Devillers J, 2010. Ecotoxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides to bees Insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Springer, 85-95 p.
  • DeLorenzo M, Taylor L, Lund S, Pennington P, Strozier E, Fulton M 2002. Toxicity and bioconcentration potential of the agricultural pesticide endosulfan in phytoplankton and zooplankton. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 42: 173-181
  • Dietrich JP, Van Gaest AL, Strickland SA Arkoosh MR, 2014. The impact of temperature stress and pesticide exposure on mortality and disease susceptibility of endangered Pacific salmon. Chemosphere 108: 353-359.
  • Englert D, Zubrod, JP, Link M, Mertins S, Schulz R, Bundschuh M, 2017. Does Waterborne Exposure Explain Effects Caused by Neonicotinoid-Contaminated Plant Material in Aquatic Systems? Environmental Science & Technology 51: 5793-5802.
  • Federation WE, Association A, 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association (APHA): Washington, DC, USA.
  • Fisher S, 1991. Changes in the toxicity of three pesticides as a function of environmental pH and temperature. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 46: 197-202.
  • Folt, C, Chen, C, Moore, M, Burnaford, J, 1999. Synergism and antagonism among multiple stressors. Limnology and oceanography, 44: 864-877.
  • Gerhardt A, Kienle C, Allan IJ, Greenwood R, Guigues N, Fouillac AM, Mills GA, Gonzalez C, 2007. Biomonitoring with Gammarus pulex at the Meuse (NL), Aller (GER) and Rhine (F) rivers with the online Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor®. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 9: 979-985.
  • Hodson PV, Dixon DG, Kaiser KL, 1988. Estimating the acute toxicity of waterborne chemicals in trout from measurements of median lethal dose and the octanol‐water partition coefficient. Environmental toxicology and Chemistry. 7: 443-454
  • Hoffmann EJ, Middleton SM, Wise JC, 2008. Ovicidal activity of organophosphate, oxadiazine, neonicotinoid and insect growth regulator chemistries on northern strain plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar. Journal of Insect Science 8:1-6
  • Iwasa T, Motoyama N, Ambrose JT, Roe RM, 2004. Mechanism for the differential toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee. Apis mellifera. Crop Protection 23: 371-378.
  • Johnson WW, Finley MT, 1980. Handbook of acute toxicity of chemicals to fish and aquatic invertebrates: Summaries of toxicity tests conducted at Columbia National Fisheries Research Laboratory, 1965-78, US Fish and Wildlife Service.
  • Kocaman AY, Topaktaş M, 2007. In vitro evaluation of the genotoxicity of acetamiprid in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 48: 483-490.
  • Kunz PY, Kienle C, Gerhardt A, 2010. Gammarus spp. in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment: toward integrated multilevel tests. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 205: 1-76.
  • Lukančič S, Žibrat U, Mezek T, Jerebic A, Simčič T, Brancelj A, 2010. A new method for early assessment of effects of exposing two non-target crustacean species, Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus fossarum, to pesticides, a laboratory study. Toxicology and industrial health 26: 217-228.
  • Maltby L,. Clayton SA, Wood RM, McLoughlin N, 2002. Evaluation of the Gammarus pulex in situ feeding assay as a biomonitor of water quality: robustness, responsiveness, and relevance. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21: 361-368. Millar NS, Denholm I, 2007. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: targets for commercially important insecticides. Invertebrate Neuroscience 7: 53-66.
  • Mishchuk OV, Stoliar OB, 2008. The effect of pesticide acetamiprid on biochemical markers in tissues of fresh water bivalve mussels Anodonta cygnea L. (Unionidae). Ukrains'kyi Biokhimichnyi Zhurnal 80: 117-124.
  • Mullins J, 1993. Imidacloprid: a new nitroguanidine insecticide. ACS Publications 13: 183–198
  • Ojeu 2013. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 485/2013 of 24 May 2013 amending Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011, as regards the conditions of approval of the active substances clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, and prohibiting the use and sale of seeds treated with plant protection products containing those active substances. Ojeu 139: 12-14.
  • Pereira JL, Antunes SC, Castro BB, Marques CR, Gonçalves, AM, Gonçalves, F, Pereira R, 2009. Toxicity evaluation of three pesticides on non-target aquatic and soil organisms: commercial formulation versus active ingredient. Ecotoxicology 18: 455-463.
  • Poulton M, Pascoe D, 1990. Disruption of precopula in Gammarus pulex (L) development of a behavioural bioassay for evaluating pollutant and parasite induced stress. Chemosphere 20: 403-415.
  • Raj SJ, Joseph B, 2015. Impact of Acetamiprid Toxicity on Lactate Dehydrogenase in Some Tissues of the Fish Oreochromis mossambicus. International Journal of Zoological Research 11: 112-115.
  • Roessink I, Merga LB, Zweers HJ, Van den Brink PJ, 2013. The neonicotinoid imidacloprid shows high chronic toxicity to mayfly nymphs. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 32: 1096-1100.
  • Sánchez BF, Goka K, Hayasaka D, 2016. Contamination of the aquatic environment with neonicotinoids and its implication for ecosystems. Frontiers in Environmental Science 4: 1-14.
  • Siddiqui MS, Wanule DD, 2010. Acetamiprid induced changes in total leucocytes and erythrocytes count in a freshwater fish, Channa Punctatus (bloch) The Bioscan 5: 163 - 164.
  • Song MY, Stark JD, Brown JJ, 1997. Comparative toxicity of four insecticides, including imidacloprid and tebufenozide, to four aquatic arthropods. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16: 2494-2500.
  • Tomizawa M, Casida JE, 2003. Selective toxicity of neonicotinoids attributable to specificity of insect and mammalian nicotinic receptors. Annual Review Entomology 48: 339-364.
  • Uğurlu P, Ünlü E, Satar Eİ, 2015. The toxicological effects of thiamethoxam on Gammarus kischineffensis (Schellenberg 1937) (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 39: 720-726.
  • US EPA 2017. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/endanger/litstatus/effects/redleg-frog/naled/appendix-i.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 30.11.2017.
  • EU Commision 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/approval_active_substances/-approval_renewal/neonicotinoids_en Erişim tarihi: 22.02.2018.
  • Van den Brink PJ, Van Smeden JM, Bekele RS, Dierick W, De Gelder DM, Noteboom M, Roessink I, 2016. Acute and chronic toxicity of neonicotinoids to nymphs of a mayfly species and some notes on seasonal differences. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 35: 128-133.
  • Van Leeuwen CJ, Vermeire TG, 2007. Risk assessment of chemicals: an introduction, Springer Science & Business Media, Netherlands
  • Watts MM, Pascoe D, Carroll K, 2001. Survival and precopulatory behaviour of Gammarus pulex (L.) exposed to two xenoestrogens. Water Research 35: 2347-2352.
  • Whitehorn PR, O’connor S, Wackers FL, Goulson D, 2012. Neonicotinoid pesticide reduces bumble bee colony growth and queen production. Science 1215025
  • Yamamoto I, Casida JE, 1999. Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor A Novel Insecticide, Acetamiprid. Springer, Tokyo
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm Biyoloji / Biology
Yazarlar

Özlem Demirci 0000-0001-9511-2010

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ocak 2018
Kabul Tarihi 28 Şubat 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018

Kaynak Göster

APA Demirci, Ö. (2018). İmidakloprit ve Asetamiprit’in Gammarus kischineffensis (Amphipoda:Crustacea) Üzerine Akut Toksik Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 8(3), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.458583
AMA Demirci Ö. İmidakloprit ve Asetamiprit’in Gammarus kischineffensis (Amphipoda:Crustacea) Üzerine Akut Toksik Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. Eylül 2018;8(3):85-92. doi:10.21597/jist.458583
Chicago Demirci, Özlem. “İmidakloprit Ve Asetamiprit’in Gammarus Kischineffensis (Amphipoda:Crustacea) Üzerine Akut Toksik Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 8, sy. 3 (Eylül 2018): 85-92. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.458583.
EndNote Demirci Ö (01 Eylül 2018) İmidakloprit ve Asetamiprit’in Gammarus kischineffensis (Amphipoda:Crustacea) Üzerine Akut Toksik Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 8 3 85–92.
IEEE Ö. Demirci, “İmidakloprit ve Asetamiprit’in Gammarus kischineffensis (Amphipoda:Crustacea) Üzerine Akut Toksik Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi”, Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der., c. 8, sy. 3, ss. 85–92, 2018, doi: 10.21597/jist.458583.
ISNAD Demirci, Özlem. “İmidakloprit Ve Asetamiprit’in Gammarus Kischineffensis (Amphipoda:Crustacea) Üzerine Akut Toksik Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 8/3 (Eylül 2018), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.458583.
JAMA Demirci Ö. İmidakloprit ve Asetamiprit’in Gammarus kischineffensis (Amphipoda:Crustacea) Üzerine Akut Toksik Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. 2018;8:85–92.
MLA Demirci, Özlem. “İmidakloprit Ve Asetamiprit’in Gammarus Kischineffensis (Amphipoda:Crustacea) Üzerine Akut Toksik Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, c. 8, sy. 3, 2018, ss. 85-92, doi:10.21597/jist.458583.
Vancouver Demirci Ö. İmidakloprit ve Asetamiprit’in Gammarus kischineffensis (Amphipoda:Crustacea) Üzerine Akut Toksik Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. 2018;8(3):85-92.